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0004373

PARISH REGISTER LATIN: AN INTRODUCTION

C. Russell Jensen, Ph.D.

Donated to the Family History Library by

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VITA NOVA BOOKS

P.O. Box 520546

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WARNING - DISCLAIMER

The purpose of this book is to inform and educate.
Although the book has been researched and written
as painstakingly as possible, there may be inadvertent
typographic or content errors. This book should,
therefore, be regarded as a general introduction
to the subject and not as an ultimate authority.
Neither Vita Nova Books nor the author guarantees
that everyone using this book will be able to read
Latin parish register entries, although a careful
study of the material therein may be of help in
learning to do so. Consequently, neither Vita Nova
Books nor the author shall be held liable or responsible
in any way whatsoever for the failure of anyone using
this book to read Latin parish register entries; nor
shall Vita Nova Books or the author be held liable
or responsible in any way whatsoever for any loss or
damage said to arise directly or indirectly from any
information, or lack of information, in this book.

Copyright (c) 1989 by Vita Nova Books
All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
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storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher.

PREFACE

The Latin of European parish registers, particularly but not
exclusively those from Roman Catholic parishes, was, in many
respects, a unique blend of classical Roman literary Latin,
ecclesiastical Latin, and medieval Latin. Priests and other
ecclesiastical officials who were well-schooled in classical
Roman Latin might utilize a classical grammar and syntax in
recording events in their parishes. Others might rely more
heavily upon ecclesiastical usages. Spelling, vocabulary,
certain aspects of grammar, and even abbreviations, when used,
were frequently derived from medieval Latin.

Those who work with Latin parish registers, e.g., family and
local historians, demographers, social historians, and others,
require, therefore, a text which will introduce them to the
lineaments of classical Roman Latin grammar and syntax, but will
also provide sufficient background in ecclesiastical and medieval
Latin to help in reading register entries. This is especially
true for those without previous preparation in Latin, who may be
unable to devote several years to the study of classical Latin at
a college or university before proceeding to a perusal of parish
registers.

To aid in this endeavor, the following book was written. It
combines the study of Latin grammar, classical and, to some
extent, medieval, with practical training in the translation of
parish register entries, both printed and handwritten. This
book, the product of years of teaching and research, is designed
for use in the classroom where instructor supervision and aid are
readily available. It can be completed either in one or two
semesters, depending upon the preparation of those involved.

While there is, of course, no substitute for learning in the
classroom, this book is structured in such a way that motivated
individuals can, on their own, work through each of the assign-
ments and verify their results by comparing them with the grammar
and translation key at the end. It should be noted, however,
that the systematic study of this book will not necessarily
guarantee the development of a facility in reading parish
register entries, nor can it replace the years of study required
to become proficient in classical languages. This text is an
introduction to the subject of parish register Latin, and may, it
is hoped, be of value to those interested in perusing register
entries.

The corpus of this volume consists of 14 chapters on grammar
and vocabulary, with illustrative selections taken from parish
registers. There are four appendices which contain the following
information: a brief introduction to paleography and abbrevia-
tions, a summary of fixed and moveable feast days, a list of
Latinized first or given names, and several practice documents
which can be reviewed as an aid in improving translation skills.

There is also a key to the grammar and translation, a
synopsis of declension and conjugation, a Latin-English word
list, and a selected bibliography- It is hoped that the inclu-
sion of additional material in the appendices and bibliography
might help to make this book a useful reference tool, as well as
an introduction to Latin grammar.

While the practice of keeping rudimentary lists of new
converts, births, deaths, or marriages, within a geographic or
ecclesiastical jurisdiction such as a parish, began very early in
Christian history, the major impetus toward the systematic
recording of baptisms or christenings, marriages, deaths and
burials in a particular area was primarily a result of the Prot-
estant Reformation and the Council of Trent.

In many parts of Europe such information was not transcribed
consistently until at least the late sixteenth or early seven-
teenth century. However, as a result of the deliberations of the
Council of Trent, which met with interruptions between 1545-1563,
Roman Catholic priests throughout Europe began to record all
baptisms, marriages, deaths and burials, as well as confirma-
tions, and other events in their parishes.

This means that the student of parish registers is likely to
encounter Latin entries in many areas of Europe in which there
were Roman Catholic parishes. This is particularly true of
central and eastern Europe, Italy, Belgium, and the Catholic
portions of the Netherlands. Parishes in France and Spain often
used the vernacular French or Spanish rather than Latin in
recording entries. Lutheran parishes in certain parts of central
Europe also used at least some Latin in their register entries,
while Scandinavian parishes retained the feast and saints' day
calendar, in some cases well into the nineteenth century. The
examples selected for this text are, for the most part, derived
from the registers of Roman Catholic parishes of central Europe
(e.g., Germany, parts of Switerland, the former provinces of
Alsace-Lorraine, and Austria) with which I am most familiar.

With few exceptions, all translations in this book are my
own, even those taken from such well-known works as the Vulgate.
They are rather literal to facilitate translation by those who
work through the exercises.

Since this book deals primarily with the Latin of parish
registers, it does not, and indeed cannot, cover all aspects of
Latin grammar. Those wishing additional information on the
subject should consult some of the reference works listed in the
selected bibliography. The same is true of Latin paleography.
This text should be regarded principally as an introduction and a
point of departure for future study.

CONTENTS

ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE vii

EXPLANATION OF LATIN LANGUAGE TERMS xii

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS xiv

CHAPTERS :

I. Nouns: The First Declension
Nouns: The Second Declension

Masculine Nouns Ending in -us or -er

Neuter Nouns Ending in -um
Latinized First Names: First and Second

Declension 1

II. Adjectives of the First and Second Declension
First and Second Declension Adjectives Ending

in -er, -era, -erum
Irregular First and Second Declension

Adjectives 15

III. Verbs I: First and Second Conjugation

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative
Active
Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative

Active of esse and posse
Latin Syntax: An Introduction 22

IV. Nouns: The Third Declension

I-Stem Nouns of the Third Declension

Latinized First Names: Third Declension

Third Declension Adjectives 39

V. Verbs II: Third and Fourth Conjugation

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative
Active
lO-Verbs of the Third Conjugation
Prepositions 52

VI. Verbs III: The Perfect Active System: Perfect,
Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative
Active of all Four Conjugations
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of
esse and posse 69

VII. Numbers

Ablative and Accusative of Time

Dates in Latin Documents

Julian and Gregorian Calendars 89

VIII. Verbs IV: The Passive Voice

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative

of all Four Conjugations 107

IX. Verbs V: The Passive Voice

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
Indicative of all Four Conjugations

Deponent and Semi-Deponent Verbs

The Four Principal Parts of Latin Verbs . . . 116

X. Nouns: The Fourth and Fifth Declension
Some Uses of the Ablative
Determining Place in Latin
Latinized Place Names 136

XI. Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives
Formation of Adverbs
Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 148

XII. The Subjunctive Mood 166

XIII. Participles; The Periphrastic Active and

Passive; The Ablative Absolute; Infinitives;
Indirect Statement 181

XIV. The Gerund

Irregular Verbs: fio, vole, fero, eo

Dative with Certain Verbs; Impersonal Verbs

Some Uses of the Genitive, Dative, and

Accusative 200

Appendix A Handwriting and Abbreviations

Classical and Medieval Latin 226

Appendix B Some Latinized Given Names: Male and Female . 237

Appendix C Common Fixed and Moveable Feast Days 259

Appendix D Sample Parish Register Entries 267

Key to the Grammar and Translation Exercises 278

Synopsis of Declension and Conjugation 3 29

Latin-English Word List 362

Selected Bibliography 415

Index 423

ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

N.B. Although this book emphasizes reading Latin, this

section on pronunciation is included for reference.
It is also helpful, on occasion, when confronted with
an unfamiliar or semi-legible word to sound out the
letters as an aid in recognizing the word.

A. Classical Roman Literary Latin, ca. 90 B.C. to 150 A.D.
(academic pronunciation)

A Long, as the a in awful (mater [mahter] : mother)*
Short, as the a in ahead (contentia: self control)

B As in English (bellum: war)

C Always hard as in cook; never soft as in city (Cicero: in
classical Latin is pronounced as if it were spelled Kikero
in English. )

D As in English (deinde: from there, then)

E Long, as the a in rate (electus: choice)
Short, as the e in bet (elegans: refined)

F As in English (familia: family, household)

G Always hard as in grant; never soft as in general
(gallus: rooster)

H As in English (hiems: winter)

I Long, as the i in machine (munitio [muneetio] :
fortification)

Short, as the i in interest (incite: I stimulate)
I is also pronounced as the y in yet: a) at the beginning
of a word preceding a vowel ( iacio [also jacio] :
I hurl, is pronounced as if it were spelled yacio in
English); b) between tv/o vowels (Maius: the month of
May, is pronounced as if it were spelled Mai-yus in
English) .

♦Although Latin manuscripts have no such markings , modern
dictionaries and grammars frequently place a line above
long vowels and a small "u" above short vowels. The
procedures for determining long and short vowels are
roughly similar to English. It should be noted, however,
that Latin vowels are long when found in front of the
double consonants nf, ns, and, occasionally, ng
(e.g. , infantia: childhood) or in contracted words
(e.g., nihilxim: nothing: but nilum) . Vowels are
short when preceding another vowel (e.g., ferio: I
strike) or, in general, when they are in front of the
double consonants nt and nd (emendo: I emend) .

Vll

J There was originally no j in classical Latin. The i was
used instead. Graininarians subsequently separated the twcp
letters, in part to avoid confusing certain words. The j
is pronounced as the y in yet (Justus: just, fair —
also iustus) .

K Rare in classical Latin; used principally with the vowel
a and pronounced as in English (Kalendae: Calends,
the first day of the Roman month) .

L As in English (lacuna: ditch, gap)

M As in English (mens: mind, intellect)

N As in English (nomen: name)

O Long, as the o in over (dico: I say, tell)

Short, as the o in off (optime: best, very well)

P As in English (patentia: patience)

Q Only with u in classical Latin; pronounced as if it
were spelled kw in English (quietus [kweeaytus] : at
rest)

R Trilled (rumpo: I break in)

S Unvoiced; always as the s in soft, never as the z sound
in easy (signum: sign, standard, mark)

T Always hard as in type; never soft as the "tion" in
nation (English pronunciation) [tertius: third]

U Long, as the double o in mood (securitas [secooritas] :
freedom from care)
Short, as the u in put (purpura: purple)

V Originally, v represented both the u and the w. (There
was no w or double v in classical Latin. ) When the two
were differentiated, the v remained w in sound. It is
pronounced as an English w (vivax: long-lived, is thus
pronounced as through it were spelled wiwax in English).

X The Greek letter Chi , which was included as part of the
Latin alphabet late in the first century B.C. At the
beginning of a word, it is pronounced as the English z
(xenium: gift, is pronounced as if it were spelled
zenium in English; note that x appears initially in
words of Greek origin). If found elsewhere in a word,
it is pronounced as the ks in kicks (ex [eks] : from,
out of )

Y The Greek letter Upsilon, which was incorporated into the
Latin alphabet at about the same time as the X. Like the
latter, it is generally found in words of Greek extraction.
However, it was used as vowel, rather than a consonant.
It is pronounced as the long German umlaut u (mude)
when long (Pytho: Delphi), and as the short German
umlaut u (Mucke) when short pyra: pyre.

Z Pronounced as the dz in adze (zamia [dzamia] : harm, damage)

Diphthongs (double vowels pronounced with one vowel sound)

AE Pronounced as the ai in aisle (saepe [saipe] : often)

AU Pronounced as the ou in mouse ( laudo [loudo]: I praise)

EI Pronounced as the ei in reign (delnceps: one after another)

EU Pronounced as e and u together (eh oo) , but not slurred
(seu: or, or if)

OE Pronounced as the oi in oil (coeptus [coiptus] : beginning)

UI Pronounced approximately as whee but only in the following
words: huius [wheeus] , cuius [kwheeus] , huic
[hwheeic] , cui [kwhee] , and hui [hwhee] (most of
which are explained subsequently); after q, ui is pronounced
as the English we (qui [kwe]).

Double Consonants

BS Pronounced as the ps in hops (urbs [urps] : city)

BT Pronounced as the pt in capture (obtero: I trample on)

CC Each letter is pronounced separately as the k's in sick king
(occludo: I close up)

CH The Greek letter Chi; in classical Latin each letter is
pronounced separately as the kh in knock hard
(Chirographum: handwriting, autograph).

GG Each letter is pronounced separately as the gg in bog gold
(oggero: I bring, offer)

PH The Greek letter Phi; in classical Latin each letter is

pronounced separately as the ph in soup hot (phoca: seal)

SC Pronounced as the sc in scarf (scio: I know)

TH The Greek letter Theta; in classical Latin each letter is
pronounced separately as the th in not hard (thronus:
throne )

B. Ecclesiastical Latin (which may approximate the
pronunciation of the Latin in parish registers in
those countries formerly belonging to the Roman Empire)

Ecclesiastical Latin is given an Italianate pronunciation.
Most vowels and consonants are similar to classical Latin,
but the following differences should be noted:

AE, OE Pronounced as the ay in say; saepe (often) and poena
(punishment) are, for example, pronounced as if they were
spelled (in English), respectively, saipe and poine in
classical Latin but saype and payne in ecclesiastical Latin.

C Pronounced as the k in keg before a, o, u, au, and h

C Pronounced as the ch in cheer before e, i, ae, and oe
(Thus, for example, caelum: heaven, sky [also coeliun]
is pronounced as if it were spelled [in English] cailum in
classical Latin but chaylum in ecclesiastical Latin.)

CH Pronounced as the ch in chorus

G Pronounced as the g in gone before a, o, u, and au

G Pronounced as the g in giant before e, i, and ae (Gens:
tribe, clan, family, is pronounced, for example, as
if it were spelled [in English] gens in classical Latin
but jens in ecclesiastical Latin.)

GN Pronounced as the ni in onion (Magnus: great, large, is,
therefore, pronounced as if it were spelled [in English]
magnus in classical Latin but maynus in ecclesiastical
Latin. )

H Not pronounced

PH Pronounced as the ph in philosophy

S Pronounced as the s in see except when found between two

consonants or at the end of a word after a voiced consonant
like r. Then it is pronounced as the z in zebra. (Rasus:
shaved, is thus pronounced as if it were spelled [in
English] rasus in classical Latin but razus in
ecclesiastical Latin. )

SC Pronounced as the sc in scan before a, o, u and h

SC Pronounced as the sh in shame before e , i , and ae

(Descendo: I go down, is, for example, pronounced as if
it were spelled [in English] deskendo in classical Latin
but deshendo in ecclesiastical Latin. )

TH Pronounced as the th in theory

TI If followed by a vowel, pronounced tsi (Gratia:

grace, pleasure, is, therefore, pronounced as if it were
spelled [in English] gratia in classical Latin but gratsia
in ecclesiastical Latin.)

V Pronounced as in English

Syllables

Latin words contain as many syllables as they do vowels or
dipthongs. Syllabification occurs as follows:

1) Two or more vowels are separated, e.g., pi-e.

2) A single consonant between two vowels goes with the
second syllable, e.g., a-mi-tia.

3 ) In the case of two or more consonants standing between
two vowels, the last consonant goes with the second
vowel, e.g., con-ser-vo. (This rule does not apply

to liquid consonants, such as r or 1, when preceded by
p, b, t, d, or go. These are grouped with the following
vowel, e.g., ma-tres. )

4) Ch, ph, th, and h (and occasionally su and gu) are
considered to be single consonants, e.g., Phar-os.

5) Prefixes constitute separate syllables, sometimes in
contravention to the above statements, e.g., ob-te-go.

6) X is counted as a double consonant, which, however, is
grouped with the preceding vowel, e.g., vix-it.

Latin syllables are either long or short, a condition deter-
mined, in general, by the amount of time used for pronunciation.
A long syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong. Such a
syllable is considered to be long by nature. A syllable may also
be long by position if it contains a short vowel followed by z,
X, or two or more consonants (with the exception of p, b, t, or d
followed by r or 1).

A short syllable has a short vowel before another vowel or a
single consonant. It may also be short if the syllable contains
a short vowel before p, d, b or t and a liquid (1 or r).

Accents

In words of two syllables, the accent is on the first sylla-
ble, e.g. , ver-so. Words with three or more syllables have the
accent on the second syllable if it is long, e.g., co-lon-us. If
the second syllable is short, the accent is on the first sylla-
ble, e.g., te-ne-o.

EXPLANATION OF LATIN LZ^GUAGE TERMS

Classical Latin, ca. 80 B.C. to 150 A.D.

This period is often divided into two parts by scholars, the
so-called Golden Age, ca. 80 B.C. -14 A.D., the age of Cicero,
Virgil, Horace, Livy, and other famous Roman authors, and the
Silver Age, ca. 14-150 A.D. The Latin of the Golden Age, espe-
cially that of Cicero, set the standard of style and grammar for
future generations. Many dictionaries and grammars are based
upon the poetry and literature of this time. Hence the terms
"Classical Latin," refers, basically, to literary Latin used by
educated Roman poets, authors, playwrights, etc.

Later Latin, ca. Second to Fifth Centuries A.D.

Classical grammar, syntax, and vocabulary became simplified
during this epoch. The language of the common people (vulgus)
was adopted for use in many types of writings. St. Jerome, for
example, translated the Bible from Hebrew, Greek, and other
languages into this vulgar Latin.

Ecclesiastical Latin, ca. Second-Sixth Centuries A.D.
(often considered by scholars to be a variety of Later
Latin; it is also called Christian Latin.)

The language of the Christian church in the Roman west and,
subsequently, of the Roman Catholic Church. Based upon vocabu-
lary from Greek, Hebrew, Coptic, and other languages used by the
early Christians, as well as the grammar and vocabulary of Later
Latin, with additions as the Church expanded. It includes, among
other sources, the Latin of liturgy, theology, and scripture.

Medieval Latin, ca. Sixth-Fifteenth Centuries A.D.

Latin underwent many changes in spelling, writing, grammar,
and vocabulary during this period. Basically it became simpler
and less stylized than classical Latin. An extensive medieval
literature developed from the Church, courtly Romances, etc. In
the twelfth century, the rise of universities, and the rediscov-
ery of Roman law, as well as portions of Aristotle, added many
new words to the medieval vocabulary. The same is true of the
resurgence of commerce and trade, which occurred particularly
during the later middle ages, ca. llth-15th centuries. Medieval
Latin moved steadily toward the vernacular languages in the
former Western Roman Empire. It was probably learned as a second
language at a Cathedral school, university, etc., while a vernac-
ular language such as early French, Italian, or German was
learned as the first language.

Neo-Latin, ca. Fifteenth-Eighteenth Centuries A.D.

The rediscovery of many classical Latin texts, especially
those copied during the reign of Charlemagne in the eighth and
early ninth centuries A.D., during the Renaissance led to a
demand for a return to a "pure" Latin, particularly that of
Cicero, which became the standard for writing, speaking, and
reading Latin. Neo-Latin or new Latin was above all the language
of the educated, the language of law, medicine, philosophy,
theology, science, and, in certain countries at least, politics.
It was gradually replaced by the vernacular.

Early Modem Latin, ca. Fifteenth-Twentieth Centuries A.D.

This is the non-literary, non-technical Latin of the period
since approximately 1500 A.D. Unlike Neo-Latin, it retained a
good deal of medieval grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and spelling.
A prominent example of this type of Latin may be found in
registers from Roman Catholic parishes, which may contain Eccle-
siastical Latin together with Medieval Latin and even Classical
Latin, depending upon how much training in Classical Latin a
particular priest or scribe may have had. This type of Latin is
also found, on occasion, in legal documents such as wills, deeds,
or other property records .

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

Adjective (from adjicere: to throw to, to add): An adjec-
tive is "thrown to" or "added to" a noun, and describes,
characterizes or modifies a noun, as, for example, a blue sky, a
round ball, a bright light. In English, adjectives are, in
general, either attributive or predicate. An attributive adjec-
tive precedes the noun, as in the above examples. Predicate
adjectives are found in the predicates of sentences, particularly
those using the verb "to be" in some form (is, was, are, were,
etc.), e.g.. The work is hard. Adjectives can also be used as
nouns, as, for example, the Good, the True, and the Beautiful.
Latin attributive adjectives generally come after the noun, e.g.,
liber bonus: a good book. Latin adjectives must agree with any
nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

Adverb (from ad + verbum: to or near the verb or word): An
adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, another
adverb, or, infrequently, a preposition, phrase, clause, or
sentence. In general, an adverb indicates some sort of
relationship — cause, quality, time, etc. — as, for example, in the
sentence "She richly deserved her success." In English, many
adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, e.g., full
(adj.), fully (adv.). Adverbs are often made in Latin by adding
certain endings such as -e, or -iter to adjectives, whii.e others,
like English, must be memorized as they are encountered. Latin
adverbs are not declined for gender, number, or case.

Apposition (from ad + ponere: to place next to): This term
is used to characterize a noun, or a phrase with a noun in it,
which generally follows another noun or pronoun and explains or
describes something about that noun, e.g.. The witnesses were:
John Smith, farmer, and Gerald Knight, merchant. In this sen-
tence, farmer and merchant are in apposition to John Smith and
Gerald Knight, since these nouns indicate something about the
status or occupation of each one. Latin nouns in apposition must
be in the same case as the nouns they clarify, thus, for example.
Testes fuerunt Johannes Crasser, agricola, et Georgius Weld,
caupona: The witnesses were Johannes Crasser, farmer, and
Georgius Weld, innkeeper. Both occupations, agricola, and caupo-
na, are in the nominative singular, as also the names Johannes
Crasser and Georgius Weld.

Article: An article is either definite (the) or indefinite
(a, an). There were no definite or indefinite articles in clas-
sical Roman Latin, although in medieval Latin the demonstrative
pronoun ille (that) was sometimes substituted for the definite
article (cf., le, la [French], el, la [Spanish], il, la
[Italian]) and unus, una, unuM (the cardinal number one) was used
for a or an (cf., un, une [French], un, una [Spanish], un, una
[Italian] ) .

Case (from casus: a fall, because the case endings appeared
to "fall away' from the Latin nominative case): Case in Latin is
one of the three relationships established by declining a noun
(the other two are gender and number). There are seven cases in
Latin: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, voca-
tive, and locative. The first five will be found most frequently
in parish registers, and other documents of interest to the
family historian, and will be explained in detail subsequently.

Clause (from clausus: closed, i.e., marking the end of a
rhetorical period in Latin): A clause contains a subject and
verb, and is generally part of a compound sentence in English.
There are two types of clauses in both Latin and English, depend-
ent (subordinate) and independent (main). A dependent or
subordinate clause depends upon the remainder of the sentence for
its meaning, whereas an independent or main clause can serve as a
simple sentence by itself, e.g., The godparents raised the child
from the baptismal font (main clause), after the priest baptized
it (subordinate clause).

Cognate (from cognatus: begotten): A cognate word is one
based upon the stem or root (v. stem and root) of another word,
e.g. , fief and fiefdom.

Conditional Sentences (from conditio, conditionis, f.:

condition, situation): Conditional sentences in both Latin and
English have two parts, the protasis or condition (a subordinate
clause) and the apodosis (the result or conclusion, the main
clause). The following sentence may illustrate condition: If I
should have money (protasis), I would have friends (apodosis).

Conjugation (from conjugare: to join): The inflection of
verbs; to conjugate a Latin verb is to show five relationships:
person, number, tense, mood, and voice. In Latin, this is done,
in general, by adding endings to the verb stem.

Conjunctions (from conjungere: to join together): Conjunc-
tions are words which connect other portions of a sentence, e.g.,
until, yet, now, and, or. They are not declined for gender,
number, and case in Latin.

Declension (from declinare: to inflect, to turn aside): The
inflection of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and participles; to
decline a Latin noun, adjective, pronoun or participle is to
indicate gender, number, and case. This is accomplished by
adding endings to the noun stem

Discourse (statement): There are two types of discourse in
English and in Latin, direct and indirect. Direct discourse
consists of any statement not reported by someone else, e.g.. The
grass is green. Indirect discourse is a statement about an event
or circumstance made by someone else, e.g., She said that the
grass is green.

Gender: Gender is basically a grammatical device used for
organizing or grouping Latin nouns. There are three genders in
Latin: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Males are in the
masculine gender, in Latin, and females are in the feminine, but
many things are not in the neuter as might be supposed. Grammar-
ians appear to have assigned Latin nouns a gender, with the
obvious exception of men and women, with little regard to sex.

Gerund (from gerere: to bear): The gerund is a verbal noun
which, in English, is formed by adding -ing to the verb stem,
e.g.. Running is healthy exercise. In Latin, a gerund is de-
clined like a neuter noun, but only in the singular, and for all
cases except the nominative.

Genxndive (from gerere: to bear): The gerundive in Latin is
the future passive participle, a verbal adjective passive in
meaning. It can be declined like an adjective and has tense and
voice like a verb.

Inflection (from inflectere: to bend): Inflection involves
the addition of suffixes or prefixes to the stems or roots of
nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and other parts of speech.
In Latin, the inflection of verbs is known as conjugation, and
that of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and participles is known as
declension.

Infinitive (from infinitus: unlimited, endless): The infini-
tive is a verbal noun, which means that it has tenses and voice,
like a verb, but may, in theory, be declined like a noun. Latin
infinitives are conjugated for tense and voice, and are regarded
as neuter singular nouns, but are not declined for gender,
number, and case.

In English, the present and other infinitives are formed by
adding the preposition "to" to the verb itself, e.g., to walk, to
run, to think, etc. (all present infinitives). The present
infinitive in Latin is formed by adding re, or ere to the present
stem of the verb, e.g., baptizare: to baptize; sepelire: to bury.
Latin has six infinitives: the present active, the perfect
active, the future active, the present passive, the perfect
passive, and the future passive (rare).

Mood (from modus, modi, m. : manner, means [an alternate form
of mode] ) : This term applies to verbs and indicates the means or
manner in which the action of a verb is carried out. Latin verbs
have three moods: 1) Indicative — which indicates factual state-
ments and those for which a speaker or writer assumes full
responsibility, e.g.. Labor durus est. (The work is hard.) 2)
Imperative — used to express commands in the second person singu-
lar and plural, e.g., Laborate! (You all) Work! 3) Subjunc-
tive--a mood not frequently used in English, but with many uses
in Latin such as, for example, condition contrary to fact, com-
mand (for the first and third person, singular and plural),
purpose, result, etc., e.g., Noverint universi quod .... (Let all
know that ....).

Noun (from nomen, nominis, n.: name): A noun is a word which
names a person, a place, a thing, an idea, a concept, a sub-
stance, a quality, etc., e.g., tree, freedom, work, love, truth.
In Latin, nouns are declined for gender, number, and case.

Number (from numerus, numeri, m. : a number): Number in Latin
and English is either singular (one) or plural (more than one),
and is used with nouns (thing, things) pronouns (I, we), verbs
(he/she works, they work), and other parts of speech. In Eng-
lish, the plural of regular nouns is formed by adding -s , e.g.,
tree, trees. Latin nouns add a number of different endings to
the noun stem to indicate plurality.

Object (from objicere: to throw in the way of): There are
two types of object, direct and indirect. The direct object, as
the name suggests, receives the action of a verb or prepositional
phrase directly (without an intervening part of speech), e.g..
The girl ran the race. In this sentence, the subject is girl,
the verb, ran, and the direct object of the verb, ran, is race.
In Latin, the direct object of transitive verbs must be in the
accusative case. Thus, for example, Parochus infantem baptiza-
vit: The priest baptized the child. (Infantem is in the
accusative case.) The indirect object receives the action of the
verb indirectly, and is generally translated in English by adding
the prepositions "to" or "for," e.g.. He gave a gift to his
friend. In this sentence, he is the subject, gave, the verb,
gift, the direct object, and to his friend the indirect object.
The indirect object is indicated, in Latin, by the dative case,
e.g.. Item lego filio meo Ricardo duas acras prati. (Likewise, I
bequeath to my son Richard two acres of meadow. )

Participle (from particeps , participis: sharing in,
participating in): A participle is a verbal adjective which, in
Latin, is declined for gender, number, and case, like an adjec-
tive, but may also take tense and voice like a verb. In English,
there are two major participles, the present and the past. The
present is formed by adding -ing to the verb stem, e.g. , running,
working, thinking, playing, talking. The past participle of
regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the verb stem, e.g.,
worked, played, talked--but ran, thought. Latin has four
participles, the present active, the future active, the perfect
passive, and the future passive (also called the gerundive).

Person (from persona, personae, f.: an actor's mask, a
character in a play, an individual): In English and in Latin
there are three persons, singular and plural: singular — I, you,
he/she/it ; plural — we, you (all), they. English uses the above
pronouns to indicate person with verbs, while person was usually
shown in Latin by endings attached to the verb stem. Personal
pronouns were not used with verbs in classical Latin except for
emphasis.

Phrase (from phrazein: to point out — a Greek verb): A phrase
consists of a number of words used to express some type of
thought or idea without a subject or a verb. There are three
types of phrases: prepositional (during the day), participial
(trimming the hedge), and infinitive (to work alone).

Predicate (from praedicare: to affirm, assert): The predi-
cate, in an English sentence, is that portion of the sentence
which usually follows the subject and the verb, e.g.. The weather
(subject) is (verb) hot (predicate). The predicate is generally
related in some respect to the subject, or it attempts to
establish a relationship with the subject. Thus, for example.
They (subject) studied (verb) the Latin language (predicate,
which explains what "they" studied) . Because meaning in a Latin
sentence is obtained from the endings of nouns , verbs , and other
parts of speech, the word order of simple English sen-
tences— subject-verb-predicate — need not be observed. (see also
"syntax" )

Prefix (from praefigere: to fasten before): A prefix
consists of one or more letters attached to the beginning of a
word to help provide meaning, cf., for example, "close" and
"foreclose" (to close in advance). In Latin, prefixes are
often found in the form of prepositions added to verbs, nouns, or
adjectives in order to create new words, e.g., mittere (to send),
amittere (to send away — a + mittere).

Preposition (from praeponere: to place before): A preposi-
tion usually precedes a noun or pronoun and establishes some type
of relationship with that particular part of speech, e.g., We
spent our vacation in Hawaii. The use of the preposition "in"
here helps to explain "where" we spent our vacation. Among
others, English prepositions include: in, on, at, to, for,
within, among, between, above, below, over, and under. The
object of a Latin preposition (e.g. , a noun which follows it) is
either in the ablative or accusative case. A few prepositions
use both cases. Thus, for example, ex silva: from (out of) the
wood (ablative case), ad villain: toward the village/villa
(accusative case).

Pronoun (from pro + nomen: in place of the name or noun): A
pronoun commonly replaces a noun, e.g.. The food is good. It
(pronoun) is good. English and Latin pronouns include, among
others, personal (I, you, he/she/it, we, you all, they),
possessive (mine, yours, his/her/its, ours, yours, theirs),
demonstrative (this, that), relative (who, which, what), inter-
rogative (who? what?), and reflexive (myself, yourself,
himself /herself /itself , etc.)

Root (from old English rot): A root is that part of a word
from which the rest is derived, principally by adding suffixes or
prefixes. In Latin, there are two types of roots: 1) verbal or
predicative roots, which indicate objects, actions, or qualities;
for example, the "i" in the verb ire (to go); 2) pronominal or
demonstrative roots which do not show actions or objects, but,
rather, point out the relationship of such actions with a speaker
or protagonist; for example, the tu in tui (of you, singular and
familiar) .

Sentence (from sententia, sententiae, f.: opinion): A
sentence generally contains a number of words which express some
type of thought. The most common simple sentence in English has
a subject, a verb, and a predicate or object. However, a simple
sentence can also consist only of subject and verb, e.g.. They
studied. In addition to the simple sentence, there are two other
types of sentences in English — compound and complex. A compound
sentence often has two main clauses (which contain a subject and
a verb) joined by a conjunction, e.g.. He left the office and
went home. A complex sentence has at least one independent or
main clause and one or more dependent or subordinate clauses
(clauses which are not complete sentences), e.g.. After he left
the office, he went home.

81:6111 (from Old English stefn or stemn: the stem of a plant):
The stem consists of that part of the word which remains
unchanged after the addition of suffixes or prefixes. In Latin,
the stem of nouns is found when the ending of the genitive singu-
lar is removed. In the case of verbs, the present stem is
obtained by removing the -re or -ere of the present infinitive,
while the perfect stem (the third principal part of a Latin verb
when the first person singular indicative active ending -i is
added) is that which is left after the omission of the perfect
personal endings. In Latin, there are three types of stems: 1)
root stems, either the same as the root itself or formed from the
root, e.g., es-tis: you are, root: es; 2) primary stems, which
comprise the root and a suffix, e.g., sta (root), tu (suffix),
statu (stem), status: position (the word itself); 3) secondary
stems, those which are formed from other stems by adding suffix-
es, e.g., victor (stem), ia (suffix), victoria: victory (the word
itself)

Subject (from subjicere: to throw or place under): The
subject of a sentence can be either a person or a thing which
carries out the action of the verb. Thus, for example, in the
sentence "The priest baptized the child," priest is the subject,
baptized, the verb, and child, the object. In Latin, the subject
need not come first in a simple sentence, whereas in English it
generally occurs at the beginning of such a sentence.

Suffix (from sub + figere: to fasten below or underneath): A
suffix is a letter or letters which is attached to the stem or
root of a word, after the last letter of the stem or root, e.g.,
arbor (stem) +is (suffix [case ending]) = arboris: of the tree.
The attachment of suffixes is usually done in order to form
complete words .

Syntax (from syntattein: to order, arrange [a Greek verb]):
The syntax of a sentence, clause, or phrase is the order or
arrangement of the words therein. In English, word order is very
important for determining meaning. In the sentence, for example,
"The priest buried the deceased child," the order subject (the
priest) -verb ( buried) -predicate (the deceased child) must be
strictly observed. If this order is changed, the meaning is also
altered. ("The deceased child buried the priest," would, after
all, make no sense in English.) Because Latin is a highly in-
flected language, the word order is far less important than in
English.

Tense (from tempus, temporis, n. : time): The tense of a verb
indicates the time of the action of that verb. In Latin, there
are six tenses: present, future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect,
and future perfect.

Voice (from vox, vocis, f.: voice): There are two voices in
both English and Latin, the active and the passive. In the
active voice, the subject acts through or by means of the verb,
e.g.. The priest married Henry Wilson and Julia Worth. In the
passive voice, the subject is acted upon, or receives the action
of the verb, e.g., Henry Wilson and Julia Worth were married by
the priest.

Abbreviations used in this Book

abl.
ace.
adj .
adv.
cf .

cl.

conj

dat

dep

d.o

e.g

ablative case gen.

accusative case i.e.,

adjective m.

adverb n .

confer N . B .

(compare) part,

classical pass,

conjunction perf.

dative case pi .

deponent pi"ep •

direct object sing.

exempli gratia v.

(for example) voc.
feminine gender

genitive case

id est (that is)

masculine gender

neuter gender

nota bene (note well)

participle

passive

perfect

plural

preposition

singular

vide ( see )

vocative

XXI

CHAPTER I

Nouns: The First Declension

Nouns: The Second Declension

Masculine Nouns Ending in -us or -er

Neuter Nouns Ending in -um

Latinized First Names: First and Second Declension

Introduction

Latin is one of several languages within the Indo-European
language family which depends upon inflection (from inflectere:
to bend) for its meaning, rather than syntax (the organization
and structure of a sentence), as in English. Inflection is
accomplished, in Latin by adding suffixes (endings) or, infre-
quently, prefixes, to the stems of nouns, adjectives, verbs,
participles, and other parts of speech.

The attachment of endings to nouns, pronouns, adjectives,
and participles in order to obtain meaning is called declension
(from declinare: to turn aside, bend away from). In the case of
verbs, the same process is known as conjugation (from conjugare:
to yoke together, connect).

This chapter will consider the declension of nouns, espe-
cially those belonging grammatically to categories known as the
first and second declension.

The Declension of Latin Nouns

A Latin noun, pronoun, adjective or participle is declined
by adding an ending to the stem (that part of the word which
remains unchanged during the process of declension). These
endings indicate or establish the following three relationships:
Gender, Number, and Case. The meaning of each of these terms may
be explained and illustrated through the use of the first declen-
sion feminine noun ecclesia (church, a Latinized Greek word) as
well as other feminine, masculine and neuter nouns from the first
and second declension.

Gender: Latin nouns are either masculine, feminine, or
neuter, e.g., ecclesia (feminine), amicus (friend — masculine),
testamentum (will, testament — neuter). Gender, in Latin, should
be considered principally as a grammatical convenience, a way of
organizing nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles. Al-
though males are in the masculine gender, females in the femi-
nine, and some things in the neuter gender, many nouns were
assigned genders by Latin grammarians with little regard to sex.
In addition, certain largely male occupations (in ancient Rome)
are masculine in gender but declined like feminine nouns of the
first declension, for example: nauta (sailor), agricola (farmer),
poeta ( poet ) .

Number: Singular or Plural (one or more than one); ecclesia
(church), ecclesiae (churches). In English, the plural of regu-
lar nouns is formed by adding an -s to the noun stems (tree,
trees), although irregular nouns change in various ways in the
plural (man, men, woman, women, child, children). In Latin,
however, there are a number of plural endings, depending upon the
type of declension.

Case (from casus, casus, m. : a fall, since the endings
seemed to "fall away" from the nominative case): There are seven
cases in Latin:

Nominative (from nomen, nominis, n.: name): a case which
stands without alteration; the subject of a sentence is usually
in the nominative case, but the nominative case may also be found
in the predicate of a sentence, provided the main verb is a
copula or linking verb, generally some form of "to be" (is, are,
was, were, etc.), without a direct object, e.g., Haec est patrina
mea. (This is my godmother. )

Genitive (from genetivus , -a, -um: inborn, innate): This
case indicates ownership or possession, and has a number of
special uses which will be discussed subsequently. It is often
translated in English by adding the prepositions "of" or "from"
to a noun, e.g., Parochus ecclesiae parochialis Sancti Thomae
est. (He is the priest of the parish church of St. Thomas.)

Dative (from datus, -a, -um: given): This is the case of the
indirect object which receives the action of a verb indirectly.
In Latin, it is also used with certain verbs, and has other
usages, which will be reviewed later. The dative case is gener-
ally translated, in English, by adding the prepositions "to" or
"for" to a noun, e.g., Dux terram ecclesiae donavit. (The duke
donated land to the church. )

Accusative (from accusatus, -a, -xna: accused, blamed): The
accusative is the case of the direct object of a verb, i.e., the
noun, or other part of speech, which receives the action of a
verb directly, e.g., Ecclesiam parochialem aedif icaverunt. (They
built the parish church. ) The accusative case is also used as
the object of certain Latin prepositions. English nouns do not
have any special endings or distinguishing characteristics to
indicate that they are in the accusative case. Pronouns in the
dative or accusative case do, however, change their nominative
form, e.g.. He gave her (not she) a book. She loved him (not
he) .

Ablative (from ablatus, -a, -um: [having been] separated):
The ablative case indicates, among other things, separation,
instrument (the means by which something is accomplished), loca-
tion, time, and is the object of certain Latin prepositions.
This is a very flexible and widely used case in Latin, and a
number of its important uses will be considered subsequently.
Prepositions such as by, from, with, after, when, etc., are

usually required when translating nouns in this case into Eng-
lish, e.g., Ecclesia parochiali aedificata, fabri lignarii abier-
unt. (After the parish church was built, the carpenters depart-
ed. Or, more literally: The parish church having been built, the
carpenters departed. )

Vocative (from vocare: to call): This case is used when
addressing someone or something directly, and is often character-
ized by the letter O in front of the noun, e.g., O mulier, magna
est fides tua! Fiat tibi , sicut vis. (O woman, great is thy
faith! Be it unto thee even as thou wilt. [from the Vulgate,
Matthew 15:28; English translation: King James Version]) This
case is now more or less defunct in English, and its use in non-
literary Latin documents is relatively rare. Consequently, with
certain exceptions noted in the examples, the noun paradigms for
the vocative case will not be included. Generally, however, they
are the same as the nominative, singular and plural.

Locative (from locare: to place): The locative case, as the
name suggests, is used to indicate place where or place at which
in certain special place usages in Latin. It is not employed as
frequently in parish registers as the first five cases above. The
specific uses of the locative are summarized under the section on
determining place in Latin.

Whereas in English there are no special endings added to
nouns to indicate the case to which they belong, in Latin, case
endings are attached directly to the stem of noun. The stem of a
noun may be obtained by omitting the ending of the genitive
singular.

Grammarians have traditionally divided Latin nouns into five
declensions, each of which differs slightly or considerably from
the others. In this chapter, nouns of the first and second
declension will be considered.

The First or "a" Declension (so-called because nouns

in the nominative singular end in the letter "a")

ecclesia (church, stem ecclesi)

Case Singular Case Ending

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

ecclesia

ecclesiae

ecclesiam

ecclesia

Meaning

a/the church
of/from a/the church
to/for a/the church
a/the church (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc.
a/the church

Case

Plural

Case Ending Meaning

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

ecclesiae

ecclesiarum

ecclesiis

ecclesias

ecclesiis

ae ( the ) churches
arum of/from the churches
is to/for the churches
as (the) churches (d.o.)
is by/f roiii/with, etc.
a/the churches

In medieval Latin, the -a of the -ae diphthong (a double
vowel pronounced with one sound) was often omitted, a pratice
occasionally continued in Latin parish register entries.
Consequently, ecclesie might be translated as "of/from the
church" (genitive singular), "to/for the church" (dative
singular) or "the churches" (nominative plural). The sense of
the sentence will determine the proper translation in each case.

In parish registers, the -e of the -ae diphthong was some-
times omitted, and a mark of some type indicating this omission
was placed next to the -a. Thus, for example, ecclesiaP =
ecclesiae. Another, and much more common, practice in parish
register entries was the combination of -a and -e in ligature,
i.e., written so closely together that the two can scarcely be
distinguished, e.g., ecclesvcE^ = ecclesiae.

Care must be taken to differentiate these two letters and to
avoid reading them both as the letter -a. They are most likely
to be found in the genitive singular of first declension nouns
and first names, which are treated as nouns, for example: Heri
natus et hodie baptizatus est Martinus filius legitimus Petri
Weller et Mari Beck. (Yesterday [was] born and today was
baptized Martin, legitimate son of Peter Weller and Maria Beck. )

Note above that no definite or indefinite articles (the, or
a, an) are provided. Classical Roman Latin had no articles,
definite or indefinite. Consequently, ecclesia (nominative
singular) can be read either as "the church" or "a church,"
depending upon the apparent sense of the sentence. Demonstrative
pronouns and adjectives such as ille (that), and the cardinal
number unus , una, unum (one) were, however, occasionally
substituted for "the" or "a/an" respectively in medieval and
early modern Latin. (of., French: le, la, un, une; Spanish: el,
la, un/uno, una; Italian: il, la, un/uno , una).

Nouns of the first declension are generally feminine in
gender, such as, for example, parochia, parochiae, f.: parish;
puella, puellae, f.: girl, filia, filiae, f.: daughter. As
indicated previously, however, occupations in the first declen-
sion are usually masculine in gender, even though they are de-
clined exactly like ecclesia, e.g., bibliopega, bibliopegae, m. :
bookbinder.

Second E)eclension Nouns

Nouns of the second declension are either masculine or
neuter in gender. Masculine nouns are of two types, those which
end in -us in the nominative singular, e.g., annus (year), and
those ending in -er in the nominative singular, e.g., magister
(teacher). Neuter nouns of the second declension end in -ixm in
the nominative and accusative singular and -a in the nominative
and accusative plural, e.g., matr imonium , matrimonia (marriage,
marriages) .

The Second Declension: Masculine Nouns ending in -us

in the Nominative Singular

baptismus (baptism [Greek] , stem: baptism)

Case Singular Case Ending Meaning

a/the baptism
of/from a/the baptism
to/for a/the baptism
a/the baptism (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc.
a/the baptism
O baptism!

Nominative

baptismus

Genitive

baptismi

Dative

baptismo

Accusative

baptismum

Ablative

baptismo

Vocative

baptisme

Plural

Nominative

baptismi

Genitive

baptismorxim

orum

Dative

baptismis

Accusative

baptismos

Ablative

baptismis

(the) baptisms
of/from the baptisms
to/for the baptisms
(the) baptisms (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc.
the baptisms

Note that masculine nouns of the second declension such as
baptismus have the vocative ending -e in the singular, an ending
different from the nominative singular. If, however, the stem of
the noun ends in -i, such as, for example, filius (son, stem:
fili), then the vocative singular also ends in -i. Hence, fili:
0 son! (vocative singular). The masculine vocative singular
possessive adjective meus (my) also ends in -i (with the -e
omitted), e.g., fili mi! (O my son!). NOte that the -i of the
vocative contracts with the -i of the stem vowel so that only one
-i remains (fili, not filii). Certain masculine second declen-
sion nouns such as Deus remain the same in the vocative as in the
nominative singular.

The Second Declension: Masculine Nouns ending in -er

in the Nominative Singular

magister (teacher; stem, magistr, N.B. ! )
Case Singular Case Ending Meaning

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

magister

magistri

magistro

magistrum

magistro

Plural

a/the teacher
of/from a/the teacher
to/for a/the teacher
a/the teacher (d.o.)
by /with/from, etc.
a/the teacher

Nominative

magistri

Genitive

magistrorvim

orum

Dative

magistris

Accusative

magistros

Ablative

magistris

(the) teachers
of/from the teachers
to/for the teachers
(the) teachers (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc.
the teachers

Nouns such as magister are exactly the same in declension as
the masculine nouns ending in -us (in the nominative singular),
with the exception of the nominative singular. Note that the
stem of these second declension masculine nouns may or may not
end in -er. The -e is retained, for example, in the noun puer
(boy, child), e.g., pueri (of the boy, child), puero (to/for the
boy, child), puerum (the boy, child [d.o.]), puero (by, with,
from, etc. the boy, child). The genitive singular ending (which
is usually provided in dictionaries) will indicate whether the -e
is retained or dropped in the stem.

The Second Declension;

Neuter Nouns Ending in -um
in the Nominative Singular

matrimonium (marriage, stem: matrimoni)
Case Singular Case Ending Meaning

Nominative

matrimoni vim

Genitive

matrimonii

Dative

matrimonio

Accusative

matrimonium

Ablative

matrimonio

a/the marriage
of/from a/the marriage
to/for a/the marriage
a/the marriage (d.o.)
by/with/f rom , etc .
a/the marriage

Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

matrimonia
mat r imon i orum
matrimoniis
matrimonia
matrimoniis

a (the) marriages

orum of/from the marriages
is to/for the marriages
a (the) marriages
is by /with/from, etc.
the marriages

Note that the neuter nominative and accusative singular have
the same ending (um), and that the neuter nominative and
accusative plural also have a similar ending (a). All neuter
nouns, regardless of the declension to which they belong grammat-
ically, will have the same ending in the neuter singular nomina-
tive and accusative, and the same ending in the neuter plural
nominative and accusative. However, the singular will have a
different ending than the plural. Neuter second declension nouns
differ from masculine second declension nouns only in the above
case endings.

Latinized Given Names: First and Second Declension

First or given names in Latin parish registers and many
other documents are generally treated as proper nouns of the
first, second, or third declension (see Chapter IV). Given names
of the first and second declension are declined according to the
paradigms for first and second declension nouns listed above.
Examples follow:

First Declension Female Given Names

Maria (Mary, Maria, Marie) Anna (Anna, Ann)

Singular (The plural of given names is rare)

Latin English Latin English

Anna

of/from Anna
to/for Anna
Anna (d.o. )
by/with/from ,
etc. Anna

*Also found without the -a of the ae in diphthong in
medieval documents such as wills, e.g., Marie (of/from,
to/for Mary), Anne (of /from, to/for Anna — note that
this is not the given name Anne).

Norn.

Maria

Mary

Anna

Gen.

Mariae*

of/from Mary

Annae*

Dat.

Mariae*

to/for Mary

Annae*

Ace.

Mariam

Mary (d.o. )

Annam

Abl.

Maria

by/with/from ,
etc. Mary

Anna

Second Declension Male Given Neunes

(There are no neuter given names.)

Petrus ( Peter )

Marcus ( Mark )

Singular

Latin

English

Latin

English

Nom.

Petrus

Peter

Marcus

Mark

Gen.

Petri

of/from Peter

Marci

of/from Mark

Dat.

Petro

to/for Peter

Marco

to/for Mark

Ace.

Petrum

Peter ( d . o . )

Marcum

Mark (d.o.)

Abl.

Petro

by /with/from,
etc . Peter

Marco

by /with/from,
etc . Mark

There are also a few male names which belong grammatically
to the first declension but are masculine in gender, for example:

Baimabas (Barnabas, Barnaby)

Singular

Latin

Nom . Barnabas

Gen . Bamabae

Dat . Bamabae

Ace . Bamabam

Abl . Barnaba

English

Barnabas , Barnaby

of /from Barnabas, Barnaby

to/for Barnabas, Barnaby

Barnabas, Barnaby (d.o.)

by /with/from, etc. Barnabas, Barnaby

Thomas ( Thomas )

Singular

Latin English

Nom . Thomas

Gen . Thomae

Dat . Thomae

Ace . Thomam

Abl . Thoma

Thomas

of/from Thomas

to/for Thomas

Thomas (d.o. )

by /with/from, etc. Thomas

Note that the -s of Barnabas and Thomas, the last letter in
the nominative singular, is not retained in the other eases.

EXERCISES: CHAPTER I

A . Grammar

Decline femina and auriga for all cases, singular and
plural. Decline filius, puer, and signum for all cases, singular
and plural.

B. Vocabulary

Learn the following first and second declension nouns. Note
that many Latin dictionaries and lexica list the full nominative
singular of the noun, the genitive singular ending, and the
gender, e.g., ecclesia, -ae, f. Here, however, the full nomina-
tive and genitive singular are provided, together with the gen-
der, e.g., ecclesia, ecclesiae, f. In addition, the medieval
spelling of genitive singular first declension nouns, in which
the -a of the -ae diphthong is dropped (e.g., ecclesie = eccles-
iae) is given in parentheses in order to alert the reader to the
possibility of encountering such spelling. Parish register
entries, however, generally do not omit the -a from the -ae
diphthong.

First Declension Nouns: Femi-
nine Gender

amita, amitae (amite), f.:

aunt (paternal)
anima, animae (anime), f.:

soul, spirit
avia, aviae (avie), f.: grand-
mother
consobrina, consobrinae

( consobrine ) , f: female

cousin
ecclesia, ecclesiae

(ecclesie), f.: church

( Greek )
familia, familiae (familie),

f: family
femina , f eminae ( f emine ) , f . :

woman
feria, feriae (ferie), f.: day

of the week, fair, holiday
filia, filiae (filie), f.:

daughter
hora , horae ( here ) , f . : hour
infantia, infantiae

(infantie), f.: childhood
marita, maritae (marite) , f.:

wife
matertera , materterae ( mater-

tere) , f.: aunt (maternal)

parochia, parochiae

(parochie) , f.: parish

patrina, patrinae (patrine),
f . : parish

puella, puellae (puelle), f.:
girl

sepultura , sepulturae ( sepul-
ture) , f.: burial

sponsa, sponsae (sponse), f.:
bride , betrothed

via, viae (vie), f.: way,
road, street

vidua, viduae (vidue), f.:
widow

villa, villae (ville), f.:
village, villa, town

First Declension Nouns;
line Gender

Mascu-

agricola, agricolae

(agricole), m. : farmer

auriga, aurigae (aurige), m. :
driver (e.g. of carts)

bibliopega, bibliopegae

(bibliopege) , m. : bookbind-
er

nauta, nautae (naute), m.:
sailor

Second Declension Masculine
Nouns ending in -us

advocatus , advocati , m . :

advocate, lawyer
agnatus , agnati , in.: blood

relative in the male line
agnus, agni, m. : lamb
Agnus Dei: the Lamb of God

(Jesus Christ)
amicus, amici, m. : friend
angelus, angeli, m.: angel,

messenger (Greek)
annus, anni, m. : year
avunculus, avunculi, m. : uncle

(maternal )
avus, avi, m. : grandfather
baptismus, baptismi , m.

baptism (Greek)
canonicus , canonici , m.

canon, cathedral official
capellanus, capellani, m.

chaplain
cibus, cibi, m. : food
cippus, cippi, m. : gravestone
colonus, coloni , m. : settler,

farmer, peasant
datus , dati , m. : date (also,

datum , dati , n . )
Deus , Dei , m . : God
discipulus, discipuli, m.:

pupil, disciple
domesticus, domestici, m.:

servant, a male servant
dominus , domini, m.: lord,

master, noble, the Lord

(Jesus Christ)
episcopus, episcopi, m.:

bishop
filius, filii, m. : son
maritus, mariti, m. : husband
mundus, mundi, m. : world
notus, noti, m. : illegitimate

ma 1 e ( gnothus )
pagus , pagi, m.: village,

district
parochus, parochi, m. : parish

priest, priest
patrinus, patrini , m. : godfa-
ther
patruus , patrui , m.: uncle

(paternal )
rusticus, rustici, m. : peas-
ant, farmer, rustic

sanctus, sanctii, m.: saint

(male)
servus , servi , m.: servant,

serf, slave
sobrinus, sobrini, m. : cousin
socius, socii, m.: comrade,

ally
sponsus , sponsi, m.: groom,

betrothed
vicinus, vicini, m. : neighbor
viduus, vidui, m. : widower

Second Declension Masculine
Nouns ending in -er or -r

armiger, armigeri, m. : squire,
esquire (as a title)

faber, fabri, m. : smith,
maker, blacksmith

liber, libri, m. : book

magister, magistri, m. : teach-
er

puer, pueri, m. : boy, child

vir, viri, m. : man

Second Declension Neuter Nouns

bannum, banni , n. : bann ,
marriage announcement

biduum, bidui , n.: two-year
period

caelum, caeli, n. : heaven, sky

coelum (see caelum)

coemeterium, coemeterii, n.:
cemetery (cimeterium)

donum, doni, n. : gift

evangelium (see euangelium)

euangelium, euangelii, n.:
gospel, good news (Greek)

fatum, fati, n.: fate, destiny

matrimonium, matrimonii, n.:
marriage

puerperium, puerperii, n.:
childbirth

officium, officii, n. : office,
duty, position

scriptum, scripti , n.: writ-
ing , document

signum, signi, n. : sign, mark

testamentum, testamenti , n.:
will

verbum, verbi, n.: word

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following from Latin to English:

Patrina mea est. (mea: my, a possessive adjective which
must be in the same case and have the same gender and
number as the noun it modifies; est: he/she is; the
subject of this verb can be either "she" [patrina is
feminine] or patrina. )

test amen turn amitae

Vidua est. (est: she is)

aurigae (three possible translations — give all three)

Aviam habet. (habet: he/she has; two possible translations;
note that aviam is in the accusative case because it is
the direct object of the verb habet. Hence the subject
of this sentence is either "he" or "she.")

baptimus filii

discipulis (two possible translations)

anno domini ( anno : in the year )

Testcunentum condidit. (condidit: he/she made; testcimentum

is in the accusative case, since it is the direct object
of condidit. Two possible translations.)

Catharinae (declined like Anna; two possible translations)

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following from English to Latin:

the daughter of the cousin

to/for the sailor

She is my wife.

of/from the burial

He/she has a godmother . ( ace . )

of/from the servants

to/for the cemetery

the marriage of the teacher

by means of the baptism

of /from Stephen (Stephanus)

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #1

Translate the following birth entry for 1736, with the aid
of the vocabulary provided after the entry.

1 avL-tiCi^/ni^ti' CUTA-Mc

■paihmi^t*: ctrrA.iio€43ufn.A^

Vocabulary

Sept = September
Clasina: the child's name
pater, patris, m. : father (a

third declension noun, v.

Chapter IV)
Henricus Van der Mortel: the

father's name
mater: mother (from mater,

matris , f . : mother , a third

declension noian, v. Chapter

IV)
Susanna de Visscher: the

mother's name
matrina (see above)

Joanna Dekers : name of the
godmother

nata: born (perfect passive
participle of nascor,
nasci, natus sum: bear,
give birth to, v. Chapter
IX [agrees with Clasina, a
female name] )

eodem die: on the same day

post merid (post meridiem):
after noon (p.m.)

circa, prep. + ace: about,
aroiand

me: me (ablative singular of
the personal pronoun ego,
V. Chapter XI)

Dominico: ablative singular of
Dominicus, Dominici, m.:
Dominic (a given name)

Weiland: a surname

ejusdem = eiusdem: of the same
(genitive singular of idem,
eadem, idem, demonstrative
pronoun: the same [v.
Chapter XI]; refers to
Dominicus Weiland)

immediate immediate (ablative
singular of immediatus,
immediata, immediatum:
immediate)

successor! : successor (abla-
tive singular [in this
entry] of successor, suc-
cessoris, m. : successor [a
third declension noun, v.
Chapter IV] )

continuatus est: was continued
(perfect indicative pas-
sive, third person singular
[V. Chapter IX] of conti-
nuo , continuare, conti-
nuavi, continuatum: contin-
ue [refers to Dominicus
Weiland] )

ibidem, adv.: in the same
place; here: the same
(i.e., Dominicus Weiland)

pastore: pastor (ablative
singular of pastor, pasto-
ris, m. : pastor, shepherd
[third declension noun, v.
Chapter IV] ) . Note the
syntax or word order of the
sentence in the above
introduction. The baptis-
mal register was begun by
Peter Kaufman and continued
by Dominicus Weiland. The
"and" is, however, under-
stood here.

anno millesimo septingentesimo
vigesimo primo: in the year
one thousand seven hundred
twenty-one (literally: in
the one thousand seven
hundred and twenty-first
year [ablative of time, v.
Chapter VII], i.e., 1721)

ad majorem Dei: to the greater
(glory) of God

Beataqz = Beataeque : and of
the blessed (Note here the
z-like mark or sign which
abbreviates the letters -ue
after a -q. ) -Que is an
enclitic conjunction, which
means that it lacks an
independent accent and is
pronounced as part of the
word to which it is at-
tached. Its meaning is
"and." In classical Latin,
-que was generally placed
at the end of the last of
the two words to be
connected by "and." In
medieval and parish regis-
ter Latin, however, -que
often followed the first of
the two words.

virginis: genitive singular of
virgo , virginis , f . : virgin
(a third declension noun,
v. Chapter IV); goes with
Beataeque virginis

gloria, gloriae, f.: glory
(accusative singular
because of the preposition
ad which requires an accu-
sative object) Note that
the English word order here
would probably be ad majo-
rem gloriam Dei beataeque
virginis, and translate
accordingly.

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 2

Translate the following introductory remarks to the baptis-
mal entries from a parish register for the year 1721, with the
aid of the vocabulary given below the entry.

Vocabulary

iste: this (from iste, ista,
istud, adj . and demonstra-
tive pronoun, v. Chapter
XI; modifies liber)

baptismalis, baptismale:
baptismal (modifies liber;
third declension adjective,
V. Chapter IV)

inceptus : begun (perfect
passive participle [v.
Chapter IX] of incipio,
incipere, incepi, inceptum:
begin; translate this in
the following word order:
iste baptismalis liber
inceptus .

a, prep. + abl.: by, from (v.

Chapter V)
R. = Reverendo: ablative

because of a
Reverendo admodum: Right

Reverend (an ecclesiastical

title)
domino: ablative singular of

dominus (also part of his

title)
Petro: Peter (ablative

singular of Petrus, object

of the preposition a)
Kaufmein: a surname

CHAPTER II

Adjectives of the First and Second Declension
First and Second Declension Adjectives Ending
in -er, -era, -erum
Irregular First and Second Declension Adjectives

Introduction

Adjectives (from adjicere: to throw to, add) modify, de-
scribe, or characterize nouns in some way, e.g.. The blue sky.
The little child. The round ball. Such adjectives are, in
English, known as attributive adjectives, since they are connect-
ed directly to the noun without an intervening verb. In Latin,
attributive adjectives must agree with (i.e., be like) the nouns
they modify in gender, number, and case.

If a noun is, for example, genitive, plural, and neuter, the
adjective (or adjectives) modifying it must also be genitive,
plural, and neuter, e.g., matrimoniorum bonorum (of the good
marriages). Note that the Latin attributive adjective frequently
follows its noun except when used for special emphasis or when
describing how much, how many, or how large. In English, by
contrast, the adjective, with the possible exception of archaic
or poetic usages, generally precedes its noun, cf . , for example,
the learned teacher and magister eruditus.

Adjectives may also be found in the predicate of a sentence,
particularly one which has a copula or linking (intransitive)
verb such as, for example, some form of the verb "to be" (is,
are, was, were, etc.). Thus, for example: Matrimonium est bonum.
(or, Matrimonium bonum est. Marriage is good.) Liber est mag-
nus. (or. Liber magnus est. The book is large.) Puer est
parvus. (or, Puer parvus est. The boy, or child, is small.)

An adjective may also be used in place of a noun, e.g., mali
(the bad men), malae (the bad women), mala (the bad things). An
adjective used as a noun is sometimes known as a substantive.

The Declension of First and Second Declension Adjectives

First and second declension adjectives modify nouns of these
two declensions, as well as those of the other three Latin
declensions. They are declined in exactly the same way as the
respective first and second declension nouns.

In the example immediately below, the word defunctus, defunc-
ta, defunctum (dead, deceased) is used. This is actually a
perfect passive participle, a verbal adjective which is employed
here simply as an attributive adjective.

defxinctus, defuncta, defvmctum (dead, deceased)
Singular

Case

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nominative

defimctus

defuncta

defunctvun

Genitive

defuncti

defunctae

defuncti

Dative

defuncto

defunctae

defuncto

Accusative

defunctum

defunctam

defunctum

Ablative

defuncto

defuncta

defuncto

Plural

Case

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nominative

defuncti

defunctae

defuncta

Genitive

defunctorum

defunctarum

defunctorum

Dative

defunctis

Accusative

defunctos

defunctas

defuncta

Ablative

defunctis

The -er form of the masculine noun is also found in certain
adjectives:

aeger, aegera, aegerum: sick (also, eger, egera, egerum)

Singular

Case

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Masculine

aeger

aegeri

aegero

aegerum

aegero

aegeri

aegerorum

aegeris

aegeros

aegeris

Feminine

aegera

aegerae

aegeram

aegera

aegerae

aegerarum

aegeris

aegeras

aegeris

Neuter

aegerum

aegeri

aegero

aegerum

aegero

aegera

aegerorum

aegeris

aegera

aegeris

Note that the meaning of the above two adjectives is always
"dead" and "sick," respectively. The exact meaning is, of
course, dependent upon the use of these adjectives with an appro-
priate noun, such as, for example, infans defunctus (the dead or
deceased child, masculine nominative singular), puellae aegerae
(of the sick girl, feminine, genitive, singular).

Adjectives of the first and second declension may be listed
in dictionaries as follows:

bonus, bona, bonum (good — like defunctus, defuncta,
defunctum) or, bonus, -a, -um

liber, libera, liberum (free — like aeger, aegra,
aegrum) or, liber, -era, -erum

There are nine adjectives of the first and second declension
which end in -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative
singular. These adjectives are declined like the example below:

totus, tota, totum (whole)

Singular

Case

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nominative

totus

tota

totum

Genitive

totius

Dative

toti

Accusative

totum

totam

totum

Ablative

toto

tota

toto

Plural

Case

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

toti

totorum

totis

totos

totis

totae

totarum

totis

totas

totis

tota

totoirum

totis

tota

totis

The other eight irregular adjectives include;

alius, alia, aliud
alter, altera, alterum
neuter , neutra , neutrum
nullus, nulla, nullum
solus, sola, solum
ullus, ulla, ullum
unus , una , unum
uter , utra , utrum

other , another

the other (of two)

neither

none, no

only, alone

any

one , a , an

which ( of two )

EXERCISES: CHAPTER II

A . Grammar

Decline bonus, bona, bonum and liber, libera, liberim for

all genders, numbers, and cases.

B. Vocabulary

In addition to the first and second declension adjectives
discussed in the body of this chapter, learn the following:

abortivus, abortiva, abort i-

vum: prematurely born
baptizatus, baptizata,

baptizatum: baptized

(perfect passive participle

[V. Chapter IX] used as an

adjective)
beatus, beata , beatum:

blessed, fortunate
bonus, bona, bonum: good, kind
certus , certa, certum: cer-
tain, fixed, sure
copulatus, copulata,

copulatum: married (perf.

pass. part, as adj.)
def unctus , defuncta,

defunctum: dead, deceased

(perf. pass. part, as adj.)
honestus, honesta, honestum:

honest, upright, honorable
inchoatus, inchoata, inchoa-

tum: begun
illegitimus, illegitima,

illegitimum: illegitimate
intestatus, intestata, intes-

tatum: intestate (died

without a valid will)
magnus, magna, magnum: large,

great
malus, mala, malum: bad, evil
meus , mea , meum: my, mine

(possessive adjective, v.

Chapter XI)
mortuus , mortua, mortuum:

dead, deceased (perf. pass.

part, as adj . )
multus, multa, multum: many
oriundus , oriunda, oriundum:

originating from, born (in)

parvus, parva, pairvuin: small,
little

pudicus, pudica, pudicum:
chaste , pure

relictus, relicta, relictum:
left behind, abandoned
(when used as a noun:
relicta, relictae, f.:
widow, survivor [relict],
relictus, relicti, m.:
widower, survivor [relict],
perf. pass. part, as adj.)

sanctus, sancta, sanctum:
holy, sacred (when used as
a noun: sancta, sanctae,
f.: saint [female], sanc-
tus, sancti, m. : saint
[male] )

sepultus, sepulta, sepultum:
buried (perf. pass. part,
as adj . )

ultimus, ultima, ultimum: last

unigenitus, unigenita,
unigenitum: only begotten,
only born

aeger, aegera, aegerum: sick
( eger )

dexter, dextra, dextrvun: right
(direction)

liber, libera, liberum: free
(do not confuse with liber,
libri, m. : book)

pulcher, pulchera, pulcherum:
beautiful

sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred,
holy

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following from Latin to English:

Nauta magnus est.

liber baptizatorum pueronun, copulatomm, et defixnctorxun

ecclesia Beati Sctncti Petri

Unum f ilium habet.

Filixis meus parviis est.

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following from English to Latin:

the book of the church of Saint Peter

The honorable Thomas Mattingly and the chaste Anna Barbara
Wilcox were married (copulati sunt).

Today (hodie) Martin (Martinus) , illegitimate son of
Mathilda Stieger, originating (use the feminine, genitive
singular, because "originating" is in apposition to "of
Mathilda") from (ex) Rottweiller, died (mortuus est).

the parish of the blessed (fem.) Saint Mary (gen. sing.)

a prematurely born (fem.) daughter

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #1

Translate the following excerpt from a death register with
the aid of the vocabulary below:

Vocabulary

hodie, adv. : today

13a: tertia decima (die) = on

the 13th (day) [v. Chapter

VII for more information on

the abbreviation of dates . ]
Augusti: of August
mortuus est: died, has died
Josephus: a given name
Josephi: of Joseph (gen.

sing. )
Burger: a surname
civis, civis, m.: citizen

(third declension noun, v.

Chapter IV)
Rosemensis: (probably) of

Rotenwiller (Bas Rhin,

France)
Anna = Annae (gen. sing.)
Lemena: a surname
friburgensis in Jetlcindia: of

Frieburg im Uechtland

(German spelling. Canton

Fribourg, Switzerland)
aetatis circiter: of the

approximate age (of)
octo mensium: 8 months (v.

Chapter VII)
sepultusque est: and he was

buried
extra portam: beyond (outside

of) the gate (Often, beyond

the gate of the city, where

the poor were usually

buried. )
praesentibus testibus: the

witnesses present (were)

[an ablative absolute; v.

Chapter XIII for more

information on this usage]
Laurentio: Laurence (abl.

sing, of Laurentius)
Wehr: his last name
aedituo: abl. sing. of

aedituus, aeditui, m.:

sexton

eccles. = ecclesiae (gen.
sing. )

cathed. = cathedralis (gen.
sing. of cathedralis,
cathedrale: cathedral [a
third declension adjective,
V. Chapter IV]; note that
cathedralis is an adjective
which modifies ecclesiae.
Do not translate it as a
noun. )

Argentinensis: of Strasbourg
(Argentinensis is a Latin-
ized form of Strasbourg.
Note that the English
syntax here would probably
be: aedituus cathedralis
ecclesiae Argentinensis,
and translate accordingly. )

Teuschin: a surname

coniuge: wife, the ablative
singular of conjux

(coniux); conjugis, m. or
f.: husisand, wife, spouse
(conjunx)

Jois = Joannis: of John
(Joaimes is a third declen-
sion noun, V. Chapter IV. )

Jacobi, from Jacobus (declined
like Martinus, Stephanus,
Petrus, etc. )

Henny: a surname

civis (see above)

hujus: of this (also huius,
genitive singular of hie,
haec, hoc: this, the lat-
ter ; V . Chapter XI )

civitatis: city, genitive
singular of civitas, civi-
tatis, f.: city (a third
declension novin, v. Chapter
IV)

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 2

Translate the following marriage entry with the aid of the
vocabulary below:

Vocabulary

eodem die: on the same day

sacramentaliter , adv.:
according to the sacrament
(i.e., the proper ecclesi-
astical ritual)

copulati sunt ( see above D . )

hon. = honestus

juvenis: young man, bachelor
(third declension adjective
and noun, v. Chapter IV)

Marxer: a surname

et, conj . : and

hon. = honesta

virgo, virginis, f.: virgin
(third declension noun, v.
Chapter IV)

Mar. = Maria

Meyer: a surname

coram, prep. + abl.: in the

presence of (v. Chapter V)
testibus: the witnesses (third

declension noun, abl. pi.,

V. Chapter IV)
Matt: a surname
Joane = Joanne (John, a third

declension noun, v. Chapter

IV)
Meyer: a surname

CHAPTER III

Verbs I: First and Second Conjugation

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative Active

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative

Active of esse and posse

Latin Syntax: An Introduction

Introduction

It will be recalled that the inflection of nouns,
adjectives, pronouns, and participles, the addition of suffixes
or endings to the stems of these parts of speech, is known as de-
clension and indicates gender, number, and case. The inflection
of Latin verbs, the process of attaching endings (and occasional-
ly prefixes) to verb stems, is called conjugation (from
conjugcire: to join, link). The conjugation of Latin verbs estab-
lishes five relationships, namely, person, number, tense, mood,
and voice. This chapter defines these terms and discusses their
uses.

The Conjugation of Latin Verbs

As indicated above, Latin verbs are conjugated for person,
number, tense, mood, and voice. The meaning of each of these
terms may be explained by using the first conjugation verb copu-
lare (to marry) as an example.

Person: First, Second, Third (I, you, he/she/it [singular];
we, you all, they [plural]), e.g., copulas: you (singular) marry.

Number: Singular or Plural, e.g.,:

Singular Plural

copulo: I marry copulamus

copulas you marry copulatis

copulat he/she/it (if applicable) copulemt
marries

we marry

you all marry

they marry

Tense (from tempus, temporis, n.: time): The time of the
action of the verb. Latin verbs have six tenses:

Present

Future

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

copulo

copulabo

copulabam

copulavi

copulaveram

Future Perfect copulavero

I marry, am marrying, do marry

I shall marry

I married, was marrying, etc.

I married, have married

I had married

I shall have married

Note that Latin, unlike English, has no eitiphastic or pro-
gressive forms, so that copulo, and the other persons, singular
and plural, in the present indicative active might be translated
as follows, using the first person singular as an example: copu-
lo: I marry, I am marrying, I do marry (as in the above
paradigm) . The apropriate translation will be determined by the
general sense of the sentence.

Each of these tenses will be discussed in greater detail in
this chapter and in subsequent chapters.

Mood (from modus, modi, m. : manner, way, means): The means
or manner in which the action of a verb is indicated. There are
three moods for Latin verbs :

Indicative (from indicatus, -a, -um: shown, made known): The
indicative mood is used, as the name suggests, to indicate that
which is presently taking place, as well as statements of fact or
those for which a speaker or author assumes full responsibility.
Parish register entries are generally in the indicative, although
the subjunctive may be found on occasion, e.g., copulo: I marry
(a statement of fact).

Imperative (from imperare: to command): The imperative mood
is used to give commands in the second person singular and plu-
ral. It is generally not found in parish registers, e.g., copu-
la!: you (singular) marry!

Subjunctive (from siibjungere: to subordinate): Although rare
in English, this mood is utilized frequently in Latin; for exam-
ple, as a command form for the first and third person, singular
and plural, to express purpose, result, condition, concession,
doubt or uncertainty, etc., e.g., copulem: I marry.

Voice (from vox, vocis, f.: voice): Latin, like English, has
two voices, active (the subject acts) and passive (the subject is
acted upon by someone or something). Compare, for example, the
following two sentences: Filiam meam copulat. (He marries my
daughter, [active] ) Henricus Wort et Anna Sophia Wildmann a me
parocho copulati siont. (Henry Wort and Anna Sophia Wildmann were
married by me, the parish priest. [passive])

There are also two verb forms, verbal nouns and verb adjec-
tives which display characteristics of nouns or adjectives as
well as verbs:

Verbal Nouns

Infinitives (from infinitus, infinite, infinitum:

unlimited): Infinitives may be conjugated for tense and voice,
like a verb, and may, like a noun, be used as the subject of a
sentence or the direct object of a verb, e.g., Errare est huma-
num. (To err is human.). In English, the present infinitive is,
for example, formed by placing the preposition "to" in front of a

verb, e.g., to run, to sing, to think, to work. In Latin, the
present active infinitive is formed by adding -re or -ere to the
present stem of a verb, e.g., habere: to have. The present
infinitive is the second principal part of a Latin verb.

Gerund (from gerere : to bear, carry): The gerund is
declined, like a noun, but only in the genitive, dative, accusa-
tive, and ablative cases, neuter singular. Like a verb, it may
take a direct object. The gerund is active in meaning and is
translated in English by adding -ing to the verb stem, e.g.,
copulandi (of marrying).

Supine (from supinus, supina, supinum: lying on one's back):
The supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension. It is used
only in the accusative and ablative singular. The accusative
expresses purpose, especially after verbs of motion or those
suggesting motion, while the ablative is employed with certain
adjectives or with verbs of saying, relating, perceiving, etc.
In the latter usage, it is generally found in fixed expressions
such as mirabile dictu (a wonderful thing to relate or say). The
accusative singular supine, such as, for example, copulatum, may
also be used as the fourth principal part of the Latin verb.

Verbal Adjectives

Participles (from particeps, participis: sharing in): Latin
participles are declined like adjectives, and, like adjectives,
must agree with any nouns they modify in gender, number, and
case. Participles are conjugated for tense and voice, like
verbs, and may take direct objects. Latin present participles,
for example, are translated in English by adding -ing to the verb
stem. Thus, for example, copulcins (marrying, present participle,
nominative singular of all three genders). Note that in Latin
the gerund and the present participle are guite different in
form. In English, however, both end in -ing. Compare, for
example, the following sentences: Heating (gerund) a home in
winter is easier with proper insulation. By using proper insula-
tion, we decreased our heating (adjective) bills by 30%.

Conjugation may be further explained by conjugating the verb
"to marry" in English in the present tense, indicative, mood, and
active voice:

Person Singular Plural

First I marry we marry

Second you marry you (all) marry

Third he/she/marries they marry

For each person, singular and plural, a personal pronoun — I,
you, he, she, (it, if applicable), we, you (all), they — precedes
the English verb. There are no changes in the verb itself, with
the exception of the third person singular in which marry becomes
marries.

Personal pronouns are generally omitted in the nominative
case in classical Latin, except for emphasis. They are used on
occasion in later and medieval Latin, and may be found in such
documents as wills. Pronouns do not appear frequently in parish
registers. Generally, as may be seen in the preceding examples,
the verb itself is altered by attaching a different ending for
each person, singular and plural, to the verb stem. For the
present, future, and imperfect tenses, indicative and subjunctive
moods, and the active voice, these endings are:

Person

Singular

First

Second

Third

Ending

-o, or

-s
-t

Plural

First

Second

Third

-mus
-tis
-nt

To conjugate a Latin verb, consequently, endings are added
to the stem (in the above examples, the present stem) to show
person, number, tense, mood, and voice. The process of conjuga-
tion in English frequently requires the use of pronouns, and is
often dependent upon the position of the verb in a sentence.

The First and Second Conjugation: Present Indicative Active

The present stem of the verb (which is the basis for the
present, imperfect, and future indicative active and passive, as
well as the present subjunctive active and passive) is obtained,
for the first two conjugations, by dropping the -re of the
present infinitive, the second principal part of the Latin verb,
e.g., copulare (to marry), stem copula-, habere (to have), stem,
habe- . The endings listed above are then added to the present
stem in order to form the present indicative active:

copulare (to marry, present stem: copula; First Conjugation)

Singular Meaning

copulo

copulas

copulat

Plural

copulamus
copulatis
copulant

I marry

you marry

he/she/it (or a noun) marries

Meaning

we marry

you (all) marry

they (or a noun) marry

Note that the -a of the present stem copula is absorbed by
the -o of the first person singular ending. Note also that
classical Latin had no separate endings for the familiar (e q
thou) and polite (you) forms of the second person singular aAd
plural. This is also true of personal pronouns, which are dis-
cussed in a subsequent chapter.

Examples :

Filium eomm
Filiam eomm
Filium eorum
Filias eorum
Filios eorum
Filias eorum

copulo.
copulas .
copulat.
copulamus.
copulatis .
copulant.

I marry their son.
You marry their daughter.
She marries their son.
We marry their daughters.
You (all) marry their sons,
They marry their (i.e.,
someone else's) daughters.

• ^v, r^V" °^ "°""^ "'^^ ^^ substituted for the personal pronoun
in the third person singular and plural. Thus, for example, Anna
Maria Becker filium eorum copulat. (Anna Maria Becker marries
their son.) Agricolae filias eorum copulant. (The farmers marry
their [I.e., someone else's] daughters.)

habere (to have, present stem: habe; Second Conjugation)
Singular Meaning

habeo
habes
habet

Plural

habemus
habetis
habent

Examples ;

I have
you have
he/she/it has

Meaning

we have

you (all) have

they have

Amicos habeo.

Amicos habes

Pater meus amicos habet.

Amicos habemus .

Amicos habetis.

Magistri amicos habent.

I have friends.

You have friends.

My father has friends.

We have friends.

You (all) have friends.

The teachers have friends

The First and Second Conjugation: Future Indicative Active

The future indicative active of the first and second conju-
gation (I shall marry, you will marry, i shall have, etc.) is
formed by adding the future tense sign -bi to the present stem of
the verb, together with the endings previously given e a
copulabit (he/she will marry). ^ given, e.g.,

copulare (First Conjugation]
Singular Meaning

copulabo*
copulabis
copulabit

Plural

copulabimus
copulabitis
copulcibunt* *

I shall marry

You will marry

he/she (or a noun) will marry

Meaning

we shall marry

you (all) will marry

they (or a noun) will marry

*In the first person singular, the -i of the tense sign
-bi merges with the -o to become copulabo; this
is also true of the second conjugation habebo.

**In the third person plural, first and second conjugation,
-u is added to the -b, rather than -i, to indicate
futurity.

Examples :

Filium eorum
Filiam eorum
Filium eorum
Filios eorum
Filias eoirum

copulabo .
copulabis .
copulabit .
copulabimus .
copulabitis .

Filios eorum copulabunt.
habere (Second Conjugation)

I shall marry their son.

You will marry their daughter.

She will marry their son.

We shall marry their sons.

You (all) will marry their

daughters .

They will marry their sons.

Singular

habebo

habebis

habebit

Plural

hcLbebimus
habebitis
habebunt

Examples :

Amicos habebo.
Amicos habebis.
Amicos habebit.
Amicos habebimus.
Amicos habebitis,
Amicos habebimt.

Meaning

I shall have

you will have

he/she/it (or a noun) will have

Meaning

we shall have

you (all) will have

they (or a noun) will have

I shall have friends.
You will have friends.
He/she/it will have friends,
We shall have friends.
You (all) will have friends.
They will have friends.

The First and Second Conjugations: Imperfect Indicative

Active

The imperfect tense generally denotes continuous or repeated
action in classical, Roman Latin (although in medieval Latin, and
the Latin of parish registers, its meaning is frequently that of
a single, completed act) which has taken place in the past. "I
wrote" expresses a single, completed act, whereas "I used to
write" (periodically), "I kept writing" (repeatedly), "I wrote"
(habitually, day after day) indicate repetition and continuity.
Hence the action of the latter is incomplete (unfinished) or
imperfect.

Although the classical meaning of the imperfect should be
learned, the reader of parish register entries, and other Latin
documents, should be aware that the distinction between completed
and continuous action was frequently overlooked by priests,
scribes, and others who used the imperfect and the perfect (which
indicates completed action) more or less interchangeably.

The tense sign of the imperfect is -ba, which is combined
with the present stem of the verb, and the endings listed above,
to form the imperfect tense, e.g., copulabat: he/she used to
marry, kept on marrying, was marrying, etc.

copulare (First conjugation)

Singular

copulabam
copulabas
copulabat

Meaning

I was marrying, I married, etc.
you were marrying, you married, etc,
he/she (or a noun) was marrying,
he/she married

Plural

copulabamus
copulabatis

copulabant

Meaning

we were marrying, we married, etc.
you (all) were marrying, you (all)
married, etc.

they (or a noun) were marrying, they
married, etc.

Examples :

Filiam eorum copulabam.
Filium eorum copulabas.
Filiam eorum copulabat.
Filios eorum copulabamus.
Filias eorum copulabatis.

Filios eorum copulabant.

I married, etc. their daughter.

You married, etc. their son.

He married, etc. their daughter.

We married, etc. their sons.

You (all) married, etc. their

daughters .

They married, etc. their sons.

habere (Second Conjugation)

Singular

habebam
habebas
habebat

Plural

hcibebamus
habebatis

habebant

Examples :

Amicos habebam.
Ami cos habebas.
Amicos habebat.
Amicos habebamus.
Amicos habebatis.
Amicos habebant.

Meaning

I was having, I had, etc.
you were having, you had, etc.
he/she/it (or a noun) was having,
he/she/it had, etc.

Meaning

we were having , we had , etc .
you (all) were having, you (all)
had , etc .

they (or a noun) were having,
they had, etc.

I had, etc. friends.

You had, etc. friends.

He/she (or a noun) had, etc. friends,

We had, etc. friends.

You (all) had, etc. friends.

They (or a noun) had, etc. friends.

The Verb esse: Present, Future, Imperfect Indicative Active

The verb esse (to be) is known technically as a copula or
linking verb between various parts of the sentence. It is in-
transitive, as in English, meaning that it takes no direct object
and has no passive voice. Consequently, in a simple sentence of
subject-verb-predicate, both subject and predicate remain in the
nominative case, e.g., Magister eruditus est. (The teacher is
learned.) Esse is irregular in its principal parts.

Present Indicative Active of esse

Singular

Meaning

sum

est*

Plural

I am
you are
he/she/it is

Meaning

svimus
estis
sunt*

we are

you (all) are

they are

*Est can also mean "there is," sunt "there are."

Examples :

Mercator sum.
Amita mea es.
Filius meus est.
Agricolae sumus.
Amici mei estis.
Testes sunt.

I am a merchant.

You are my aunt.

He is my son .

We are farmers.

You (all) are my friends.

The witnesses are. (or, There are

witnesses . )

Futvire Indicative Active of esse

Singular

ero

eris

erit

Plural

erimus
eritis
erunt

Examples :

Socius tuus ero.
Junio in Roma eris.
Januario hie erit.
eras in urbe erimus,
Maio ibi eritis.
Julio hie erunt.

Meaning

I shall be

you will be

he/she/it (or a noun) will be

Meaning

we shall be

you (all) will be

they (or a noun) will be

I shall be your comrade.
In June, you will be in Rome.
He/she will be here in January.
Tomorrow, we shall be in the city.
In May, you (all) will be there.
In July, they will be here.

Imperfect Indicative Active of esse

Singular Meaning

eram
eras
erat

Plural

eramus
eratis
erant

Examples :

Discipulus eram.
Magister eras.
Socius erat.

I was , used to be , etc .
you were , used to be , etc .
he/she/it (or a noun) was,
used to be, etc.

Meaning

we were, used to be, etc.

you (all) were, used to be, etc.

they (or a noun) were, used to be, etc,

I was, used to be, a pupil.

You were, used to be, a teacher.

He/she was, used to be, a comrade.

Patrini ereunus. We were, used to be, godparents.

Infantes eratis. You (all) were, used to be, children,

Fabri erant. They were, used to be, blacksmiths.

The Verb posse: Present, Future, and Imperfect
Indicative Active

The verb posse (can, be able [to]) is a combination of the
adjective potis (able, capable) and the verb esse. In the proc-
ess of combining the two, certain changes occur in the structure
of the verb which are noted in the paradigms (examples of conju-
gation or declension) below:

Present Indicative Active of posse

Singular Meaning

possum* I can , I am able ( to )

potes you can, you are able (to)

potest he/she/it (or a noun) can, is able (to)

Plural Meaning

possumus* we can, we are able (to)

potestis you can, you are able (to)

possunt* they (or a noun) can, they are able (to)

*In the first person, singular and plural, and the third
person plural, the -t of pot is changed to -s.

In order to complete the meaning of "be able , " what is known
as a complementary infinitive is required, i.e., "to" (do some-
thing). Thus, for example, Magister potest docere. (The teacher
is able to [can] teach.) Complementary here has the sense of
completing or finishing the thought.

Examples :

Possum laborare. I can (am able to) work.

Potes baptizare. You can (are able to) baptize.

Potest legere. He/she can (is able to) read.

Possumus videre. We can (are able to) see.

Potestis studere. You can (are able to) study.

Possunt nubare. They can (are able to) marry.

Future Indicative Active of posse

Singular Meaning

potero I shall be able (to)

poteris you will be able (to)

poterit he/she/it (or a noun) will be able (to)

Plural

Meaning

poterimus
poteritis
potemnt

we shall be able (to)

you (all) will be able (to)

they (or a noun) will be able (to)

Examples :

Julio venire potero.

eras proficisci poteris.

Augusto abire poterit.

Perendie navigare poterimus.

eras mane discedere poteritis,

Octobre revenire poterunt.

I shall be able to come

in July.

Tomorrow, you will be able

to depart .

In August, he/she will be

able to go away.

The day after tomorrow, we

shall be able to sail.

Tomorrow morning, you will

be able to leave.

In October, they will be

able to come back.

Imperfect Indicative Active of posse

Singular Meaning

poteram
poteras
poterat

Plural

poteramus
poteratis

poterant

I was able (to) , I could
you were able (to), you could
he/she/it (or a novin) was able (to),
he/she/it could

Meaning

we were able (to), we could
you (all) were able (to),
you (all) could
they (or a noun) were able to,
they could

Examples :

Hie remanere poteram.
Scribere poteras.
Laborare poterat.
Librum legere poteramiis.
Redire poteratis.
Baptizare poterant.

Latin Syntax: An Introduction

I was able to remain here.
You were able to write.
He/she was able to work.
We were able to read the book,
You (all) were able return.
They were able to baptize.

Inasmuch as the endings attached to the stems of nouns ,
adjectives, verbs, and other parts of speech provide meaning in a
Latin sentence, it should be apparent that Latin is not bound by
the fixed word order of simple English sentences, especially
those with transitive verbs taking direct objects, i.e., subject-

verb-predicate. If the word order in such sentences is changed,
the meaning is also altered.

One may write, for example, "The parish priest will baptize
the child," but any of the following alterations in word order
changes the sense of the sentence:

The child will baptize the parish priest.
Will baptize the child the parish priest.
The child the parish priest will baptize.

The order of each of the above examples , and other word
orders as well, may, however, be quite, acceptable in a Latin
sentence, e.g. ,

Parochus baptizabit infantem.
Infcintein baptizabit parochus.
Parochus infantem baptizabit.
Baptizabit infantem parochus.
Baptizabit parochus infantem.

Each of these sentences has exactly the same meaning, i.e.,
"The parish priest will baptize the child." Parochus, the nomi-
native singular, will always be the subject in any of the above
word orders, just as infantem, the accusative singular, will
always be the predicate, the direct object, and baptizabit, the
third person singular future indicative active of baptizare will
always be the verb.

The word order or syntax of documents using simple Latin
prose, such as parish registers, sometimes approximates that of
the English subject-verb-predicate. Frequently, however, the
priest or scribe employed a more classical syntax which placed
the main verb at the end of the sentence. Consequently, when
translating Latin sentences, it is best for beginners to trans-
late each word as it occurs in the sentence, regardless of wheth-
er or not it makes sense in English, and then arrange the sen-
tence to correspond to correct English word order. For example:

Hodie baptizatus est infans filius legitimatus Martini
Forster et Annae Catherinae Rickert.

Today was baptized (See Chapter IX on the perfect passive
for an explanation of why this should not be translated
as "is baptized.") a child, the son legitimate of Martin
Forster and (of) Anna Gather ina Rickert.

The basic word order of classical Latin, especially prose,
is summarized below for reference:

In a simple Latin sentence, the subject often came first and
the main verb last, e.g., Caesar Galliam vicit. (Caesar
conquered Gaul. [Caesar Gaul conquered.]) This was especially
true if no part of the sentence was given special emphasis.

Whatever was to be emphasized was usually placed first in
the sentence, e.g., Galliam Caesar vicit. (Caesar conquered
Gaul.) Vicit Galliam Caesar. (Caesar conquered Gaul.) The last
word or place was never, in theory at least, emphasized in a
proper Latin sentence.

For additional information on classical Latin syntax, con-
sult some of the grammars listed in the selected bibliography at
the back of this book.

Note that in the vocabulary provided for this chapter the
first two principal parts of the Latin verb are listed for all
verbs reviewed in the chapter. These include: the first person
singular, present indicative active and the present infinitive,
e.g., copulo, copulare (I marry, to marry). The other two prin-
cipal parts of the Latin verb, the first person singular, perfect
indicative active and the perfect passive participle are dis-
cussed in Chapter VI and Chapter IX respectively.

EXERCISES: CHAPTER III

A . Grammar

Conjugate baptizare (like copulare), docere (like habere),
and sum in the present, future, and imperfect indicative active
tenses .

B. Vocabulary

Learn the following verbs. Note that this book follows the
practice of many Latin dictionaries and lexica in introducing the
four principal parts of the Latin verb to the reader. Below are
listed the first two, the first person singular, present indica-
tive active (e.g., copulo: I marry), and the present infinitive
(e.g. , copulare : to marry ) .

First Conjugation Verbs

approbo , approbare : approve
baptize, baptizare: baptize
copulo, copulare: marry
habito, habitare: live in,

dwell
humo , humare : bury
marito , maritare : marry
narro, narrare: narrate,

relate
nubo , niibare : marry
oro, orare: ask, beg, pray
probo , probare: prove, ap-
prove, test, probate
servo, servare: save, preserve

Second Conjugation Verbs

debeo , debere : owe , ought

doceo, docere: teach

habeo, habere: have, hold

moneo , monere : warn
remaneo, remanere: stay

teneo, tenere: hold, keep

video, videre: see

Other Verbs

possum, posse: can, be able to
Slim, esse: be

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

Infantem meum baptizeibit.

(infantem: child, accusative singular; a third declension
noun, V. Chapter IV.)

Nauta est.

Aviae sunt.

Avxmculi matrimonium filiarum earum approbant.
(earum: of their [daughters])

Filli avunculi filli fratris sunt.

(fratris: of the brother; study the case endings
very carefully in this sentence. Is filli the
genitive singular or the nominative plural? Is
avxmculi the genitive singular or nominative
plural? Is the second filli nominative singular
or genitive plural? Which usage seems to make the
best sense? )

Consobrina feibulas narreiba't.

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

They are sailors.

The witnesses (testes) are:

My daughters used to work (laborabant) in the village
(in villa) .

Today (see previous chapters for this word), John (Johannes)
Merz, legitimate son of Thomas Merz and Maria Catharina
Belcher, was baptized (baptizatus est).

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #1

Translate the excerpt on the following page from a Lutheran
parish register which describes conditions in and around the city
of Darmstadt, Germany, during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).

Vocabulary

hie: this (goes with annus)

furiosus, furiosa, furiosum:
furious , maddening

quippe, adv. : indeed, certain-
ly, to be sure

in eo: in it

Mars, Martis, m. : the Roman
god of war

cum, preposition + ablative:
with (V. Chapter V)

Libitina, Libitinae, f.: the
Roman goddess of the dead

ovo , ovare ( ovi , ovatum):
celebrate, exult

i.e. = id est: that is

ira, irae, f.: anger, wrath

terras, ace. pi. of terra,
terrae, f.: land, earth

hastis, hastis, f.: spear (el.
Latin: hasta, hastae, f.)
(here, a third declension
noun, V. Chapter IV)

bellum, belli, n.: war

pestis, pestis, f.: plague,
pestilence (third declen-
sion noun, V. Chapter IV);
note that haste, bello et
peste are all ablatives of
means , and the idea is that
God punished the area with
(by means of) these three
items .

cum analogis: with similari-
ties, i.e., like (since the
minister is comparing the
wrath of God to Mars cele-
brating with Libitina);
from analogus, analoga,
analogum: having a similar-
ity or proportion

ita, adv.: thus, so

premebat, from premo, premere
(pressi, pressum) : press,
suppress, oppress (third
conjugation verb, v. Chap-
ter V)

ut: that

Darmstadii, gen. sing, of
Darmstadius, Darmstadii,
m. : the city of Darmstadt
(a city now in the state of
Hessen, Germany)

ex, preposition + ablative:
from (v. Chapter V)

curia, curiae, f.: court (ex
curia: from the court [of ] ,
goes with Darmstadt)

intra, preposition + accusa-
tive: within; here, proba-
bly, under

cujus (cuius): whose (from
qui, quae, quod: who,
which, what [v. Chapter
XI])

tectum, tecti, n. : roof

fames, famis, f.: hunger (a
third declension noun, v.
Chapter IV)

grassansq = grassansque: and
walking about, proceeding
(from: grassor, grassari,
grassatus sum: walk about,
proceed [deponent verb, v.
Chapter IX] )

Bellona, Bellonae, f.: Roman
goddess of war, sister of
Mars

incolas, ace. pi. of incola,
incolae, f.: inhabitant,
resident (accusative be-
cause it is the object of
the verb compulerat)

plerusque, pleraque, pler-
umgue: very many, a large
part (Note that the -que
here is not the enclitic
con j unction "and . " )

compulerat: had forced,
compelled (fames

grassansque bellona

compulerat: hunger and
walking about Bellona [war]
had forced [many under the
protection of the court of
Darmstadt] ; compulerat is
the pluperfect indicative
active third person

singular of compellere: to
force, compel)

eodem carru: in the same cart;
from carrus , carrus , m.:
cart (a fourth declension
noun, v. Chapter X)

ultra, adv. & preposition +
accusative: beyond, more
than

a, preposition + ablative:
from, here, probably, of

libitinariis: the dead, from
libitinarius, libitinaria,
libitinarium: dead (as a
noun: a dead person)

evecti fuerint: were carried
out (to be buried), from
eveho , evehere , evecti,
evectum: carry out (a third
conjugation verb, v. Chap-
ter V)

fuerint: perfect subjunctive
active, third person plural
of esse (v. Chapter XII for
more information on the
subjunctive. )

videatur: is seen (i.e., the
recording of the event
described above);

literally: shall be seen
(the present subjunctive
passive of video, videre:
see [but in the passive
voice often: seem]; v.
Chapter IX for additional
information on the passive
voice. )

matricula, matriculae, f.:
register

ecclesiastica: ecclesiastical
(Note: before matricula the
preposition in + abl.: in,
inside of, within, is
understood. )

Darmstatina: Darmstadt (as an
adjective, i.e., the
ecclesiastical register of
Darmstadt [The preposition
"of" may be added to pro-
vide a more felicitous
translation. ] )

ann. = anno

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 2

Translate the following birth entry with the aid of the
vocabulary below.

' 1' *f
'. I*

Vocabulary

Under infantes (children):

nata: (she was) born
19a = decima nona (die): on
the 19th (day)

Under parentes ( parents ) :

Heimburger: a surname
incola, incolae, f.: resident
Colm. : of Colmar
et (see previous chapters)
Lambolcinii: a place name
vinitor, vinitoris, m. : vine

dresser
Roos: a surname
ex: from (prep. + abl.)
Doplischirand: a place name
oriunda: originating, spring

from

Under patrini

Oberrieder: a surname

civis (see previous chapters)

Colm. (see above)

et (see above)

procuratoris: proxy lawyer,
representative (from procu-
rator, procuratoris, m. )

magistratrus: of the magis-
trate (of Colmar) [from
magistratus , magistratus ,
m. : magistrate]

tertianus: the third (goes
with his name), from ter-
tiannus, tertiana,

terticoium: third

Schidyn: a surname

civis (see above)

Colm. (see above)

et (see above)

textoris: of a weaver (from
textor, textoris, m.:
weaver )

pud. = pudica (see previous
chapters )

virgo, virginis, f.: virgin
(see also Chapter II)

CHAPTER IV

Nouns: The Third Declension

I-Stem Nouns of the Third Declension

Latinized First Names: Third Declension

Third Declension Adjectives

Introduction

The stem of most third declension nouns (which remains after
the genitive singular ending is removed) ends in a consonant and
is often very different from the nominative singular. For this
reason, the nominative and genitive singular, as well as the
gender, of third declension nouns should be memorized together,
e.g., tempus (time — nominative singular), temporis (of
time — genitive singular), n. (neuter gender). Note that in the
above example, the stem of the noun is tempor. Third declension
nouns can be either masculine, feminine, or neuter in gender.

Third Declension Nouns

Nouns of the third declension are declined according to the
examples given below.

pater, patris, m. : father (stem: patr)

Singular

Case

Ending

Meaning

Nom . pater

Gen . patris

Dat . patri

Ace . pat rem

Abl . patre

Plural

a/the father
of/from a/the father
to/for a/the father
a/the father (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc. a/the
father

Nom . patres

Gen . patrum

Dat . patribus

Ace . patres

Abl . patribus

ibus

(the) fathers
of/from the fathers
to/for the fathers
(the) fathers (d.o. )
by/with/f rom, etc. the
fathers

confirmatio, conf irmationis, f

Singular

Case

Nom. confirmatio

Gen . conf irmationis

Dat. conf irmationi

Ace . conf irmationem

Abl . conf irmatione

Ending

confirmation
(stem, confirmatio)

Meaning

a/the confirmation
of/from a/the confirmation
to/for a/the confirmation
a/the confirmation (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc. a/the
confirmation

Plural

Nom. conf irmationes es

Gen. conf irmationum urn

Dat. conf irmationibus ibus

Ace . conf irmationes es

Abl . conf irmationibus ibus

(the) confirmations
of/from the confirmations
to/for the confirmations
(the) confirmations (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc. the
conf irmat ions

From these examples, it should be clear that a new set of
case endings is required for nouns of the third declension. The
above endings will be found for all masculine and feminine nouns
of the third declension, with the exception of i-stem nouns to be
discussed subsequently. Neuter nouns are, however, somewhat
different from masculine and feminine nouns of the third declen-
sion, as noted in the example below:

tempus, temper is, n. : time (stem: tempor)

Singular

Case

Nom . tempus

Gen . temporis

Dat . tempori

Ace . tempus

Abl . tempore

Plural

Nom . tempera

Gen . temporum

Dat . temporibus

Ace . tempera

Abl . temporibus

Ending

ibus

Meaning

a/the time
of/from a/the time
to/for a/the time
a/the time (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc.
a/the time

(the) times
of/from the times
to/for the times
(the) times (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc.
the times

In the above examples, note that the nominative and accusa-
tive plural, masculine and feminine genders, have the same end-
ing. This is also true of the neuter nominative and accusative,
singular and plural. The meaning in each case must be determined
by the sense of the sentence.

I-Stem Nouns of the Third Declension

A few third declension nouns have a stem ending in -i, to
which case endings are added in the genitive plural of all gen-
ders, the ablative singular and the nominative and accusative
plural, neuter gender. Certain masculine and feminine nouns such
as tussis, tussis, f.: cough also end in -i (the actual stem) in
the ablative singular and -im in the accusative singular. Mascu-
line nouns such as ignis, ignis, m. : fire, may also have an -i
ending in the ablative singular. Generally, however, masculine
and feminine nouns retain the ablative singular ending -e from
the regular third declension endings.

I-stem nouns generally belong to one of the following cate-
gories: a) nouns ending in -is, -is, or -es, -is in the nomina-
tive and genitive singular respectively (see examples below); b)
neuter nouns ending in -e (cf. mare below), -al, or -ar in the
nominative singular such as animal or exemplar (example); c) a
number of nouns ending in -s or -x in the nominative singular
such as mons, mentis, m. : mountain. A few examples are provided
below:

testis , testis , m .

Singular

or f.: witness (stem, testi)

Case

Nom. testis

Gen . testis

Dat . testi

Ace . testem

Abl . teste

Ending

is
i

Meaning

a/the witness
of/from a/the witness
to/for a/the witness
a/the witness (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc.
a/the witness

Plural

Nom . testes

Gen . testium

Dat . testibus

Ace . testes

Abl . testibus

ium

ibus

(the) witnesses
of/from the witnesses
to/for the witnesses
(the) witnesses (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc.
the witnesses

civis, civis, m. : citizen (stem: civi)
Case Ending Meaning

Singular

Nom. civis

Gen . civis

Dat . civi

Ace . civem

Abl . cive

Plural

Nom. cives

Gen . civium

Dat . civibus

Ace . cives

Abl . civibus

is
i

em
e

ium

ibus

a/the citizen

of/from a/the citizen

to/for a/the citizen

a/the citizen (d.o.)

by/with/f rom, etc. a/the citizen

(the) citizens

of/from the citizens

to/for the citizens

(the) citizens (d.o.)

by /with/from, etc. the citizens

tussis , tussis , f .

Singular

cough (stem: tussi)

Case

Nom. tussis

Gen. tussis

Dat. tussi

Ace. tussim (N.B.)

Abl . tussi

Plural

Case

Ending

is
is
i

im (m)

i ( )

Ending

Nom.

tusses

Gen.

tussium

ium (urn)

Dat.

tussibus

ibus

Ace.

tusses

Abl.

tussibus

ibus

mare , maris , n

. : sea (stem:

Singular

mari)

Case

Nom . mare

Gen . maris

Dat . mari

Ace . mare

Abl . mari

Ending

xs
i

Meaning

a/the cough
of/from a/the cough
to/for a/the cough
a/the cough (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc. a/the
cough

Meaning

(the) coughs
of/from the coughs
to/for the coughs
( the ) coughs (d.o. )
by/with/f rom, etc. the coughs

Meaning

a/the sea

of/from a/the sea

to/for a/the sea

a/the sea (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. a/the sea

Plural

Nom.

maria

Gen.

marium

Dat.

maribus

Ace.

maria

Abl.

maribus

ia (a) (the) seas

ium (um) of /from the seas

ibus to/for the seas

ia (a) (the) seas (d.o.)

ibus by /with/from, etc,

Latinized First Names of the Third Declension

the seas

Latinized given names of the third declension are declined
exactly like masculine or feminine nouns of the same declension.
Examples follow:

Jo(h)annes, Jo(h)annis, m. : John (English), Jean (French),

Johann (German) (stem: Joann)

Case

Nom • Joannes

Gen . Joannis

Dat . Joanni

Ace . Joannem

Abl . Joanne

Ending

em
e

Meaning

John

of/from John

to/for John

John (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. John

Note that Joanne, without the -h after the -o, is not
"JoAnn," but, rather, the ablative singular of Joannes. The
female equivalent of Joannes is Joanna, Joannae, f.: JoAnn,
Joanna, a first declension noun.

Vico, Viconis, m. : Guy (stem: Vicon)

Case Ending Meaning

Nom . Vice

Gen . Viconis

Dat. Viconi

Ace . Viconem

Abl . Vicone

i
em

Guy

of/from Guy
to/for Guy
Guy (d.o. )
by/with/f rom ,

etc . Guy

Agnes, Agnetis, f.: Agnes (stem: Agnet)
Case Ending Meaning

Nom . Agnes

Gen . Agnetis

Dat . Agneti

Ace . Agnetem

Abl . Agnete

Agnes

of/from Agnes

to/for Agnes

Agnes (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. Agnes

Felicitas, Felicitatis, f.: Felicity (stem: Felicitat)

Case Ending Meaning

Nom. Felicitas Felicity

Gen. Felicitatis is of /from Felicity

Dat. Felicitati i to/for Felicity

Ace. Felicitatem em Felicity

Abl. Felicitate e by/with/f rom, etc. Felicity

Third Declension Adjectives

A large number of third declension adjectives are declined
like i-stem third declension nouns, rather than those with a
consonant stem, i.e., the ablative singular ends in -i, the
neuter nominative and accusative plural in -ia, and the genitive
plural of all three genders in -ium. These adjectives have been
divided by grammarians into three different groups: a) those with
the same nominative singular for all three genders; b) those with
the same nominative singular ending for masculine and feminine
genders, but a different ending for the neuter; c) those with a
different nominative singular ending for all three genders.
Examples of each type of adjective are provided below.

par (m. , f., n.), paris (gen. sing.): equal, like
(same nominative singular ending for all three genders)

Singular

Case Masculine & Feminine Neuter

Nom . par par

Gen . paris paris

Dat . pari pari

Ace . par em par

Abl . pari pari

(N.B. ! )

Plural

Nom . pares paria

Gen . parium parium

Dat . paribus paribus

Ace . pares ( is ) * paria

Abl . paribus paribus

*An alternate ending in classical Latin found rarely
in parish register entries.

parochialis (m. & f.), parochiale (n. ) : parish (e.g.,
parish church) , parochial

(same nominative singular ending for masculine and feminine
genders; different ending for the neuter singular)

singular

Case

Masculine & Feminine

Neuter

Norn.

parochial is

parochiale

Gen.

parochialis

Dat.

parochial i

parochiali

Ace.

parochialem

parochiale

Abl.

parochiali

Plural

Nom.

parochiales

parochialia

Gen.

parochial ium

Dat.

par och i a 1 i bus

parochialibus

Ace.

parochiales

parochialia

Abl.

parochialibus

celeber (m. ) , Celebris (f.), celebre (n.): famous
(three different nominative singular endings for all three
genders )

Singular

Case

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nom.

celeber

Celebris

celebre

Gen.

Celebris

Dat.

celebri

Ace.

celebrem

celebre

Abl.

celebri

Plural

celebri

Nom.

celebres

celebria

Gen.

celebrium

Dat.

celebribus

Ace.

celebres

celebria

Abl.

celebribus

Note that, as also with adjectives of the first and second
declension, the meaning of each of the above adjectives is de-
pendent upon its use with a noun. They mean, respectively,
"equal," "parish," and "famous" in each of the cases and numbers
above .

There are also a few consonant stem adjectives, which have
endings similar to those of the consonant stem third declension
nouns. Like i-stem nouns adjectives of category "a" above, these
also have the same nominative singular ending for masculine,
feminine, and neuter genders. In their declined form, as, for
example, in a parish register entry, they can, in general, easily
be differentiated from similar i-stem adjectives, e.g..

c(a)elebs (m. , f., n. ) # c(a)elibis (gen. sing.):
unmarried, bachelor (as a noun) (same nominative singular
ending for all three genders)

Singular

Case

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Plural

Masculine & Feminine

c(a)elebs
c(a)elibis
c(a)elibi
c(a)elibem
c(a)elibe (N.B. )

c(a)elibes

c(a)elibum

c(a)elibibus

c(a)elibes

c(a)elibibus

Neuter

c(a)elebs

c(a)elibis

c(a)elibi

c(a)elebs

c(a)elibe

c(a)eliba

c(a)elibuin

c(a)elibibus

c(a)eliba

c(a)elibibiis

Note that caelebs (or celebs) frequently applied to males,
particularly in marriage entries, in Latin parish registers.
An unmarried female was often designated as pudica virgo
(chaste virgin) or pudica (chaste).

Adjectives of the third declension can, of course, be used
with nouns of the first or second declension, just as adjectives
of the first and second declension may be used with nouns of the
third, e.g. ,

magister celeber a famous teacher

matricula ecclesiae parochialis register of the parish church

rex bonus

leges malae

the good king

bad laws

When i-stem adjectives are used as nouns, the ablative
singular generally ends in -e, like a third declension consonant
stem noun, rather than -i.

Third declension adjectives may be listed in dictionaries as
follows:

a) adjectives with the same nominative singular for all
three genders: felix, felicis (happy — like par, paris) , or felix,
-icis.

b) adjectives with the same nominative singular for mascu-
line and feminine genders but a different ending for the neuter
singular: omnis, omne (all, every — like parochialis, parochiale)
or, omnis, -e.

c) adjectives with three different nominative singular
endings for all three genders: celer, celeris, celere (swift,
fast — like celeber, Celebris, celebre) , or, celer, -eris, -ere.

d) adjectives with consonant stems and the same endings for
all three genders in the nominative singular: vetus , veteris,
(old — like caelebs, caelibis) , or, vetus, -eris, abl . sing. -ere.

The following examples illustrate the use of nouns, i-stem
nouns, and adjectives of the third declension:

liber ecclesiae parochialis

(the book or register of the parish church)

Omnes milites adfuerunt,

(All knights were present. )

Die prime mensis novembris dominus Carolus pro me notario
comparuit .

(on the first day of the month of November, Lord Charles
before me, the notary, appeared. Or: On the first day
of the month of November, Lord Charles appeared before me
the notary. )

EXERCISES: CHAPTER IV

A. Grammar

Decline aetas, aetatis, f. (age), fons, f ontis , m. (font,
spring, baptismal font), nomen, nominis, n. (name), civis, civis,
m. (citizen), felix, felicis (happy, fortunate — like par), omnis,
omne (all, every--like parochialis), celer, celeris, celere
(swift, quick — like celeber) , vetus, veteris (old — like caelebs) ,
Michael, Michaelis, m. (Michael), and Mathildis, Mathildis, f.
(Mathilda; also Mathilda, Mathildae, f.).

B. Vocabulary

Learn the nouns and adjectives given in the chapter, plus
the following:

Third Declension Nouns (conjunx), pi.: married

couple, spouses
compater, compatris, m. : dux, ducis, m. : duke, leader

godfather fons, f ontis, m.: font, bap-

con jux, conjugis, m. or f.: tismal font, spring, foun-

husband or wife, spouse tain

f rater, fratris, m. : brother
heres, heredis, m. or f.: heir
homo, hominis, m. : human being
infans, infantis, in.: child
labor, laboris, iti. : work

levans, levantis, m. or f.:

godparent
levantes, m. pi.: godparents
miles, militis, in.: knight,

cavalry soldier
nepos , nepotis, m.: nephew,

grandson, descendent
neptis, neptis, f.: grand-
daughter, niece, descendent
parens, parentis, m. or f.:

parent, father, mother
parentes, m. pi.: parents
pater, patris, m. : father
susceptor, susceptoris, m.:

godparent
susceptores, m. pi.: godpar-
ents; note that both sus-
ceptores and levantes refer
to the practice of raising
the child from the baptism.
aetas , aetatis , f . : age
aetatis suae: abbreviates anno
aetatis suae: in the year
of his or her age, age
aetatis circiter: of the

approximate age (of)
civitas, civitatis, f.: city,

citizenship
commater, commatris, f • :

godmother, sponsor
confirmatio, conf irmationis,

f.: confirmation
cognatio, cognationis, f.:

blood relationship
copulatio, copulationis, f.:

marriage
dos , dot is , f . : dowry
lex, legis, f.: law
mater , matris , f . : mother
mulier, mulieris, f.: woman
proles, prolis, f.: offspring,

issue, child
soror, sororis, f.: sister
uxor, uxoris, f.: wife
virgo, virginis, f.: virgin
altare, altaris, n. : altar

caput, capitis, n. : head
corpus, corporis, n.: body

( human body )
genus , generis , n : type , kind ,

birth, descent, origin
nomen, nominis, n. : name
tempus, temporis, n. : time

Third Declension I-Stem Nouns

hostis, hostis, m. : enemy (cl.
Latin: an enemy of the
Roman state rather than a
personal enemy [which was
inimicus, inimici, m. ] )

mensis, mensis, m. : month

mors , mortis , f . : death

nox, noctis, f.: night

testis, testis, m. or f.:
witness

Third Declension Adjectives

adulescens , adulescentis :

young ( as a noun : young man
or woman), adolescent (also
adolescens)

compos, compotis: having
control of, having posses-
sion of

felix, felicis: happy, fortu-
nate

fortis, fortis: strong, brave,
powerful, bold

peur, paris: equal

superstes , superstitis: sur-
viving, still living

fidelis, fidele: loyal, faith-
ful

omnis, omne: all, every

parochialis, parochiale:
parish, parochial

similis, simile: like

talis, tale: such, of such a
kind

acer, acris, acre: sharp, keen

celeber, Celebris, celebre:
famous

caelebs, caelibis: unmarried
(as a noun: bachelor)
[celebs]

vetus, veteris: old

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

In hoc rotulo nomina baptizatorum infantum ( inf antixim) et
susceptonim continentur .

(hoc: this; rotulus, rotuli, m. : roll, record;
continentiir : are contained)

Testes huius ortus fuerunt: Michael Worthington arm. et

Matthaeus Foss, miles

(huius: of this; ortus, ortus: birth [a fourth

declension noun, v. Chapter X]; fuerunt: were; arm. =

armiger [v. Chapter I])

Johannes filius Caroli, cancelloris regii, duxit Mathildam

filiam Thomae, clarissimi.

(Carolus, Caroli, m. : Charles, Carl; cancellor regius:
royal chancellor; duxit: he led [short for duxit
matrimonium: he led into marriage] ; clarissimus,
clarissima, clarissimum: most illustrious)

Hie sunt nomina eorum omnium qui in ecclesia parochiali
Beati Scincti Pauli, in coemeterio extra portcim sepulti sunt,
(hie: here; sunt: are; eorum: of those; qui: who;
sepulti sunt: were buried)

Heri in matrimonio sancto conjuncti sunt: caelebs Jalcobus
Walder, filius legitimus Johannis Walder et Mathildae
Vorwcind, et pudica virgo Maria Anna Rueckstaetter , filia
legitima Wilhelmi Rueckstaetter et Margaretae Oberbauer.
(heri: yesterday; conjuncti sunt: were joined)

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

The godparents were (fuerunt) Thomas Brown and Mathilda
Westover .

In this register, the names of all of the baptized children
and godparents are contained (see above).

The witnesses of this marriage (huius matrimonii) were:
Martin Vineaux, farmer and citizen of this place (huius
loci), Pierre (Petrus) Waldeck, innkeeper (caupo,
cauponis, m. ) and citizen of this place, and Jean Paul
Giron, blacksmith (fciber) and citizen of St. Martial
(Sancti Martialis).

The labor of all built (aedef icavit) the city.
(Remember, "city" must be in the accusative case, since
it is the direct object of aedef icavit. )

To all the faithful (use the dative) in Christ (in Christo) ,
greetings! (salutatio, salutationis, f.: a greeting)

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 1

With the aid of the vocabulary below, translate the follow-
ing birth entry:

dTiftm

(/atoPUA -

fcvrtmttd

MU*. .^^

Vocabulary:
Under Infeintes

natus : born

24a: vicesima quarta (die): on
the 24th day (i.e., the
24th; the month is not
given in this entry)

Under Parentes

Laurentius: Laurence (declined

like Matthaeus)
Mentzer: a surname
coriarius, coriarii , m.:

tanner
Tcintz: the mother's surname
oriunda (see Chapter II)
ex, prep. + abl.: from
Thuringhemio : abl. singular of

Thuringhemius = Turckheim,

Haut Rhin, France
civis: note that this is the

genitive singular

hospes , hospitis , m . : innkeep-
er, host, tenant, stranger,
guest

Under Patrini

Mentzer: a surname

lanio, lanionls, m. : butcher
(Ictnius, Icinii, m)

Brucher : a surname

Tantzin nata: born Tantz (The
-in is a feminine ending in
German and may be
ignored.), i.e., her maiden
name was Tantz

^^
Jois = Johannis (the genitive

singular)
Ephippiarius , Ephippiarii, m. :

saddle maker (a word of

Greek extraction)
uxor (see the vocabulary list

above )

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #2

Translate the following birth entry, with the aid of the
vocabulary below:

^ /tu \c^ "*^ {fiyu^fSsi/ ^uhniff ^^i^^rsJ^nu WfiAe^ffM- at/pangKi dntinit^

Vocabulary

heri, adv.: yesterday
hora: hour (see Chapter I)
circiter, adv: approximately
quinta: fifth (see Chapter

VII)
pomerdiana: in the afternoon
(from pomeridianus , pomeri-
diana, pomeridianvtm: of, or
relating to, the afternoon)
natus est: was born
infantulus, infantulus, m. : a
little child (male), a
little boy
ex, prep. + abl.: from, by (in
this case "to," would
appear to be more appropri-
ate)
Antonio: a given name (The
nominative is Antonius.
This is ablative because ex
requires the ablative
case. )

qif^ : quondcim, adv.: the late,

the former, formerly „

Antonii: a given name (nomina- uj

DC UJ CO
< —1 —

I- >^

CO h-

tive: Antonxus)
Micherelli: a surname
Maria = Mariae
Antonia = Antoniae
filia (note the f)
Siva = a surname
ambcibus : both
loci: of the place (of)
Lostalli: a place name
qui: who (the child) ^

ob periculum: because c^ £ — '

danger (of death) 5 2*"

baptizatus fuit: was baptizec^ ^^ ^
domi: at home u. co c^

a me: by me

Francisca: a given name
ut supra: as above (This is

the midwife who baptized

the child at home.)

QC ^^ ^_

O m TT
H- > O

t <

0004373
51

CHAPTER V

Verbs II: Third and Fourth Conjugation
Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative Active
lO-Verbs of the Third Conjugation
Prepositions

Introduction

The third conjugation is quite different from the first and
second, although the present infinitives of third conjugation
verbs seem to resemble those of the second. In the latter the
present stem is found by dropping the -re of the present
infinitive, leaving a stem such as habe or doce. The present
stem of third conjugation verbs is obtained by omitting the -ere
S£ 5^?.^''^^^^}^ infinitive, e.g., vivere (to live), stem: viv, so
that the verb stem ends in a consonant rather than a vowel The
endings given below are added to this stem to form the present
future, and imperfect indicative active tenses.

Verbs of the fourth conjugation have tense signs and endings
similar to those of the third. It should, however, be recognized
that m the fourth conjugation, the present stem is found just
as It IS for verbs of the first and second conjugations, by
dropping the -re ending of the present infinitive. Fourth
conjugation verbs end in -ire in the present infinitive, such as
for example, sepelire (to bury), stem: sepeli.

Third Conjugation Verbs

When the -ere of the present infinitive of third conjugation
verbs IS omitted, the present stem, as indicated above, ends in a
consonant. It is therefore necessary in certain of the persons
and numbers to add what is known as a thematic vowel, a vowel
which comes between the stem and the inflectional ending, in
order to prevent a conjunction of consonants. The vowels and
are^'arfollows^ present, future, and imperfect indicative active

Present Indicative Active of vivere (to live, stem: viv)

Singular
Verb Ending Meaning

vivo o I live

vxvxs is

vivit it

you live

he/she/it (or a noun) lives

Plural

Verb

vivimus
vivitis
vivxint

Ending

imus
itis
ixnt:

Meaning

we live

you (all) live

they (or a noun) live

In the present tense, third conjugation verbs add -i to
those endings given in an earlier chapter for the present tense
of first and second conjugation verbs. The -i, like the -a of
first conjugation verbs, is absorbed by the -o of the first
person singular. The third person plural, present indicative
active ends in -unt, which, unlike verbs of the first and second
conjugation, is not an indication of the future tense.

Examples :

In vice vivo.
In vice vivis.
In vice vivit.
In vice vivimus.
In vico vivitis.
In vico vivunt.

I live in the village.

You live in the village.

He/she (or a noun) lives in the village.

We live in the village.

You (all) live in the village.

They (or a noun) live in the village.

The tense sign of the future for third conjugation verbs is
-e, rather than -bi. Hence the future indicative active is
formed by adding -e to the stem except in the first person singu-
lar.

Future Indicative Active of vivere

Singular

Verb

vivam
vives
vivet

Plural

Verb

vivemus
vivetis
vivent

Examples :

In rure vivam.
In rure vives.
In rure vivet.

Ending

£im
es
et

Ending

emus
etis
ent

Meaning

I shall live

you will live

he/she/it (or a noun) will live

Meaning

we shall live

you (all) will live

they (or a noun) will live

I shall live in the country.

You will live in the country.

He/she/it (or a noun) will live in the country.

In rure vivemus. We shall live in the country.

In rure vivetis. You (all) will live in the country.

In rure vivent. They (or a noun) will live in the country.

The imperfect indicative active tense of third conjugation
verbs is formed by adding the tense sign -ba to the present stem
of the particular verb. Since, however, the present stem ends in
a consonant, a thematic vowel, in this case an -e , is placed
between the consonant ending and the -b of the -ba tense sign.
The endings given in Chapter III are then added to the imperfect
tense sign.

Imperfect Indicative Active of vivere

Meaning

I was living, used to live, etc.
you were living, used to live, etc,
he/she/it (or a noun) was living,
used to live, etc.

Singular

Verb

Ending*

vivebam

ebam

vivebas

ebas

vivebat

ebat

Plural

vivebamus ebamus we were living, used to live, etc.
vivebatis ebatis you (all) were living, used to

live, etc.
vivebant ebant they (or a noun) were living, used

to live, etc.

*with thematic vowel included

Examples :

In hac parochia vivebctm. I used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebas. You used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebat. He/she used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebamus. We used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebatis. You (all) used to live in this parish,

In hac parochia vivebant. They used to live in this parish.

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

Verbs of the fourth conjugation, as indicated above, end in
-ire in the present infinitive. Once the -re is dropped, the
stem vowel -i remains, together with the rest of the stem.
Fourth conjugation verbs are conjugated in the present, future,
and imperfect indicative active as follows:

Verb

Present Indicative Active of sepelire (to bury, stem: sepeli)
Singular

Ending Meaning

sepelio
sepelis
sepelit

Plural

Verb

sepelimus
sepelitis
sepeliunt

Ending

mus
tis
xint

Examples :

Filiam meam sepelio.
Filium tuum sepelis.
Filiam suam sepelit.
Filium nostrum sepelimus.
Filiam vestram sepelitis,
Filium suum sepeliunt.

I bury

you bury

he/she (or a noun) buries

Meaning

we bury

you (all) bury

they (or a noun) bury

I bury my daughter.

You bury your son.

He/she buries his/her (own) daughter,

We bury our son.

You (all) bury your daughter.

They bury their (own) son.

Future Indicative Active of sepelire

Singular

Verb

sepeli am

sepelies

sepeliet

sepeliemus

sepelietis

sepelient

Ending

Etm

emus

etis

ent

Meaning

I shall bury

You will bury

He/she/it (or a noun) will bury

we shall bury

you (all) will bury

they (or a noun) will bury

Note that the -i of the stem is retained in the future tense
of fourth declension nouns.

Examples :

Infantem sepeliam.
Infantem sepelies.
Infantem sepeliet.
Infantem sepeliemus,
Infantem sepelietis,
Infantem sepelient.

I shall bury the child.

You will bury the child.

He/she will bury the child.

We will bury the child.

You (all) will bury the child.

They will bury the child.

Imperfect Indicative Active of sepelire

Singular
Verb Ending* Meaning

sepeliebam
sepeliebas
sepeliebat

ebam
ebas
ebat

Plural

sepe 1 i ebamus
sepeliebatis
sepeliebant

ebamus
ebat is
ebant

I buried, was burying, etc.
you buried, were burying, etc,
he/she (or a noun) buried,
was burying, etc.

we buried, were burying, etc.
you buried, were burying, etc.
they (or a noun) buried,
were burying, etc.

*with thematic vowel included

Note that in the imperfect indicative active, the vowel -e
is placed between the -i of the stem ending and the tense sign
and endings of the imperfect. The use of the thematic vowel -e
has also been noted in connection with verbs of the third conju-
gation .

Examples :

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebam.

(Yesterday I buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery
beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebas.

(Yesterday you buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery
beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam parochus
sepeliebat.

(Yesterday the parish priest buried a pauper, name unknown, in
the cemetery beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebamus.

(Yesterday we buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery
beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebatis.

(Yesterday you [all] buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery
beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam parochiani
sepeliebant .

(Yesterday the parishioners buried a pauper, name unknown, in the
cemetery beyond the gate. )

Repetition and continuity, characteristic of the imperfect
tense, obviously do not apply to sepelire. Consequently, the
imperfect may be translated here as a simple past tense.

lO-Verbs of the Third Conjugation

A number of third conjugation verbs are conjugated like
those of the fourth conjugation in the present and future indica-
tive active tenses. The stem of these verb endings is -i, rather
than a consonant. Consequently, they are known as -io verbs of
the third conjugation, since the first person singular, present
indicative active ends in -io. Note, however, that the present
infinitive of third conjugation -io verbs ends in -ere, rather
than -ire like those of the fourth conjugation. The conjugation
of -io verbs of the third conjugation is as follows:

Present Indicative Active of facere (to make, do, stem: faci)

Singular

Verb Ending Meaning

facie o I make

facis s you make

facit t he/she/it (or a noun) makes

Plural

facimus mus we make

facitis tis you (all) make

faciunt unt they (or a noun) make

Examples :

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facio.

(I make this benefice [a gift or grant] in the presence of the
most reverend lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facis.

(You make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend
lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facit.

(He/she makes this benefice in the presence of the most
reverend lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facimus.

(We make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend lord
bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facitis.

(You [all] make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend
lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso faciunt.

(They make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend lord
bishop himself.)

Future Indicative Active of f acere

Singular
Verb Ending

faciam
facies
faciet

am
es
et

Plural

Verb

faciemus
facietis
facient

Ending

emus
etis
ent

Meaning

I shall make

you will make

he/she/it (or a noun) will make

Meaning

we shall make

you (all) will make

they (or a noun) will make

Examples :

Annam Barbaram filiam meam heredem meam faciam.

(I shall make Anna Barbara, my daughter, my heir.)

Annam Barbaram filiam tuam heredem tuam facies.

(You will make Anna Barbara, your daughter, your heir.)

Maria Tibaldi Anna Barbaram filiam suam heredem suam faciet.

(Maria Tibaldi will make Anna Barbara, her daughter, her heir.)

Annam Barbaram filiam nostram heredem nostram faciemus.

(We shall make Anna Barbara, our daughter, our heir.)

Anna Barbaram filiam vestram heredem vestram facietis. )

(You [all] will make Anna Barbara, your daughter, your heir.)

Franciscus et Bertha Steinhauer Anna Barbaram filiam suam
heredem suam facient.

(Franciscus and Bertha Steinhauer will make Anna Barbara
their [own] daughter, their heir.) '

Imperfect Indicative Active of f acere

Singular

Verb

faciebam
faciebas
faciebat

Ending* Meaning

ebam
ebas
ebat

I made, was making, used to make, etc.
you made, were making, used to make, etc,
he/she/it (or a noun) made, was making,
used to make, etc.

Plural

faciebamus ebamus we made, were making, used to make, etc.
faciebatis ebatis you (all) made, were making, used to

make , etc .
faciebant ebant they (or a noun) made, were making, used

to make, etc.

*thematic vowel included
Examples:

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem meum faciebam.

(I made [was making, etc.] Jean Ribeaux my procurator [legal
representative] . )

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem tuum faciebas.

(You made Jean Ribeaux your procurator.)

Geraldus de Martiali Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem suum faciebat.

(Gerald de Martiali made Jean Ribeaux his [own] procurator. )

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem nostrum faciebamus.

(We made Jean Ribeaux our procurator.)

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem vestrum faciebatis.

(You [all] made Jean Ribeaux your procurator.)

Franciscus Berengarii et Petrus Jacquet Johannem Ribeaux
procuratorem suum faciebant.

(Francois Berengarii and Pierre Jacquet made Jean Ribeaux their
[own] procurator. )

Prepositions

Prepositions (from praepositus: [having been] placed in
front or before) are generally "placed before" other words such
as nouns, and explain or clarify those words in some way. Thus,
for example, "They walked into the forest." In this sentence,
"into" indicates where they walked. Into is, of course, the
preposition.

In Latin, the object of a preposition, a noun, pronoun, or
other part of speech, is either in the ablative or the accusative
case. A few prepositions take both cases. Common prepositions
taking the ablative and accusative cases are listed below.

Common Ablative Prepositions

Preposition Meaning

a, cib (before vowels), abs from, away from

(the outside of), by
cum with

e, ex
in
pro

Examples :

a villa

cum laude

de silva

de bello Gallico

ex Roma

in domo

pro patria

from, down from, about
from (out of the inside of)
in, on, at
for, in place of, in front of

(away) from the village

with honor (praise)

(down) from the wood

about (concerning) the Gallic war

from Rome

at home (in the house)

for the fatherland

Note that if cum was used with an adjective and a noun, it
was often placed between the adjective and the noun, e.g., magna
cum laude (with high honor [with great praise]). Note also that
the preposition de was frequently used as the beginning of the
title of a book or treatise in Latin. It can often be omitted
when translating such a title.

In parish registers, the preposition ex was used, on occa-
sion, to indicate a place of origin or residence. Thus, for
example, Patrinus fuit Bemardus Rulon civis ex Steinheim. (The
godfather was Bernardus Rulon, citizen [of] from Steinheim.)

Common Accusative Prepositions

Preposition

ante

apud

circum

contra

inter

per

post

super

trans

Meaning

to, toward, for, near, at

before (in time and place)

near, at, by, at the house of,

in the presence of

around

against

between , among

toward, on account of, for

through, by, for

after (of time), behind (of place)

above , over

across

Examples :

ad ecclesiam
ante meridiem
apud parochum
circum urbem
contra be Hum
inter silvas
ob iter
per duos annos

to (toward) the church

before noon (midday — a.m. )

at the house of the parish priest

around the city

against the war

between the woods

for (by) the journey, way

for (through) two years

post meridiem
super montes
trans maria

after noon (midday — p.m. )
above the mountains
across the seas

Common Prepositions taking both Ablative and Accusative

Preposition Meaning

in + abl.
in + ace.
sub + abl.

sub + ace .

Examples:

in urbe
in iirbem
sub carruca

sub carrucam

in, inside, on, at

into, to, against

under, up under, close to

(after verbs of rest)

under, close to

(after verbs of motion)

in (inside) the city

into the city

under the cart (e.g., baggage

lying siib carruca)

under the cart (e.g., baggage

falling sub carrucam)

In medieval and parish register Latin, prepositions often
acquired meanings rather different from those of classical,
Roman Latin. The context of a particular document may, there-
fore, suggest a meaning different from those given here. In such
instances, glossaries or lexica of medieval Latin, such as those
listed in the selected bibliography at the back of this book,
should be consulted.

A number of compound verbs in Latin were formed by combining
a preposition and a verb. Thus, for example: circumspectare (to
look around), from circum + spectare (to look at, look
carefully), superscribere (to write above), from super and scri-
bere (to write). The meaning of the preposition used to form
such a verb often provides an important clue to defining the verb
itself.

An understanding of Latin prepositions and compound verbs
should also be of help in learning new English words. What, for
example, might the following words mean: circumnavigate,
superman, submarine, contradict (from dicere: to say, tell),
interject (from jacere [iacere]: to throw). These are just a few
examples of the way in which a knowledge of Latin contributes to
a greater understanding of the English language, which derived
approximately 60% of its vocabulary from Latin.

EXERCISES: CHAPTER V

A . Grammar

Conjugate contraho, contrahere (third conjugation), venio,
venire (fourth conjugation), and capio, capere (third conjugation
io-verb) for all of the tenses discussed in this chapter.

B. Vocabulary

Learn all of the verbs conjugated in this chapter, together
with all prepositions listed, plus the following:

Third Conjugation Verbs

ago, agere: do, discuss, lead,
drive, discuss, etc.

contraho , contrahere : contract
(e.g., a marriage), trans-
act

decedo, decedere: die, depart,
go away

dico, dicere: say, tell

duco, ducere: lead

emo , emere : buy

gigno, gignere: beget, pro-
duce, be born

lego, legere: read, choose,
gather, select

nosco, noscere: know (be
acquainted with)

promitto, promittere: promise

scribo, scribere: write

vivo, vivere: live

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

audio , audire : hear
consentio, consentire: agree,

be in harmony or accord
nescio, nescire: not to know,

be ignorant of
scio, scire: know (how to do

something)
sepelio, sepelire: bury
venio , venire : come
invenio, invenire: find, come

upon

lO-Verbs of the Third Conjuga-
tion

f acio , f acere ;
f ugio , f ugere :

Prepositions

make , do
flee

capio, capere;

capture

take, seize.

a, ab, abs, + abl.: from, away

from (the outside of), by
absque + abl . : without
ad + ace: to, toward, for,

near
ante + ace . : before
apud + ace: at, by, near, at

the house of, in the

presence of
circum + ace . : around
coram + abl. & ace: in front

of, in the presence of,

before
cvtm + abl. : with
de + abl.: from, down from,

about
e, ex + abl.: from (out of the

inside of) , out of
extra + ace . : beyond
in + abl.: in, inside, on, at
in + ace . : into
infra + ace.: below
inter + ace . : between , among
intra + ace . : within
juxta + ace: next to, beside,

according to (iuxta)
per + ace.: through, by, for
post + ace . : after
pro + abl.: for, in place of
prae + abl.: before (pre)
praeter + ace.: except (pre-

ter)
prope + ace . : near
propter + ace.: on account of
sub + abl.: under (rest)

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English.

Libruin etiam legere promittimus .
(etiam, adv. : moreover)

Willelmus de Leye, junior, et Rosalinda Ralston matximonium
contrahent.

Pater infctntis nescit scribere; igitur signum facet,
(igitur: see Chapter IV, Exercise F.)

Conferimus libere et quiete Stephano Winckmeier terrain in

perpetuo possidendam.

(conferimus: we confer, grant; libere et quiete: freely
and quietly [adverbs] ; Stephano: this is dative; translate
accordingly; in perpetuo: forever; possidendam: to be
possessed [geriindive, v. Chapters XIII and XIV])

Volo quod Jakobus Hofbauer matriculam huius peirochiae ab

mense Jaunuarii ad mensem Decembris anno millesimo

septingentesimo vicesimo sexto sumat.

(volo: I will, I wish; quod: that; huius: of this
[goes with parochiae] ; mensis, mensis, m. : month;
anno millesimo septingentesimo vicesimo sexto: in the year
1726; sumat: shall record [the svibject is Jcikobus
Hofbauer] , shall take down; present subjunctive active of
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum: take down,
record [v. Chapter XII])

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin.

George Wilson and Sophia Graham will contract a marriage.

He came (use veniebat) into the parish (use parochia) ,
impregnated (use impraegnabat ) Martha, a serving girl
( f ctmula , f cimulae , f . ) and orphan ( orba , orbae ,
f.), under the promise (promissum, promissi, n. or,
promittum, promitti, n.) of marriage (use matrimonium) ,
and fled (use fugiebat) .

We promise moreover (etiam) to write the epistle (epistula,
epistulae , f . ) .

The mother produced (use the imperfect of gignere) twins,
(gemellos) upon whom (quibus) the names were placed
(imposita sunt) Fredericus and Thomas. Both (use ambo)
of these (eorum) were baptized (baptizati sunt) by
me (ab me), Stephania Leguinne the midwife (obstetrix,
obstetricis, f. [use the ablative here]) because of

imminent (imminens) peril (periculum) of death (use
mors, mortis, f. [use the genitive case]).

I will come into the city.

E. Translation: Parish Register
Documents #1 and #2

With the help of the vocabulary below, translate the follow-
ing two pages from a parish register recording burials and
deaths .

" /■■ ■ ' '''■■■': '. ^-i?i

..^^/^^^^^^'^^^^'^"'^^^ "^

^..y^^

■7"

^JU^. i^i^^^ z///^^^'-

7^'

'^tiia^'^-

N.y

Vocabulary

incipit (from incipio,
incipere, incepi, inceptum:
begin): begins

hie, adv.: here (with "the"
understood before liber)

sti. = sancti

Argentina , Argentinae , f . : one
of a number of Latin names
for the city of Strasbourg

constans , present participle
of consto, constare,
constavi, constatirm: here,
consisting of (with de +
abl . understood; hence,
ducentis, and foliis)

ducentis: two hundred (abla-
tive plural), from ducenti,
ducentae , ducenta: 200
(cardinal number; v. Chap-
ter VII for additional
information on numbers . )

octoginta septem: 87 (v.
Chapter VII)

folium, folii, n.: page, leaf

datum: given (perfect passive
participle of do, dare,
dedi, datum: give)

Argentinae: at Strasbourg
(locative case, v. Chapter
X)

vigesima octava: 28th (goes
with die = on the 28th day)

J\inii: of June (from Junius,
Jvinii, m. : June; v. Chapter
VII)

anno millesimo septingentesimo
quadragesimo quinto: in the
year one thousand seven
hundred forty-five

(literally: in the one
thousand seven hundred
forty-fifth year, v.
Chapter VII)

explicit: ends (from explico,
explicare, explicavi,

explicatum: unfold, i.e.,
to unroll a papyrus scroll
to the end, hence, to end,
bring to an end; treated
here as a third conjugation
verb, third person singu-
lar, with liber.)

hie ( see above )

sti . ( see above )

Argenta = Argentinae (see
above )

palatium, palatii, n.: palace

episcopalis , episcopale , ad j . :
episcopal (as an adjective
modifying palatio)

vigesima septima Junii: on the
27th (day) of June

anno millesimo septingentesimo

decimo nono: in the year one
thousand seven hundred
nineteen (v. Chapter VII)

A note on incipit and explicit. Many medieval texts began
with the word incipit (or, hie incipit) and concluded with ex-
plicit (or, hie explicit). These two terms are often used to
identify anonymous or undated documents.

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #3

Translate the two death entries below with the help of the
vocabulary which is given after the entries.

r/J> ff''^' ■fc.-f:-' ^^^ Z'^'^'"^'' y^'"^^!^ y,c.^-i.^ \

Vocabulary

Entry #1

catalogus, catalog!, in.:

catalog
xenodochium, xenodochii, n.:

hospital, senior citizens
center, hostel (from the
Greek xenodokeion: a place
for strangers to lodge; an
inn)

regius, regia, regium: royal

site: located

extra portam (See previous
chapters for this phrase.)

vulgo, adv. commonly (goes
with dictam)

Lahienem: a place name; the
nominative is probably
Lahienis

dictam: called (perfect pas-
sive participle of dice,
dicere, dixi, dictum: say,
tell, call); note that the
English syntax here would
probably be as follows:
site extra portam vulgo
dictam Lahienem; translate
accordingly. (N.B. Lahie-
nem and dictam are accusa-
tive because of extra. The
gate is, therefore, common-
ly called Lahienis. )

anno: in the year (v. Chapter
VII)

die 12a 7bris: on the 12th day
of September (v. Chapter
VII for more information on
the abbreviation of Septem-
ber. )

mortuus est: died (or, has
died)

Petrus de Vaisseaux: his first
and last names

levis armaturae: of the light-
armed ( troops )

civis (the c is hidden in the
margin)

Benj : a place name

milite (from miles, militis,
m.: cavalry soldier,
knight, soldier): (being) a
soldier; the English syntax

here would probably be
milite levis armaturae;
translate accordingly.

omnibus ecclesiae sacramentis
provisus: provided with all
the sacraments of the
church (i.e., the last
rites,; v. Chapter X for
additional information on
this usage. )

aetatis suae (the su of suae
is hidden in the margin):
his age (here)

circiter 32 annorum: about 3 2
years (here)

sepultusqz est = sepultusque
est: and he was buried

proprio (the p is hidden in
the margin): private
(here); from proprius,
propria, proprium: one's
own, private (goes with
coemeter io )

assistentibus testibus:

(being) assisted by the
witnesses, or the witnesses
assisting (were); v.
Chapter XIII for additional
information on this usage.

Philippe Forbet: his first and
last name

dicto: called (see above)

Argentcourt: his nickname

infirmario: from infirmarius,
infirmarii, m.: hospital
orderly, male nurse (This
is in the ablative case
because of assistentibus
testibus, an ablative
absolute, v. Chapter XIII.)

praedicti: of the aforesaid
(from praedictus, praedic-
ta, praedictvim: aforesaid)

Claudio Verdun: his first and
last names; note, however,
that Claudio is in the
ablative case for the same
reason that infirmario is
in the ablative case. The
nominative form of Claudio
is Claudius: Claude

eticim, adv. : also (here)

infirmario (see above)

Entry #2

die 14a 7bris: on the 14th day

of September (see above)
mortuus est: see above

dnus = dominus : lord (as a

title)
N: his name was omitted
la Premiere des Gendarmes de
Bourgogne: the head of the
police constables (gen-
darmes) of Bourgogne (his
occupation, French)

oibus = omnibus
santis = sacramentis

omnibus ecclesiae sacramentis
provisus ( see above )

aetatisqz = aetatisque

aetatisque suae 36 circiter
annorum ( see above )

sepultusqz = sepultusque

sepultusque est (see above)

in coemeterio (the in is
hidden in the margin)

assistentibus testibus (see
above )

supra signatis: signed below
(who have signed below);
the English syntax here
would probably be assisten-
tibus testibus supra
signatis; translate

accordingly.

CHAPTER VI

Verbs III: The Perfect Active System

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect

Indicative Active of all Four Conjugations

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect

of esse and posse

Introduction

The perfect active system is one of the most important for
the study of Latin parish registers, and other documents as well,
since the entries were generally written down after the
event — baptism, marriage, or death — had already occurred.
Whereas the imperfect, which was discussed in Chapter III, ex-
presses continuous or repeated action, the perfect system indi-
cates action which is completed in the past. Compare, for
example, copulabant (they married, kept on marrying, married
habitually, etc. — imperfect [incomplete]) and copulaverunt (they
married [presumably once only] — perfect [complete]). In this re-
gard, the Latin perfect is similar to the English simple past
tense or present perfect tense, e.g., I came, I have come (a com-
pleted, not a continuous action).

The Perfect Active System

There are three tenses in the perfect active system: perfect
indicative active, pluperfect indicative active, and future
perfect indicative active. While the last two are not found
frequently in parish registers, they do occur in other types of
documents. The future perfect, for example, may be used in place
of the simple future, with exactly the same meaning, e.g. , copu-
laverint: they will marry (literally: they will have married).
Substituting the future perfect for the future was relatively
common in certain types of later medieval Latin documents such
as, for example, wills, a practice continued by some parish
priests .

The perfect indicative active includes the English simple
past tense (The priest baptized.), past progressive (The priest
was baptizing.), past emphatic (The priest did baptize.), and the
present perfect (The priest has baptized.). However, the simple
past or present perfect can generally be used to translate the
Latin perfect in many parish register entries.

The pluperfect indicative active is similar to the English
past perfect (copulaverant: they had married) , and the future
perfect to the English future perfect (copulaverint: they will
have married).

To form the perfect active system tenses, a new stem is
required, one which constitutes the third principal part of the

Latin verb and must be learned as it occurs in this book, in
other grammars, in dictionaries, or in documents. The perfect
stem of first conjugation verbs consists of the present stem
(e.g. , baptiza) plus -v (the perfect stem of all first conjuga-
tion verbs ends in -v) plus the perfect system endings, e.g.,
copul av , bapti z av , humav .

Perfect stems of the other conjugations are often irregular
and should be memorized as they are encountered. However, the
perfect stems of second conjugation verbs sometimes end in -u,
e.g., habu (from habere). Stems of third conjugation verbs may
end in -did (vendidi: I sold, from: vendo, vendere) , -x (vixi: I
lived, from vivere) , -c (didici: I learned, from disco, discere) ,
-SB or -s (decessi: I died, departed, from decedo, decedere) , or
-rr (cucurri: I ran, from curro, currere) . Some third conjuga-
tion -io perfect stems end in -c (feci: I made, from facere) , and
a number of fourth conjugation perfect stems end in -v (sepelivi:
I buried, from sepelire) .

The perfect indicative active is formed by combining the
perfect stem, the third principal part of a Latin verb, and the
perfect indicative active endings, as shown below:

Perfect Indicative Active of copulare (stem:
copulav — first conjugation)

Verb

copulavi

copulavisti

copulavit

copul avimus
copulavistis
copul averunt

Ending

isti

imus

istis

ervmt

Meaning

I married, have married

you married, have married

he/she (or a noun) married,

has married

we married, have married

you (all) married, have married

they (or a noun) married, have

married

Another ending for the third person plural , perfect indica-
tive active is -ere ( copulavere ) . This ending may be encountered
in documents written during the later Middle Ages such as, for
example, wills, as well as in some parish registers. In order to
avoid confusing this ending with the infinitive endings of second
and third conjugation verbs, both of which also end in -ere,
always look for the perfect stem. Compare the following as
examples: habuere: they have had (perfect stem habu), but hat>ere:
to have (present infinitive).

The pluperfect indicative active (from plus guam perfectus:

more than perfect) adds the imperfect of the verb esse to the
perfect stem.

Pluperfect Indicative Active of copulare

Verb

copulaveram

copulaveras

copulaverat

copulaveramus

copulaveratis

copul aver ant

Ending

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

Meaning

I had married

you had married

he/she (or a noun) had married

we had married

you (all) had married

they (or a noun) had married

The future perfect indicative active is formed by adding the
future of esse to the perfect stem of the verb. The third person
plural ending is, however, erint, rather than erunt.

Future Perfect Indicative Active of copulare

Verb

copul avero

copulaveris

copulaverit

copulaverimus
copulaveritis
copulaverint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus
eritis
erint

Meaning

I shall have married

you will have married

he/she (or a noun) will have

married

we shall have married

you (all) will have married

they (or a noun) will have

married

The examples below are given for copulare only, albeit the
sequence of tenses and the endings are valid for all of the
con j ugations :

Georgius Steinacker et Anna Maria Grenz copulaverunt.

(Georg Steinacker and Anna Maria Grenz married. [an action
completed in the past, prior to whatever is taking place
at the moment] )

Georgius Steinacker et Anna Maria Grenz copulaverant.

(Georg Steinacker and Anna Maria Grenz had married,
[considerably prior to whatever is occurring at the
moment] )

Georgius Steinacker et Anna Maria Grenz copulaverint.

(Georg Steinacker and Anna Maria Grenz will have married,
[e.g., by the Feast of St. Stephen this event will have
taken place; when the feast day is celebrated, they
already will have been married.])

Perfect Indicative Active of habere (stem:
habu — second conjugation)

Verb

habui

habuisti

habuit

habuimus
habuistis
habuervmt ( ere )

Ending

isti

imus

istis

erunt

Meaning

I had, have had

you had, have had

he/she/it (or a noun) had,

has had

we had, have had

you (all) had, have had

they (or a noun) had, have had

Pluperfect Indicative Active of habere

Verb Ending Meaning

habueram

eram

habueras

eras

habuerat

erat

habueramus

eramus

habueratis

eratis

habuerant

erant

I had had

you had had

he/she/it (or a noun) had had

we had had

you (all) had had

they (or a noun) had had

Future Perfect Indicative Active of habere

Verb

habuero

habueris

habuerit

habuerimus
habueritis
habuerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus
eritis
erint

Meaning

I shall have had

you will have had

he/she/it (or a noun) will

have had

we shall have had

you (all) will have had

they (or a noun) will have had

Perfect Indicative Active of vivere (stem;
vix — third conjugation)

Verb

Ending

VIXX

vixisti

isti

vixit

vix imus

imus

vixistis

istis

vixerunt

(ere)

erunt

Meaning

I lived, have lived

you lived, have lived

he/she/it (or a noun) lived,

has lived

we lived, have lived

you (all) lived, have lived

they (or a noun) lived,

have lived

Pluperfect Indicative Active of vivere

Verb

vixeram

vixeras

vixerat

vixeramus

vixeratis

vixerant

Ending

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

Meaning

I had lived

you had lived

he/she/it (or a noun) had lived

we had lived

you (all) had lived

they (or a noun) had lived

Future Perfect Indicative Active of vivere

Verb

vixero

vixeris

vixerit

vixerimus
vixeritis
vixerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus
eritis
erint

Meaning

I shall have lived

you will have lived

he/she/it (or a noun) will

have lived

we shall have lived

you (all) will have lived

they (or a noun) will

have lived

Perfect Indicative Active of sepelire (stem:
sepeliv — fourth conjugation)

Verb

Ending

sepelivi*

sepelivisti

isti

sepelivit

sepelivimus imus

sepelivistis istis
sepeliverunt (ere) erunt

Meaning

I buried, have buried

you buried, have buried

he/she (or a noun) buried,

has buried

we buried, have buried

you (all) buried, have buried

they (or a noun) buried,

have buried

*The alternate perfect stem sepeli may also be found
on occasion.

Pluperfect Indicative Active of sepelire

Verb Ending Meaning

sepe liver am
sepe liver as
sepe liver at
sepeliveramus
sepe liver at is
sepe 1 i ver ant

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

I had buried

you had buried

he/she (or a noun) had buried

we had buried

you (all) had buried

they (or a noun) had buried

Future Perfect Indicative Active of sepelire

Verb

sepelivero

sepeliveris

sepeliverit

sepeliverimus

sepeliveritis

sepeliverint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus

eritis

erint

Meaning

I shall have buried |

you will have buried

he/she (or a noun) will have buried

we shall have buried

you (all) will have buried

they (or a noun) will have buried

Perfect Indicative Active of facere (stem:
fee — third conjugation io-verb)

Verb

feci

fecisti

fecit

fecimus

fecistis

f ecerunt ( ere )

Ending

isti

imus

istis

erunt

Meaning

I made , have made

you made , have made

he/she/it (or a noun) made, has made

we made , have made

you (all) made, have made

they ( or a noun ) made , have made

Pluperfect Indicative Active of facere

Verb Ending Meaning

feceram

feceras

fecerat

feceramus

feceratis

fecerant

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

I had made

you had made

he/she/it (or a noun) had made

we had made

you (all) had made

they ( or a noun ) had made

{

Future Perfect Indicative Active of facere

Verb

fecero

feceris

fecerit

fecerimus

feceritis

fecerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus

eritis

erint

Meaning

I shall have made

you will have made

he/she/it (or a noun) will have made

we shall have made

you (all) will have made

they (or a noun) will have made

As an aid in understanding the perfect active system, it may
be useful review the time sequence of each tense involved:

Perfect: An action completed in the recent past, rather
close in time to the present, e.g.. Terrain tenui . (I held the
land, possibly until as late as yesterday; the implication is
that at the present time I probably do not hold it. )

Pluperfect: An action completed in the more remote past,
i.e., further removed from the present than the perfect, e.g.,
Terram tenueram. (I had held the land — perhaps ten years earli-
er, but not now. )

Future Perfect: An action which simultaneously looks to the
future and the past. When the event or action takes place, it
will do so in the future, and when this has occurred it will also
be in the past, e.g.. Post festum Conceptionis Mariae terram
vendidero. (After the Feast of the Conception of Mary, I will
have sold the land; by the time this feast has arrived, the land
will no longer belong to me. )

The Perfect Active System of esse

The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses of esse
are obtained by adding the appropriate endings to the perfect
stem fu.

Perfect Indicative Active of esse (stem: fu)

Verb Ending Meaning

fui

fuisti

fuit

fuimus

fuistis

f uerunt ( ere )

isti

imus

istis

erunt

I was , I have been

you were , have been

he/she/it (or a noun) was,

has been

we were , have been

you (all) were, have been

they ( or a noun ) were ,

have been

Pluperfect Indicative Active of esse

Verb

fueram

fueras

fuerat

fueramus

fuerat is

fuerant

Ending

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

Meaning

I had been

you had been

he/she/it (or a noun) had been

we had been

you (all) had been

they (or a noun) had been

Future Perfect Indicative Active of esse

Verb

fuero

fueris

fuerit

fuerimus
fueritis
fuerint

Ending

arc

eris

erit

erimus
eritis
erint

Meaning

I shall have been

you will have been

he/she/it (or a noun) will

have been

we shall have been

you (all) will have been

they (or a noun) will have been

The Perfect Active System of posse

The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative
active tenses of posse are obtained by adding the endings for
these tenses to the perfect stem potu.

Perfect Indicative Active of posse (stem: potu)

Verb

potui

potuisti

potuit

potuimus
potuistis
potuerunt ( ere )

Ending

isti

imus

istis

erunt

Meaning

I could, I was able (to)

you could, you were able (to)

he/she/it (or a noun) could,

was able (to)

we could, were able (to)

you (all) could, were able (to)

they (or a noun) could, were

able (to)

Pluperfect Indicative Active of posse

Verb

potueram
potueras
potuerat

potueramus
potuerat is
potuerant

Ending

eram
eras
erat

eramus
eratis
erant

Meaning

I had been able (to)

you had been able (to)

he/she/it (or a noun) had been

able (to)

we had been able (to)

you (all) had been able (to)

they (or a noun) had been (to)

Future Perfect Indicative Active of posse

Verb

potuero

potueris

potuerit

potuerimus
potueritis

potuerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus
eritis

erint

Meaning

I shall have been able (to)

you will have been able (to)

he/she/it (or a noun) will have

been able (to)

we shall have been able (to)

you (all) will have been

able (to)

they (or a noun) will have

been able (to)

Note that the third principal part of the Latin verb is
given in the vocabulary of most standard Latin dictionaries and
lexica (together with the other principal parts) as the first
person singular, perfect indicative active, e.g., copulo, copu-
lare, copulavi (I marry, to marry, I married [have married]).
The fourth principal part, the perfect passive participle will be
discussed in Chapter IX. The first three principal parts of all
verbs included in all of the chapters to this point are listed
below. These should be studied carefully.

EXERCISES: CHAPTER VI

A. Grammar

Conjugate habitare (first conjugation), tenere (second
conjugation), venders (third conjugation), venire (fourth conju-
gation), and capere (third conjugation io-verb) in the perfect,
pluperfect, and future perfect indicative active. The perfect
steins of each of these verbs are given below in the third princi-
pal part of each one.

B. Vocabulary

In addition to all of the verbs given in body of this chap-
ter, learn the first three principal parts of the following
verbs. Note that many standard Latin dictionaries and lexica
list the four principal parts of Latin verbs. With the discus-
sion of the perfect system active, three of these four have been
introduced to the reader. These include: first person singular,
present indicative active, present infinitive, and first person
singular, perfect indicative (for example: baptize: I baptize;
baptizare: to baptize; baptizavi: I baptized, have baptized).
The fourth principal part, the perfect passive participle, will,
as indicated on the preceding page, be discussed in Chapter IX.

First Conjugation Verbs

adjuvo, adjuvare, adjuvavi:

help, aid (adiuvo)
allege, allegare, allegavi:

accuse, allege
appello, appellare, appellavi:

call, name, appeal, accuse
approbo , approbare , approbavi :

approve, approve a business

or legal transaction
baptize, baptizare, baptizavi:

baptize
cause, causare, causavi:

cause, give as a reason,

accuse
cepule, copulare, cepulavi:

marry, join
celebre , celebrare , celebravi :

celebrate; nuptias

celebrare: to celebrate the

nuptials, to marry
de, dare, dedi: give
habite, habitare, habitavi:

live in, dwell
hume, humare, humavi: bury

laude, laudare, laudavi:

praise
lege, legare, legavi: leave,

bequeath
marite, maritare, maritavi:

marry
narre, narrare, narravi :

narrate, relate
ere, erare, oravi: pray, ask,

beg
prebe, prebare, prebavi: test,

prove , approve , probate
seirve, servare, servavi: save,

preserve

Second Conjugation Verbs

centinee , centinere , centinui :

contain, connect
debeo, debere , debui : owe,

ought
despendeo, despondere,

despendi : betroth
decee, docere, decui: teach
habee , habere, habui : have,

hold

jaceo, jacere, jeci: lie, lie

down (iaceo)
moneo, monere, monui: warn
remaneo , remanere, remansi:

remain, stay
teneo, tenere , tenui : hold,

keep
video, videre, visi: see

Third Conjugation Verbs

absolve, absolvere, absolvi:

absolve, forgive, release,

complete (studies)
acquiesce, acquiescere ,

aquevi : die, repose, be

content with
ago, agere, egi: do, drive,

discuss, lead, act, etc.
cerno, cernere , crevi :

discern, perceive
condo, condere, condidi :

found, make, construct;

testamentum condere: to

make a will
contraho , contrahere, con-

treixi: contract, contract a

marriage
decedo , decedere , decessi:

die, depart, go away
detego , detegere, detexi :

reveal, uncover, detect
dice, dicere, dixi: say, tell,

call
decumbo , decumbere , decubui :

die, lie down
dego, degere, degi : spend

time, pass time, live,

exist, dwell, reside, rest;

vitam degere: to spend

(one's) life, live
duco, ducere, duxi: lead
emo , emere , emi : buy
gigno, gignere, genui : beget,

produce, be born
lego, legere, lexi: read,

choose, gather
nosco, noscere, novi: know (be

acquainted with)
pono , ponere , posui : put,

place, lay
impono , imponere, imposui:

place upon, impose

promitto, promittere, pro-

missi: promise
relinquo, relinquere,

relinqui: leave behind,

abondon
requiesco, requiescere, re-

quievi: rest, lie
scribo , scribere, scripsi:

write
subscribe, subscribere , sub-

scripsi: undersign,

underwrite, sign below
sumo, sumere , sumpsi: take

down, complete, finish
vendo, venders, vendidi: sell
vivo, vivere, vixi: live

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

abdormio, abdormire , abdor-

mivi: sleep away, die
audio, audire, audivi: hear
consentio , consentire : consen-

si: agree, be in harmony

with
cupio, cupire, cupivi: desire,

want
custodio, custodire,

custodivi : guard, keep

watch
scio, scire, scivi: know (how

to do something)
sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi

(or, sepelii): bury
venio, venire, veni: come
invenio, invenire, inveni:

find, come upon

Third Conjugation -10 Verbs

capio, capere, cepi: take,

seize, capture
concipio, concipere, concepi :

conceive, comprehend,

become pregnant
facio, facere, feci: make, do
fugio, fugere, fugi: flee

Other Verbs

possum, posse, potui: can, be

able (to)
sum, esse, fui: be

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

In dolor ibus partus obi it Agnes de Groot dum vivens uxor
Wilhelmi Sloet, vulgo dicti Gerrit, civis et brasiatoris
huius loci nono die mensis Junii anno domini nostri MDCLXXX.
(dolor, doloris, m. : pain; partus, partus, in.: birth,
childbirth [fourth declension noun, v. Chapter X; note here
that partus is genitive singular "of birth"]; obiit:
died [V. Chapter XIV]; dum vivens: while living; vulgo
[see Chapter V, Exercise E, 3]; dicti: called; brasiator,
brasiatoris, m. : brewer [e.g., of beer]; huius loci: of
this place; nono die: on the ninth day; anno domini nostri
MDCLXXX: in the year of our Lord 1680 [v. Chapter VII for
additional information on Roman numerals.])

Nos, parochi huius parochiae Beatorxun Sanctorum Petri et
Pauli, Abnerum Roth et Eleanoram Murphy copulavimus.
(nos: we [goes with copulavimus]; parochi: nominative
plural; huius: of this; Abnerum: Abner, ace. case)

Heri ego Stephanus Rotgermann decanus seniculam n.n. , quae

in vicum nostrum erravit et a morbo ignoto juxta forum

obiit, in coemeterio figulorum sepelivi.

(heri: yesterday; ego: I; decanus, decani, m. : deacon;
senicula, seniculae, f.: a little old lady; n.n.: name
unknown [n.n.: nomen nescio: I do not know the name; name
unknown]; erro, errare, erravi [erratum]: wander, stray,
travel; morbus, morbi, m. : disease; figulus, figuli, m. :
a potter [in this case, the potters' cemetery where the
poor were buried] )

23 Julii exhalavit animam suam Johanna Jakobina Seidt, post
longum morbum, vidua Michaelis Johannis Nethe, omnibus
sacramentis ecclesiae provisa et die sequenti sepulta est.
(Julii: of July; exhalavit: from exhalo, exhalare,
exhalavi [exhalatum] : breathe out, expire, die; omnibus
sacramentis ecclesiae provisa: see Chapter V, Exercise
E, 3; die sequenti: on the following day; sepulta est:
she was buried)

Agnes Nebl, mulier, pauper, laboriosa, pia erga Deum,
postquam ultra novem menses in stomacho suo ita laboraverat,
ut cibos vix non omnes, quos sumpserat, iterum evomere
coacta sit, periculum mortis sentiens, sacramentum petiit,
atque in divinam voluntatem resignatissma post plures dies
in agone exspiravit 15 December 1777 anno aetatis suae 54
et eodem die sepulta est.

(mulier, mulieris, f.: woman; laboriosa, laboriosae, f.:
worker [female]; postquam: after; novem menses: 9 months
suo: her; ita: so, thus; laboro, laborare, laboravi
[laboratum]: work; ut: so that; cibus, cibi, m. : food;
vix; scarcely; hardly; sumo, sumere, sumpsi [sumptum] :

take, use [here] ; itenim: again; evomo, evomere, evomui
[evomitvun] : vomit; coacta sit: she was compelled [perfect
passive subjunctive of cogo, cogere, coegi, coactiun:
compel v. Chapter XII]; sentiens: sensing, feeling; petiit:
she asked [for] , from peto, petere, petii [or petivi] ,
petitum: ask, seek after, request, beg, entreat; atque:
and; resignatissma: most resigned; plures: many; agon,
agonis, m. : agony [contest — Greek; also cl . Latin];
exspiro, exspirare: exspiravi, exspiratum: die,
breathe out, exhale)

D. English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

The witnesses of this (huius) baptism were: Thomas
Plumboldt, merchant (mercator, mercatoris, m. ) and
citizen of this place (huius loci) , and Wilfredus Crom,
goldsmith (aurifaber, aiirifabri, m. ) and citizen of
Snodlond (Snodlondus, Snodlondi, m. )

The physician (medicus, medici, m. ) made (use fecit) an

operation (operatic, operationis, f.) and removed (use

removeo, removere, removi [remotum] ) an infant

of the female sex (sexus feminei) from the womb (ex utero)

of its (eius) mother. I (ego), Francesca Capelli, midwife

midwife (obstetrix, obstetricis, f.)/ baptized this

(hunc) child (ace. case), because of danger of death

(see previous chapters for this phrase), and gave (use do,

dare, dedi, datvim) it (ei) the name (ace. case)

Maria Angelica (ace. case).

Paul Bitrand, a faithful (use fidelis, fidele) servant
(use famulus, famuli, m. : servant) for (use per + ace.)
many years in our (nostro) apothecary (pharmacopolius,
pharmacopolii, m. ) , swelled up (use intumesco, intumescere,
intumui) with dropsy (use hydrops, hydropis, m. in the
ablative ease without a preposition [an ablative of cause] )
and, provided with all of the sacraments of the church (see the
previous chapter for this usage), died (obiit) in agony
on the twelfth of August (duodecimo August!) 1765 in the
year of his age 40.

Today (hodie) I, Walter Grund, parish priest of the parish
of St. Victor (Victor, Victoris, m. ) married the honest
(ace. case) young man (ace. ease) Rudolf (ace.) Schmelzer,
a blacksmith (faber, fabri, m. , ace. case) and citizen
(ace.) of Oppenheim (Oppenheimensis) , legitimate (ace.)
son (ace.) of Friedrich (Frederici) Schmelzer, farmer
(gen. case) and citizen of Oppenheim (see above) and Maria
(gen.) Anna (gen.) Duersch his wife (uxoris eius), and
the chaste (ace.) virgin (ace.) Apollonia (ace.) Barabara
(ace.) Wuerth, legitimate (ace.) daughter (ace.) of the
deceased (gen.) Nicolaus (gen.) Wuerth, while living (see

above) a carpenter (lignarius, lignarii, m. [use the
gen. case here] ) and citizen of Oberkatzbach
(Oberkatzbachensis) , and Martha (gen.) Eva (gen.) Moench
his wife (see above). The witnesses of this marriage
(huius matrimonii) were: Joseph Wund farmer from
Oppenheim (ex Oppenheimense ) and Adam Winck blacksmith
from Oberkatzbach (ex Oberkatzbachense) .

Yesterday, I buried Jean (use Johcumem) , the illegitimate
(ace.) son (ace.) of Jeanne (Joanna, Joannae, f. [gen.
case here]) Montreaux in the potters' cemetery (see above)
beyond the gate of our village (villae nostrae) . Within
a few days (paucis diebus) after the death (use mors,
mortis, m. ) of this child (huius infantis) , the mother
died (use obiit) also (etiam) and was carried away
(delata est) by her father ( ab patre suo) to be buried
(sepelienda) in the tomb (tumulus, tumuli, m. )
of his family (familiae suae).

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Translate the following parish register entries with the aid
of the vocabulary below.

Document #1: Birth

fii-^u^ 'Jinno ^tnini iiif ^t'Cl^ Jiu^uf/i

wxsau

Vocabulary

1756: the date

15 August!: 15th of August

Ego : see above

Jo = Johannes

Albertus a Lauda: his name

missionarius Cappuccinus: a
Capuchin missionary (i.e.,
a member of th order of
Capuchin friars — a branch
of the Franciscan friars
founded in 1529 and active
in preaching and missionary
work)

infantula, infantulae, f.: a
little child (female)

nocte antecedent!: in the
preceding night

Joanne Gobba: the father's
name

J
Mra = Maria (also in the left
margin): a given name of
both mother and daughter

Dominica Porta: the mother's

name
eius: his
cui nomen imposui: upon whom I

placed the name
Mciria

domnus = domxnus: lord (as a

title)
judex, judicis, m. : judge
Amabilis: a given name
Paravisius: a surname
Pizzetta: the surname of the

godmother
Lostallo: a place name
hec = haec: these

et haec omnia: and these
things all (or, and all
these things) [were done]

Sancti: goes with Nicolai
Gabioli (the name of the
church )

Document # 3 : Death

Note that since this entry is from a parish in Germany, the
handwriting does contain some German Gothic letters or partial
letters, especially the -s, which appears to be an -f here.
Compare the vocabulary below with the handwritten entry as you
translate.

I ■ ^ :7^-^^i I izf ^'.^y^, t^KytiC^ ^Jj^' %.iJiC^X^^^' ■ _ .V

Vocabulary

Potinger: a surname

erat: was

vir

praefectus, praef ecti , m.:

magistrate
res, rei, f.: thing, matter
lignarius, lignaria, lignari-

um: relating to wood,

forest
aguarius , aguaria, aguarium:

relating to water; hence

Andreas Potinger was a

magistrate of wood and

water .
strenuus, strenua, strenum:

active , vigorous , strenuous
robustus, robusta, robustum:

powerful, hard, firm, solid

(like an oak tree)
cui: to whom
vires: plural of vis, vis, f.:

force, power, violence;

plural : strength
inconcussus , inconcussa,

inconcussum: unshaken

(firm)
sanitas, sanitatis , f.:

health, good sense, sanity

longaevus, longaeva,

longaevum: long (as in long
life) , aged, old

promittere

videbantur: seemed (third
person plural , imperfect
indicative passive; the
passive form of video,
videre, visi, visum, which
means "seem" rather than
"see.") Note that the
subject of this verb is
vires corporis. The entire
sentence, if placed in an
English word order, would
probably read: cui vires
corporis videbantur

promittere inconcussem
sanitatem et vitam longae-
vam; translate accordingly.

aft (at), con j . : but, moreover

expectatio , expectationis , f . :
expectation (the object of
contra )

jam (iam), adv.: now, already

mense Octobr = mense Octobris:
in the month of October

Document #2: Death

,. J . ■- —

Vocabulary

Left Hand Margin

Joseph

Ma = Maria

Fidelis: one of the child's

given names
Michcirolus: the surname (which

is declined in this entry)

Entry

_♦

dni = domini

1734: the year

26 Junii: 26th of Jvine

evolavit: from evolve,
evolare, evolavi

(evolatum) : fly, fly away

consortium consortii, n.:
fellowship, society, commu-
nity, association

Angelorum: of the angels

cuiusdam infantuli: of a
certain infant (cuiusdam,
from quidam: , quaedam,
quoddam: a certain person
or thing, someone, some-
thing)

Anto = Antonio (nominative:
Antonius )

Mciria: his middle given name

Micharolo: the surname de-
clined

Dominica Jacomella: the given
names of his wife

coniugibj = conjugibus

mensium quatuor circiter:
about four months (of
months) (of age)

eiusq. = eiusque: and his
(goes with corpus, the next
word)

sepultum fuit: was buried

p. = per

me = me ( ace . )

J. = Johannem

Aloysium (nominative: Aloy-
sius)

conciontm = concionatorem:
from concionator, conciona-
toris, m. : preacher

cappuccinum: Capuchin (modify-
ing preacher)

Miss: = missioncirium: mission-
ary, ace. sing.

tumulus, tumuli, m. : cemetery,
hill, burial mound, mound

parvulorum: of the children
(literally: of the small
ones — from parvus)

S. = ScUicti

Nicolai Gabioli (see above)

male, adv.: badly (from malus,
mala, malum: bad, evil)

se habere: a reflexive verb;
when used with male: to be
badly off, to be sick

coeperat: began (from coepi,
coepisse, coeptum, a defec-
tive verb for which the
present tense is supplied,
except in rare cases , by
incipio, incipere, incepi ,
inceptum: begin; the above
three forms are, consecu-
tively: the first person
singular, perfect indica-
tive active, the perfect
infinitive [v. Chapter
XIII], and the perfect
passive participle [v.
Chapter IX] . )

vir robustus: the robust
(healthy) man

paulatim, adv.: gradually,
little by little

deficiebat: failed, ceased
(from deficio, deficere,
def eel , defectum: fail,
cease ) ; note that the tense
here is imperfect and
translate accordingly

viribus: from his strength

exhaustus, exhausta, exhaus-
tum: exhausted, emptied
out, deprived, taken away

officio suo: his duty

amplius, adv.: longer, more,
further

fungi: to perform (from
fungor, fungi, functus sum:
be busy, be engaged in,
perform, execute; a depo-
nent verb, V. Chapter IX;
note that the direct object
of this verb officio suo is
in the ablative case.
Fungor is one of a small
number of deponent verbs
which take ablative objects
[v. Chapter IX for addi-
tional details] ) .

mature, adv.: soon, too soon

SS. = Sanctis: modifies sacra-
mentis

munitus: fortified; Sanctis
sacramentis munitus: forti-
fied by (means of the) holy
sacraments

morbo: by a disease

qui: which

erat ( see above )

peripneumonia , peripneumoniae ,
f.: pneumonia, pleurisy

ingravescente : being op-
pressed; present participle
of ingravesco,

ingravescare , ingravescavi ,
ingravescatum: to become
heavy, be oppressed,
burdened; here an ablative
absolute when combined when
morbo (v. Chapter XIII for
additional information on
this usage.). The meaning
is "being burdened or
oppressed by (with) dis-
ease . "

et: above the line

ad extrema: to the last things
(i.e., the end of life)

deductus : led , brought

31 Jan. = 31 Januarii

7 vesp. = 7 vespertina: at 7
in the evening (7 p.m.);
from vespertinus, vesperti-
na, vespertinum: of, or
relating to, the evening

efflavit: he breathed out
(goes with animam; "his" is
understood with animam. ) ;
from efflo, efflare, ef-
flavi, eff latum: breathe
out, blow out

agonizantem: suffering (modi-
fies animam) ; present
participle of agonize,
agonizare, agonizavi,
agonizatum: suffer, agonize

confortante ( comf ortante ) :
being comforted (i.e., by
the lates rites)

exanimis, exanime, adj.: dead,
lifeless

tumulo tradente: being carried
to the tomb (buried)

Document #4: Marriages

Translate the following marriage entries from a Polish
parish register of 1815 with the aid of the vocabulary included
below.

/fif7t4/2t t^)S/0

t^'fe: -. (>^^r^.

/o- -7-: : — '" I«T 7^i__ --V2.

f^/, r/^i/S.

^/er>y^ J* «m«^ PTTm^m^ ^t^-"*'^

t^„,^/<M«/ •^M^ ^ifc*^ •^iWr. «■*>»/*►

Vocabulary:

Haurytki: a place name

Millesimo Octingentesimo
Decimo quinto: 1815

praemissis tribus bannis
continuis diebus dominicis :
after the publication of
marriage banns (announce-
ments ) on three consecutive
Sundays (an ablative abso-
lute; V. Chapter XIII for
additional information)

dies dominica, diei dominicae,
f.: Sunday (the day of the
Lord)

guarum: of which (relative
pronoun, v. Chapter XI)

Ima = prima: the first

Dca = Dominica

2do = secundo: the second,
i.e., the first (bann) was
on the second Sunday

2da = seciinda: second

Dca ( see above )

3cia = tercia (tertia): third,
i.e., the second (bann) was
on the third Sunday

^ = et

4ta = quarta: fourth; missing
here are the words tertia
dominica (and the third
[bann] was Sunday the
fourth [i.e., the fourth
Sunday] )

post Epiphaniam: after Epipha-
ny, a fixed feast day
occurring on January 6th
each year. Note however,
that these banns were read
on the second, third, and
fourth Sundays after Epiph-
any (v. Chapter VII for
additional information on
feasts days. )

nullo impedimento canonico
detecto: (and) no canonical
hindrance (to the marriage)
having been uncovered (an
ablative absolute; v.
Chapter XIII)

praevioq = praevioque

praevioque examine liberi
consensus: and (being)
previously examined of
(their own) free consent
(an ablative absolute, v.
Chapter XIII)

caeteris praemittendis : (and)
the remaining (information,
banns, etc. ) to be an-
nounced (gerundive, v.
Chapter XIII and Chapter
XIV)

Ego: I

Caspar Godleviski: name of the
priest

V.E.B. = vicarius ecclesiae
Bochoviensis: vicar of the
church of Bochoviensis (a
place name)

laboriosus , laboriosi, m.:
worker, laborer

Sobotowski : the groom's sur-
name

juven^ = juvenis

Bogumila, Bogumilae, f.:
Bogumila (the bride's first
name)

Vrolewna: her surname

parochianis: (being) parish-
ioners (i.e., the groom and
bride)

Boo' avi'e = Bochoviensis: (of
the parish) of Bochoviensis

interrogo, interrogare,

interrogavi ( interrogatum) :
question, ask

eor - eortim: of them, their
de eorum mutuo consensu (super
libera) secum contrahendi
voluntate explorato: (and I
asked [them] ) about their
mutual consent above freely
(given) with them to be
contracted, (being)

voluntarily examined (being
examined by [their own]
will); i.e., I questioned
them concerning their
willingness to contract (a
marriage) of their own free
will.

matrimonio: supply in with

this
coniunxi = conjunxi
eosgz = eosque: and them
ritus, ritus, f.: rite (fourth

declension, v. Chapter X)
de ritu: according to the rite
S . = Sanctae :
sanctae matris ecclesiae
benedixi: from benedico,

benedicere, benedixi

(benedictum) : bless
praesentibus testibus: the

witnesses present (were)
Rogowoski : a surname
Chudrinski: a surname
Wiercienie: a place name
praemissis tribus bannis

continuis dominicis (see

above )
una: one (i.e., the first)
dca 4ta: the fourth Sunday

(after Epiphany)

dca 5ta: the fifth Sunday
(after Epiphany)

dominica

Tpef"""^ = 7 post Epiphania(in) :
the seventh Sunday after
Epiphany (i.e., the third
bann was posted on the 7th
Sunday after Epiphany)

nobilis, nobilis: noble

Wiercienski: the groom's
surname

Rosalia, Rosaliae, f.: Rosalie
(the bride's first name)

Wiercienska: her surname

For the rest of the
vocabulary for the second
entry, see above. Note
that the surname of the
last witness is mostly cut
off in this entry.

CHAPTER VII

Numbers
Ablative and Accusative of Time

Dates in Latin Documents
Julian and Gregorian Calendars

Introduction

There are two kinds of numbers in Latin, as also in English,
cardinals (from cardo, cardinis, m. : hinge, axis, turning point)
and ordinals (from ordo, ordinis, m. : line, row, series). Cardi-
nals indicate the amount, such as 1, 2, 3, etc., while ordinals,
as the name implies, show order or sequence, e.g., first, second,
third.

Numbers

Cardinal numbers in Latin from one to one hundred, with the
exception of unus, una, unum (one), duo, duae, duo (two), and
tres, tria (three) are indeclinable adjectives. No matter what
the gender, number and case of the nouns they modify, these
numbers remain, therefore, unchanged, e.g., septem menses (seven
months — nominative and accusative plural), nonaginta annonm (of
ninety years — genitive plural).

Unus is declined like those adjectives of the first and
second declension which have the genitive singular ending -ius
and the dative singular ending -i for all three genders (see
Chapter II) .

unus , una , unum ( one , a , an )

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Meaning

Nom. unus una unum one, a, an

Gen. unius unius vmius of /from one, a, an

Dat. uni uni uni to/for one, a, an

Ace . unum unam unum one , a , an ( d . o . )

Abl. uno una uno by/with/f rom,

etc. one, an, an

Example :

Unam filiam habet. (He/she has one daughter. )

duo , duae , duo

Case

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Meaning

Nom.

duo

duae

duo

two

Gen.

duorum

duarum

duorum

of/from two

Dat.

duobus

duabus

duobus

to/for two

Ace.

duos

duas

duo

two ( d . o . )

Abl.

duobus

duabus

duobus

by/wi th/f rom ,
etc . two

Example :

Parentes duorum puerorum sunt.

(They are the parents of two boys [children] . )

tres

, tria

Case

Masculine

Nom.

tres

Gen.

trivun

Dat.

tribus

Ace.

tres

Abl.

tribus

Example:

Feminine

tres

trium

tribus

tres

tribus

Neuter

Meaning

tria

three

trium

of/from three

tribus

to/for three

tria

three ( d . o . )

tribus

by/wi th/f rom ,

etc . three

Tres ex agricolis in agro sunt.

(Three of the farmers are in the field. )

Note that with all numbers except milia, the ablative prepo-
sitions ex or de were generally used in classical Latin, rather
than the genitive. Parish register entries may, however, include
both usages .

Cardinal numbers from 200 to 900 are declined like adjec-
tives of the first and second declension plural, e.g., ducenti,
ducentae, ducenta (200), trecenti, trecentae, trecenta (300).

mille (1000)

Case

Mase . &

Fem.

Meaning

Neuter

Meaning

Nom.

mille

1000

milia

thousands

Gen.

mille

of/from 1000

milium

of/from thousands

Dat.

mille

to/for 1000

milibus

to/for thousands

Ace.

mille

1000 (d.o.)

milia

thousands (d.o.)

Abl.

mille

by /with/from ,
etc. 1000

milibus

by/with/from ,
etc . thousands

Note that the genitive of the whole, which completes the
meaning of the word immediately preceding it, was used in classi-
cal Latin with milla. The meaning is thousands (of).

Examples :

In rure mille coloni laborabant.

(One thousand peasants [farmers, settlers] used to work
in the country . )

In rvire milia colonorum laborabant.

(Thousands of peasants used to work in the country. )

Ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives of the first
and second declension, e.g, primus, prima, primum (first),
secundus, secunda, secundum (second), tertius, tertia, tertium

(third)

Examples:

Prima die mensis Novembris Carolus, infans, filius
legitimus Jakobi Wagner et Berthae Mitler, baptizatus est.

(On the first day of the month of November, the infant
Charles, legitimate son of Jakob [or James] Wagner and
Bertha Mitler, was baptized. )

Secunda hora noctis, tempestas magna fuit.

(In the second hour of the night, there was a great storm.)

Numb

ers

Numerals

Cardinals

Meaning

Ordinals

Meaning

unus, -a, -um

primus, -a, -um

1st

duo , duae , duo

secundus, -a, -um

2nd

III

tres , tria

tertius , etc .

3rd

quattuor

quartus

4 th

quinque

quintus

5 th

sex

sextus

6 th

VII

septem

Septimus

7 th

VIII

octo

octavus

8 th

novem

nonus

9th

decem

decimus

10th

undecim

undecimus

11th

XII

duodecim

duodecimus

12 th

XIII

tredecim

tertius decimus

13th

XIV

quattuor dec im

quartus decimus

14th

quindecim

quintus decimus

15th

XVI

sedecim

sextus decimus

16th

XVII

septemdecim

Septimus decimus

17th

XVIII

duodeviginti

duodevicesimus

18th

XIX

undeviginti

undevicesimus

19th

Numerals

Cardinals

Meaning

viginti

XXI

viginti unus

XXII

viginti duo

XXIII

viginti tres

XXIV

viginti quattuor

XXV

viginti quinque

XXVI

viginti sex

XXVII

viginti septem

XXVIII

viginti octo

XXIX

viginti novem

XXX

triginta

XXXI

triginta unus

quadraginta

XLI

quadraginta unus

quinquaginta

quinquaginta unus

i 51

sexaginta

LXI

sexaginta unus

LXX

septuaginta

LXXI

septuaginta unus

LXXX

octoginta

LXXXI

octoginta unus

nonaginta

XCI

nonaginta unus

centum

100

centum unus

101

CXX

centum viginti

120

centum quincjuaginta 150

ducenti, -ae, -a

200

ccc

trecenti , etc .

300

quadringenti

400

quingenti

500

sescenti

600

DCC

septingenti

700

DCCC

octingenti

800

nongenti

900

mille

1000

Meaning

vic(g)esimus
vic(g)esimus primus
vic(g)esimus secundus
vic(g)esimus tertius
vic(g)esimus quartus
vic(g)esimus quintus
vic(g)esimus sextus
vic(g)esimus septimus
vic(g)esimus octavus
vic(g)esimus nonus
tric(g)esimus
tric{g)esimus primus
quadr ages imus
quadragesimus primus
quinquages imus
quinquagesimus primus
sexagesimus
sexagesimus primus
septuagesimus
septuagesimus primus
octogesimus
octogesimus primus
nonages imus
nonages imus primus
centesimus
centesimus primus
centesimus vic(g)esimus
centesimus quinquagesimus
ducen tes imus
trecentes imus
quadringentesimus
quingentes imus
ses ( X ) centesimus
sept ingentes imus
oct ingentes imus
nongen tes imus
mi lies imus

20th

21st

22nd

23rd

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

31st

40th

41st

50th

51st

60th

61st

7 0 th

71st

80th

81st

90th

91st

100th

101st

120th

150th

200th

300th

400th

500th

600th

700th

800th

900th

1000th

Roman Numerals

Roman numerals may be used instead of Arabic numerals in
parish registers or other documents. There are seven basic
numerals from which all others are formed. These include: I (1),
V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), and M (1000). In order
to make other number combinations from these seven, place addi-
tional numerals to the right of the first numeral, e.g., I (1),
II (2), X (10), XII (12). To subtract, place numerals to the
left of the basic numeral, e.g., X (10), IX (9 = 10 minus 1), C
(100), XC (90 = 100 minus 10).

The Days of the Week

In the Christian calendar, feria, feriae, f . (a neuter
plural in classical Latin with the meaning of feast or festival
days) was used for a day of the week on which no feast or saint's
day was celebrated. Eventually, it came simply to mean "day," as
in a day of the week. Days of the week were often named by
adding numbers to feria, e.g., feria secunda (Monday, the "sec-
ond" day of the week in the Christian calendar).

Sunday was often called either the day of the Lord (domini-
ca, dies dominica) or the first day of the week (feria prima) in
commemoration of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ,
which, according to the New Testament, occurred on the first day
of the week. This day replaced the Jewish Sabbath or seventh day
of the week as the day of worship and rest in Christianity. In
the Roman calendar, the days of the week took their names from
various gods and goddesses, e.g., dies Veneris (the day of Venus
= Friday), as well as the sun and the moon.

Latin

English

dominica, dies dominica (dominicus) Sunday (the day of the sun.

dies Solis, feria prima
feria secunda, dies Lunae

feria tertia, dies Martis

feria quarta, dies Mercurii

feria quinta, dies Jovis

feria sexta, dies Veneris

feria septima, dies sabbatina
( sabbatinus ) , sabbatum, dies
Saturni

the first day of the week)
Monday (the second day of the

week, the day of the moon)
Tuesday (the third day of the

week, the day of Mars)
Wednesday (the fourth day of

the week, the day of Mercury)
Thursday (the fifth day of the

week, the day of Jove/ Jupiter )
Friday (the sixth day of the

week, the day of Venus)
Saturday (the sabbath [from

the Jewish calendar] , the
day of Saturn)

For the week itself, two terms were used, one of Greek and
one of Latin origin. These were, respectively, hebdomada,
hebdomadae, f. (week, or, hebdomas, hebdomadis, f. --Greek) and
septimana, septimanae, f. (week — Latin).

The Months of the Year

Latin months are either second declension masculine nouns
(declined like baptismus or filius) or third declension masculine
nouns (declined like pater, patris) . Since the Roman calendar
originally began in March, the months September, October, Novem-
ber, and December were number seven (septem), eight (octo) , nine
(novem) , and ten (decem) respectively. In parish registers, and
other documents as well, these four months were often abbreviated
by substituting an Arabic number or a Roman numeral for septem,
octo, novem, and decem, e.g., 7ber, Vbris, Vllber, Vllbris =

September, of September, 8ber, 8bris, Vlllber, Vlllbris, = Octo-
ber, of October, 9ber, 9bris, IXber, IXbris = November, of Novem-
ber, lOber, lObris, Xber, Xbris = December, of December.

Latin English

Januarius, Januarii, m. January

Februarius, Februarii, m. February

Martius, Martii, m. March

Aprilis, Aprilis, m. April

Maius, Mail, m. May

Junius, Junii, m. June

Julius, Julii, m. July

Augustus , Augusti , m . August

September, Septembris, m. September

(7ber, 7bris, Vllber, Vllbris)

October, Octobris, m. October

(8ber, Sbris, Vlllber, Vlllbris)

November, Novemberis , m. November

(9ber, 9bris, IXber, IXbris)

December, Decembris, m. December

(lOber, lObris, Xber, Xbris)

January was named for the Roman (or old Italian) God Janus,
who was traditionally represented as having two faces. His image
was often placed over the outer door (janua) of a Roman household
to protect the house against intruders and various types of evil
or misfortune. February was named after the Roman festival of
purification, Februa (a neuter plural), which occurred on Febru-
ary fifteenth. March, as is, perhaps, obvious, took its name
from Mars (genitive singular Martis) the Roman God of agriculture
and war. April may have been derived either from the Greek
goddess Aphrodite (Venus in Latin) or the verb aperire (to open
(since many flowers open in the spring). In classical Latin
Aprilis was an adjective which modified mensis (month).
Subsequently, mensis was dropped and Aprilis became a noun.

May was named after Maia, the daughter of Atlas and Pleione
in Greco-Roman mythology, who became the mother of Mercury with
Jupiter as the father. Maius was also originally an adjective
modifying mensis. June was name for Juno (Greek: Hera), the wife
of Jupiter, head of the gods. July was called such in honor of
Julius Caesar (Julius was the name of an old Roman tribe or
clan); its original name was Quintilis or Quinctilis (the fifth
month). August was named for Augustus Caesar, the successor of
Julius Caesar and his grand-nephew. Its original name was Sexti-
lis (the sixth month) .

Ablative and Accusative of Time

Time when or within which is generally expressed in Latin by
the ablative without a preposition. When translating into Eng-
lish, the prepositions on, in, at or within must be added, e.g.:

Anno domini 1778

(in the year of the [our] Lord 1778)

Anno millesimo sescentesimo quarto et die nono mens is
Xbris Johannes Bemelli et Isabella Corolli copulati sunt.

(In the year one thousand six hundred four, and on the ninth
day of the month of December, John Bernelli and Isabella
Corolli were married. Literally: in the one thousand
six hundred fourth year . . . )

Duration and extent of time are indicated by using the accu-
sative case. In classical Latin, this was done without a prepo-
sition, e.g.. In urbe tres dies remansit. (He/she remained in
the city for three days.) Latin documents of the medieval and
early modern periods, however, may contain examples of duration
or extent of time in which an accusative preposition might be
used, e.g., Elizabetha filia Robert! per tres annos in vico
vixit. (Elizabetha, daughter of Robert, lived in the village for
three years . )

Dates in Latin Documents

The dating of many Latin primary sources such as parish
registers, wills, leases, marriage contracts, tax or civil re-
cords, and ecclesiastical transactions of various sorts (bishops'
registers, the formularies of papal notaries, etc.) was accom-
plished in a number of different ways. Examples of some of the
more common methods of dating are provided below. (The problems
involved in determining approximate dates, or time periods, when
no specific information is available in the document, will not be
discussed here. Those interested should consult a standard
reference work on the subject of diplomatics such as Giry [listed
in the bibliography] . )

1) Ordinal Numbers with the Ablative of Time

Anno domini (Christi, Gratiae) millesimo
septingentesimo septuagesimo octo et die vicesimo
tertio mens is August i . . .

(In the year of our Lord [of Christ, of Grace] one
thousand seven hundred seventy-eight and on the twenty-
third day of the month of August . . .

This is the most common method of dating parish registers.
Note that these are ordinal numbers and are correctly translated
as "In the one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eighth year of
our Lord and on the twenty-third day of the month of August ..."
It is, however, customary to treat them as cardinal numbers and
to translate them as above.

2) Day, Month, Year with Arabic Numbers

23 August 1778

(23[rd] of August 1778)

3 ) With Roman Numerals

XXIII August! millesimo DCCLXXVII (or, XXIII August!
MDCCLXXVII )

(August 23, 1777)

4) Abbreviated, wholly or in part

o 0 0
XXIII die mensis August!, anno Dom. M DCC LXXVII ...
(vicesimo tertio die mensis August!, anno Domini millesimo
septingentesimo septuagesimo septimo . . . [on the twenty-
third day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand
seven hundred seventy-seven . . . ] )

5) According to Feast or Saints' Days
(the ecclesiastical calendar)

3. Ep!phan!a(am) renata est Bertha filia legitima Jacobi
Bauer et Mariae Barbarae Wortmann.

(The third Sunday [after] Epiphany [6 January], Bertha,
legitimate daughter of Jacob [James] Bauer and Maria
Barbara Wortmann was baptized. )

The ecclesiastical calendar was organized according to
saints' days, feast days, and other special holidays such as
Christmas and Easter. There were two types of feast days in the
ecclesiastical calendar, fixed and movable. Fixed feast days
were celebrated on the same day each year, while the celebration
of movable feast days varied from year to year. Movable feast
days were usually calculated on the basis of their proximity to
important holidays in the church calendar such as Christmas,
Easter, and Trinity Sunday. In the example above, 3. Epiphania
means three Sundays after Epiphany, a fixed feast day which was
celebrated on the sixth of January each year. (Three Sundays
after Epiphany is, however, a movable feast day.)

To determine dates based upon fixed feast days, locate the
day in the list of fixed and movable feast days in Appendix B of
this book. To calculate movable feast days, a special calendar
of fixed and movable feast days, such as, for example, that found
in R. Cheney. Handbook of Dates for Students of English History.
London: Royal Historical Society, 1978, should be consulted. A
useful summary of dating procedures such as the determination of
Easter, a movable feast day, or the hours of the day, is found in
the article "Medieval Chronology," by R. Dean Ware, in James M.
Powell, ed. , Medieval Studies: An Introduction (New York: Syra-
cuse University Press, 1976), pp. 127-221. See also, Reginald L.
Poole, Studies in Chronology and History (Oxford: At the Claren-
don Press, 1934; reprint ed. , 1969), pp. 7-27.

6) Based upon the Beginning of the Christian Era

In nomine Domini Amen. Anno eiusdem incamationis
millesimo trecentesimo sexagesimo quarto et die septimo
mens is Marti i . . .

(In the name of the Lord, Amen. In the one thousand
three hundred sixty-fourth year of [after] the
incarnation of the same [i.e., the Lord Jesus Christ],
and on the seventh day of the month of March . . . )

Dating according to the Christian era, e.g., anno Domini,
anno incamationis Dei or Domini, anno gratiae, was begun in the
sixth century A.D. It was reckoned from 1 A.D., which was con-
sidered to be the year of the birth of Christ. The chronology of
many parish registers was based upon this date as the birth year
of Jesus Christ.

7) By the Reign of a Pope, King or other Ruler

. . . pontif icatus sanctissimi patris et domini nostri
dominorum, divina providentia papa, Drbani quinti anno
secixndo . . .

( . . . in the second year of the pontificate of our most
holy father and lord of lords Urban V, by divine
providence pope... [or, by the grace of God])

To determine the year, if it is not provided in the docu-
ment, on the basis of papal reign, it is useful to consult a list
of popes such as that found in Cheney, Handbook of Dates of
Students of English History, pp. 3 3-39. In the case of Urban V,
he was pope from 1362-1370. Hence the second year of the pontif-
icate of Urban V would be sometime (depending upon whether or not
the calculation was based upon the date of election or corona-
tion) in the year 1364.

emno quinto domini Johannis rege f rancorum regnante . . .

(in the fifth year of the reign of lord Jean, King of
France ... ; literally: in the fifth year of the Lord Jean
reigning King of the Franks ... )

Approximately the same procedure may be used for determining
the regnal year as for the papal year, albeit there are certain
problems involved in arriving at an exact date not found in
connection with the popes. The regnal year might, for example,
begin on the day of coronation, the day of the death of the
preceding king, or the day of the king's first use of independent
power. In general, however, the regnal year can be established
by referring to a list of medieval or early modern kings or
rulers and their reigns, such as that available in William L.
Langer, comp. & ed. An Encyclopedia of World History (many
editions). With regard to Jean, King of France, it must first be
decided which king named Jean is sought. This can be accom-
plished through the use of supporting information such as papal
year, indiction (see below), any kind of date, or through various

sorts of internal evidence such as document structure, style,
type of abbreviations (or lack thereof), etc. Although the above
example does not indicate this, the Jean in question was Jean le
Bel, King of France 1350-1364. Therefore, the fifth year of the
reign of Jean would, in all likelihood, be 1355.

8) From the Indiction, a Fifteen-Year Cycle

Anno millesimo trecentismo sexagesimo quarto et die
duodecimo mensis martii indictione secunda . . .

(In the one thousand three hundred [and] sixty-fourth
year, and on the twelfth day of the month of March
[in the] second indiction ... )

The indiction was originally a fifteen-year tax cycle estab-
lished in the later Roman Empire. Medieval chronologists began
their computation of the indiction from the year 312 A.D. The
number of the indiction, first, second, third, etc., refers to
its position within a particular fifteen-year cycle. Indictione
secunda in the above example is, therefore, the second year of
the cycle. The Romans based these cycles on an indictional year
beginning 1 September, a practice continued until the eighth
century A.D., when it was changed to 24 September, rather than a
calendar year beginning in March or January. (Occasionally,
however, the papal chancellery utilized an indictional year
beginning on 25 December or 1 January. )

The standard method of determining an indictional year, if
the date is known, is to subtract 312 from the year in question
and divide the results by 15. The remainder is the indictional
year. In the excerpt above, the date is 1364; 1364 minus 312 =
1052 divided by 15 = 7, with a remainder of 2. Thus the indic-
tional year is 2 and indictione secunda is correct.

It should be noted, however, that inasmuch as the indiction-
al year began in September, any date after 1 September (prior to
the eighth century A.D.) or 24 September (thereafter) will be
included in the next indiction. Thus 1 October 1364 would be
indictione tertia, even though there is a remainder of 2 . In
many documents, additional forms of chronological evidence such
as the date, regnal or papal years, will generally be found,
together with the indiction, and will frequently corroborate the
latter,

9) Using the Roman Civil Calendar

Datum apud Swinford vi kalendis Maii, anno Dom. M CC
nonages imo primo . . .

(Given at Swinford, on the sixth Kalends of May
[26 April] one thousand two hundred ninety-one ... )

In the Roman civil calendar, days of the week were generally
established with reference to Kalendae (Calendae), Nonae, or
Idus. Kalendae (Kalends or Calends) occurred on the first day of
the Roman month, Nonae (Nones) on the fifth day, with the
exception of the months of March, May, July, and October, when
they took place on the seventh day, and Idus (Ides) on the
fifteenth day of the months of March, May, July, and October, and
on the thirteenth day for all other months. Dates were fixed by
their proximity to Kalendae, Nonae, or Idus. In the above
example, vi kalendis Maii is six days before the Kalends of May
(1 May). The Romans called the day prior to Kalends pridie,
which was counted as day #2 in determining the date from Kalends.
Thus vi kalendis Maii is 26 April rather than 25 April, which
might be expected if 30 April were counted as the first day
before Kalends.

Nonae, like Kalendae, was counted backwards, in this case
from the fifth or seventh day of the month. Thus, for example,
iv nonae Februarii is 2 February, iii nonae Februarii is 3 Febru-
ary, and pridie nonae Februarii is 4 February. The same proce-
dure was used with regard to Idus, e.g., viii idus Februarii
would be 6 February. See Cheney, Handbook, for Roman calendar
tables .

The Julian and Gregorian Calendars

Those who work with parish registers, should recognize that
prior to 1582, the Julian Calendar, begun by Julius Caesar and
amended by Augustus, was the principal calendar for many parts of
Europe. This calendar was divided into seven months of 31 days:
January, March, May, July, August, October, and December; four
months of 30 days: April, June, September, and November; and one
month, February, of 28 days, which was lengthened to 29 days
every fourth year. Thus a year of 3 65 1/4 days was established.

It was, however, discovered in the sixteenth century that
this calendar did not agree precisely with the solar year, e.g.,
the solstices. By this time, a discrepancy of ten days between
the calendar year and the solar year had been created. In order
to align the calendar with the changing seasons, ten days were
omitted from the calendar approved by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582.
Consequently, 5 October was followed by 15 October in that year.

Because this calendar originated with the Roman Catholic
Church, it was not immediately adopted in Protestant areas of
Europe (and, for that matter, in certain Catholic regions as
well). As a result, it is important to learn exactly when a
particular area or country may have adopted the Gregorian calen-
dar. To aid in this endeavor, a table of adoption dates is
included below.

Country or Area

Julian Date Gregorian Date Year of Adoption

Spain
Portugal
Poland
( German &
Areas )
France
Lorraine
Dutch Catholic
Provinces:
Holland
Brabant
Flanders
Hennegau

Catholic Areas of
Germany & Central
Europe :
Bishopric of
Luettrich
Bishopric of
Augsburg

Archbishopric of
Trier

Bavarian Bishoprics
Brixen
Eichstaett
Freising
Regensburg
Salzburg

Upper Alsace and
Breisgau (Austria)
Bishopric of Basel
Duchy of Juelich-
Berg

Archbishopric of
Cologne
Bishopric of
Wuerzburg
Archbishopric of
Mainz

Margravate of Baden
Bishopric of
Strasbourg
Duchy of Cleves
Bishopric of
Muenster

Styria (Steiermark)
Bohemia
Austria

) 5

October

1582

October

1582

October

1582

October

1582

trian

December

1582

December

1582

22 December 1 January (1583) 1583

February

1583

February

1583

October

1583

6
6
6
6
6

October
October
October
October
October

16
16
16
16
16

October
October
October
October
October

1583
1583
1583
1583
1583

14
21

October
October

24
31

October
October

1583
1583

November

1583

November

1583

November

1583

12
17

November
November

1583
1583

17
18

November
November

27
28

November
November

1583
1583

November
December
January
January

28
25
17
17

November
December
January
January

1583
1583
1584
1584

100

Country or Area

Catholic Swiss

Cantons:

Fribourg

Lucern

Schwyz

Solothurn

Unterwalden

Uri

Zug

Lausitz

Silesia (Schlesien)

Hungary

(did not take effect
Duchy of Westphalia

(Westf alen)
Bishopric of
Paderborn
Siebenbuergen
Appenzell (Catholic

Swiss Canton)
Duchy of Prussia
Pf alz-Neuburg
Valais (Catholic

Swiss Canton, part)
Bishopric of
Osnabrueck
Bishopric of
Hildesheim
Valais (Catholic

Swiss Canton, part)
Principality of
Minden

Strasbourg (city)
Protestant Areas of
Germany
Denmark
Norway

Dutch Protestant
Provinces:
Gelderland
Zutphen

Utrecht (part)
Overijssel
Utrecht (part)
Drenthe
Friesland
Groningen
Protestant Swiss
Cantons:
Basel
Bern
Biel

Julian Date

Gregorian Date Ye^

ar of ,

January

22 January

1584

January

22 January

1584

January

22 January

1584

January

22 January

1584

January

22 January

1584

January

22 January

1584

January

22 January

1584

January

23 January

1584

January

23 January

1584

January

2 February

1584

legally unt

il 1587)

July

12 July

1584

June

27 June

1585

December

25 December

1590

January

17 January

1597

August

2 September

1612

December

24 December

1615

December

1 January (1622)

1622

1624

March

1631

19
)

February

March

1656

February

1668

February

1682

February

March

1700

February

March

1700

February

March

1700

July

1700

July

1700

July

1700

November

December

1700

November

December

1700

December

January (1701)

1701

December

January (1701)

1701

December

January (1701)

1701

January

1701

January

1701

January

1701

101

Country or Area

Julian Date

Gregorian Date Year of Adoption

Geneva

Neuchatel

Schaf fhausen

Thurgau

Zuerich

Appenzell

Glarus

Great Britain

1
1
1
1
1
20
20
2

January

December

September

(including colonies)

Sweden 18 February

Finland (as a 18 February

Swedish province)

Graubuenden (Swiss 18 February

Protestant Canton)
Bulgaria (part) 1 November

Greece (part) 15 July
Estonia 1 January

Russia (western) 1 January
Latvia 2 February

Lithuania 2 February

Rumania (Catholic) 5 March
Yugoslavia 5 March

Greece (part) 5 March
Rumania (Greek) 5 March
Russia (eastern) 5 March
Bulgaria (part) 4 September

January

1701

January

1701

January

1701

January

1701

January

1701

January (1724)

1724

January (1724)

1724

September

1752

March

1753

March

1753

1 March

13 November
28 July

14 January

15 February
15 February
18 March

18 March

17 September

1812

1916
1916
1918
1918
1918
1918
1919
1919
1920
1920
1920
1920

Grammar

EXERCISES: CHAPTER VII

Decline unus, una, unixm, duo, duae, duo, tres, tria, primus,
prima, primum, and milia for all appropriate genders, numbers,
and cases .

B. Vocabulary

Learn all of the vocabulary in the corpus of this chapter
plus the following:

anno gratiae: in the year of

Grace = anno domini
eras, adv. : tomorrow
heri , adv . : yesterday
hodie, adv.: today (in hoc

die)
matutinus, matutina,

matutinvun: of, or relating

to, the morning, early in

the morning
meridianus, meridiana, merid-

ianum: noon, midday (as an

adjective), of, or relating

to , noon
perendie, adv. : the day after

tomorrow
pridie, adv.: the day before,

yesterday
vespertinus , vespertina,

vespertinum: evening (as an

adjective), of, or relating

to , the evening

102

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

Anno Christi millesimo quingentesimo nonagesimo quinto et
die tertio mensis Xbris . . .

Epiphania (v. Appendix C for the date) millesimo
octingentesimo quadragesimo sexto baptizati sunt gemelli,
filli legitimi Josephi Conrad et Susannae Magdalenae Meyer,
conjugum ex Boxwiller.
(baptizati sunt: were baptized; gemelli: twins)

Hie sunt nomina et cognomina baptizatorum in ecclesia nostra
parochiali sanctae Marthae una cum nominibus et cognominibus
parentum et patrinorum quoque ab anno MDCCLXIV.
(hie: here; cognomen, cognominis, n. : family name,

surname; nostra: our; una cum: together with; quoque:

also; write the year in Arabic numerals)

Anno domini 1774, Circumcisionis Domini, contraxerunt
matrimonium Henricus Bierdregger et Catarina Gemuesen, ambo
de Deventer; peirochiis fuit Jan Classen.
(Circumcisionis Domini [Octava Nativitatis Christi] : a

fixed feast day [v. the list in Appendix C for the exact
day]; contreixerunt : contracted; ambo, adv.: both)

Datum apud Hereford v Kalendae April is Anno Dom. M CC
quadragesimo uno.

(datum: given; give the day and year in Arabic numerals,
as also the correct month for this date)

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

In the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-two, and
on the fifteenth day of the month of October (abbreviate),
George Walker and Mary Catherine Spelt were married
( copulati sunt ) .

In the year of Grace, one thousand five hundred and thirty-
five, on the twentieth of March, old (use vetus) John
Brenner, widower of Mathilda Steinheim died (mortuus est)
and was buried (sepultus est) on the twenty-second of
March .

On the day of the Discovery of (the bones of) St. Stephen,
the First Martyr (v. the list of feast days in Appendix C
for a day and month) 1634 (use Roman numerals for this
date) , the child Margaretha, legitimate daughter of William
Smith and Barbara Anna Wheeler was born (nata est) and
was baptized (baptizata est) 3 Sundays after the same
feast day (post idem festum) .

103

Given (dattun) on the tenth of January 1802 (use ordinal
numbers and the ablative of time).

Done (actum) in the pontificate (in pontificatu) of our
most holy father and lord of lords Urban (gen. Urbanis) by
divine providence pope.

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document #1

Translate the birth entry below from a Polish parish.

^^.^ fl^.^ ^-...^ Siy.^ if^^<>^

^»*M*fA^Mmi

Vocabulary

Chrostkowo: a place name

1818

ego: I

Fulgentius: a first name

Petrykowski: a surname

Hon. = Honnesis: Latinized
name of the parish of Honne
(part of Chrostkowo)

nomine: by the name of

Mairtinum:

natum: born

ejusdem = eiusdem: of the same

honestae Catharinae (genitive
singulars)

Mxirawski: her surname

famula, famulae, f.: servant
(female), apprentice (This
noun is also genitive
singular in the entry. )

patris ignoti

ignotus, ignota, ignotum:

vmknown
patrini fuere = patrini fuer-

unt
Melchior: a first name
Hawieki: a surname
meiritatus = maritus: married
Nerienna: a first name
Jankowfka: a surname
virgo
cunbo

Krentowo: a place name
omnes catholici

104

Document #2

Translate the following death entries from a French parish
register, and calculate the dates in these entries using the
information on the Roman civil calendar provided previously.

/^.: -'■— ' - / .^^_.9'^^,:,,^yS<^,

;'fi./.

-T/^Q^.-,^^'/- -^

<^iL yo,-/ p^--—- .,.c^. ^/4i^

105

Vocabulary

Idibus Januarii: see above
under the Roman civil
calendar

decessit: died, departed

Del Tombe: a surname

pupilla, pupillae, f.: orphan
(female), minor, ward

pastor, pastoris, m. : pastor,
shepherd

decimo octavo Kalendas; note
that Kalendis or Kalenda-
Tvaa: is also possible

decessit: departed (here)

de vita: from life

pupillus, pupilli, n.: orphan
(male), minor, ward

Sentis: a surname

flamen, flaminis, m. : priest
(In ancient Rome, the
priest of a particular
deity such as Jupiter. )

curialis, curiale, adj.: of,
or belonging to, the curate
(the parish in this case;
hence, flamen curialis,
would be the parish
priest. )

quinto Kalendas (Kalendis)

vita = vitae

statio, stationis, f.: sta-
tion, place of abode

de statione vitae: from the
station of life

decessit: departed (here)

Amulphus: a first name

Waresquelle: a surname

viduus

curia: curate (here), i.e., a
parish priest

pridie Kalendas (Kalendis)

a vita: from life

de Flandre: a surname

pubes , pubis , f . : youth , young
adult

quarto Idus (Idibus or Idubus)

ex vita

Julianus: a given name

Del Salle: a surname

orbus, orbi, m. : orphan (male)

tertio Idus (Idibxis or Idubus)

e vita cessit: from life
departed

Petrus

Cola: a surname

106

CHAPTER VIII

Verbs IV: The Passive Voice
Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative
of all Four Conjugations

Introduction

In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the
verb but does not act (is acted upon rather than acts). The term
passive comes from the deponent Latin verb patior, pati , passus
sum: suffer, allow, permit, since the subject permits or "suf-
fers" itself to be acted upon. Compare, for example, the follow-
ing sentences: The priest baptized the child, (active) The child
was baptized by the priest, (passive)

Baptismal and marriage entries are often in the passive
voice, because these activities were performed by the parish
priest or other ecclesiastical official. Burials, though not
necessarily carried out by the priest himself, were generally in
the passive voice, as also births. Deaths were usually recorded
in the active voice.

The Passive Voice

The passive voice requires different endings from those
previously given for the active voice. These are added directly
to the present stem to form the present, future, and imperfect
indicative active of all four conjugations. In the third and
fourth conjugations, certain changes, indicated below, occur in
the verb stem. First and second conjugation verb stems remain,
however, unchanged.

Present Indicative Passive, First and Second Conjugation

Verb Ending Meaning

copulor r I am married

copularis* ris you are married

copulatur t\ir he/she (or a noun) is married

copulamur mur we are married

copulamini mini you (all) are married

copulantur ntur they (or a noun) are married

*The alternate ending -re may also be found on occasion.

107

Verb

Ending

Meaning

doceor

doceris

docetur

docemur

docemini

docentxir

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

I am taught

you are taught

he/she (or a noun) is taught

we are taught

you (all) are taught

they (or a noun) are taught

For illustrative purposes, doceo, docere, docui, doctum
(teach) is substituted for habere in these examples.

Future Indicative Passive, First and Second Conjugations

Verb Ending Meaning

copulabor

copulaberis*

copulabitur

copulabimur

copulabimini

copulabuntur

ris

tur

mur

mini
ntur

I shall be married

you will be married

he/she (or a noun) will be

married

we shall be married

you (all) will be married

they (or a noun) will be married

Verb

*In the second person singular, the tense sign -bi is
changed to -be .

Ending

docebor

doceberis

ris

docebitur

tur

docebimur

mur

docebimini

mini

docebuntur

ntur

Meaning

I shall be taught

you will be taught

he/she (or a noun) will be

taught

we shall be taught

you (all) will be taught

they (or a noun) will be taught

Imperfect Indicative Passive, First and Second Conjugations

Verb Ending Meaning

I was married

you were married

he/she (or a noun) was married

we were married

you (all) were married

they (or a noun) were married

copulabar

copulabaris

ris

copulabatur

tur

copulabamur

mur

copulabamini

mini

copulabantur

ntur

108

Verb

Ending

Meaning

I was taught

you were taught

he/she (or a noun) was taught

we were taught

you (all) were taught

they (or a noun) were taught

Present Indicative Passive, Third and Fourth Conjugation
and Third Conjugation lO-Verbs

docebar

docebaris

ris

docebatur

tur

docebamur

mur

docebamini

mini

docebantur

ntur

Verb

promittor

promitteris

promittitur

promittimur
promittimini
pr omi ttun tur

Ending

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

Meaning

I am promised

you are promised

he/she/It (or a noun) Is

promised

we are promised

you (all) are promised

they (or a noun) are promised

In order to avoid an awkward English translation, promittere
will replace vivere as an example of third conjugation verbs in
the passive voice.

Verb

Ending

sepelior

sepeliris

ris

sepelitur

tur

sepelimur

mur

sepelimini

mini

sepeliuntur

ntur

Verb

capior

caperis

capitur

capimur

capimini

capivmtur

Ending

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

Meaning

I am burled

you are burled

he/she It (or a noun) is buried

we are burled

you (all) are burled

they (or a noun) are buried

Meaning

I am taken

you are taken

he/she/it (or a noun) is taken

we are taken

you are taken

they (or a noun) are taken

For ease of translation, capere will be substituted for
facere as an example of a third conjugation -io verb in the
passive voice.

Note that In the present indicative passive for third conju-
gation and third conjugation -io verbs, the second person singu-
lar Is formed by adding an -e, rather than an -i to the stem. In
the third conjugation, the -e and -i are actually thematic vowels
placed between the stem and the ending. The stem remains pro-
mitt , etc .

109

Future Indicative Passive, Third and Fourth Conjugation
and Third Conjugation lO-Verb

Verb

promittar

promitteris

promittetur

promittemur
promittemini
pr omi ttentur

Ending

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

Meaning

I shall be promised

you will be promised

he/she/it (or a noun) will

be promised

we shall be promised

you (all) will be promised

they (or a noun) will be

promised

The future indicative passive, second person singular, for
the third conjugation, and the present indicative passive, second
person singular, have the same ending. Note also that the
passive stem of the imperfect and future indicative passive,
third conjugation -io verbs and fourth conjugation verbs, is -ie,
rather than -i alone.

Verb

sepeliar

sepelieris

sepelietur

sepeliemur

sepeliemini

sepelientur

Verb

Ending

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

Ending

Meaning

I shall be buried

you will be buried

he/she/it (or a noun) will

be buried

we shall be buried

you (all) will be buried

they (or a noun) will be buried

Meaning

capiar

capieris

capietur

capiemur

capiemini

capientur

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

I shall be taken

you will be taken

he/she/it (or a noun) will be

taken

we shall be taken

you (all) will be taken

they (or a noun) will be

taken

Imperfect Indicative Passive, Third and Fourth Conjugation
and Third Conjugation lO-Verbs

Verb

promittebar
promittebaris
pr omi ttebatur

promittebamur
promittebamini
pr omi tteban tur

Ending

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

Meaning

I was promised

you were promised

he/she/it (or a noun) was

promised

we were promised

you (all) were promised

they (or a noun) were promised

110

Verb

Ending

Meaning

sepeliebar

sepeliebaris

sepeliebatur

sepeliebamur

sepeliebamini

sepeliebantur

Verb

capiebar

capiebaris

capiebatur

capiebamur

capiebamini

capiebantur

Example :

ris

tur

miir

mini

ntur

Ending

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

I was buried

you were buried

he/she/it (or a noun) was

buried

we were buried

you (all) were buried

they (or a noun) were buried

Meaning

I was taken

you were taken

he/she/it (or a noun) was taken

we were taken

you (all) were taken

they (or a noun) were taken

Hodie Petrus Torlini et Angela Maria Portelli a* me Josepho
Hinck parocho huius parochiae copulantur.

(Today, Peter Torlini and Angela Maria Portelli are married
by me the parish priest of this parish. Note that the
tense here is present. )

*The preposition a (ab, abs) was often used with verbs
in the passive voice to show the agent (in this case, the
priest) by whom (or which) something was done.

EXERCISES: CHAPTER VIII

A. Grammar

Conjugate baptizare (first conjugation), tenere (second
conjugation), vendere (third conjugation), venire (fourth conju-
gation) , and fugere (third conjugation io-verb) in the passive
voice, present, future, and imperfect tenses.

B. Vocabulary

Learn the following words:

abluo, abluere, ablui: wash,

baptize
Claude, claudere, clausi:

close, enclose, finish
concipio, concipere, concepi:

conceive, become pregnant,

comprehend
decumbo , decumbere , decubui :

lie down, die

munio, munire, munivi: forti-
fy, strengthen, protect

relinquo, relinquere, reliqui:
leave behind, abandon

subscribe, subscribere,

subscripsi: undersign,
write below

111

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

Heri septima die mensis Vllbris anima infantis n.n. , qui ab
matre eius relinquebatur, Deo omnipotenti reddidit,
(reddo, reddere, reddidi: return, give back, pay; is it

possible to determine the sex of the child from the

information in this entry? Why or why not?)

4 Epiphania (4 post Epiphaniam) aimo domini MDCLXXXIV
(write in Arabic numerals) Mathilda Reichwald filia legitima
Matthaei Reichwald et Agnetis Meinert baptizabitur.

Sepelitur in coemeterio honestus vir Georgius Meyer ing.

Anno Gratiae 1779, Francisca, filia illegitima Mariae
Louisae Franchon, confirmabitur.

In hac matricula nomina defunctorum in hac parochia

continentur .

(hac: this [in both uses; ablative singular])

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

The honest young man Henrich Longue from Hammwiller and the

chaste virgin Maria Sattler were married (use the imperfect

indicative passive, third person plural, of copulare)
on the same day (eodem die).

23 June 1685 is buried a poor (mendicus) Frenchman (Callus,
Galli, m. ) who (qui) died (obiit) in the hospital
( xenodochium , xenodochii, n. )

After a brief (brevis, breve) illness (morbus, morbi, m. )
her soul (anima sua) was returned (use the imperfect
passive third person singular of reddere above) to Almighty
God.

The child will be baptized in the parish church by me (a
me), Martinus Forcellini, priest of the parish of St. Agnes.
(Martinus and priest must be in the ablative case because of
the preposition a. )

We will donate (done, donare, donavi [donatum] ) a forest
(silva, silvae, f.) to the diocese (diocesis, diocesis, f.,
or diocesa, diocesae, f.).

112

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document #1

Translate the following entry recording the celebration of
an aimiversarium, a special day commemorating a variety of activ-
ities such as the consecration of a bishop, a death, etc. , from a
parish in Germany. Since there are some Gothic letters in this
entry, study the vocabulary carefully and compare the printed
words with those in the written entry.

^^~^*^ 17J 7;i^'/-' A>r^-^^^^ cc^^^tU*^ iU^. ^i^l

Vocabulary

Stum = sextum

fundatum: established, founded
(from fundo, fundare,
fundavi, fundatum: found
establish [anniversarium,
not found here, is the
antecedent] )

pro

Joe = Jocinne
Wildt: a surname
celebratur: from celebro,

celebrare, celebravi,

celebratum: celebrate
8tva = octava
legata: donated (from lego,

legare, legavi, legatum:

bequeath , donate )
summa capitalis: a chief, main

or capital sum

cAh^ = sunt

viginti

florenus, floreni, m.: a

Florin (a gold coin minted

in Florence)

de quorum annuo: from which

yearly
interesse: it is necessary (v.

inters vim in the word list)
solvuntur: to be paid (from

solve, solvere, solvi,

solutum: pay)
parocho ( dative )
30
ludimagister , ludimagistri,

m. : teacher (also dative

here)
10

pauperibus ( dative )
sex

= et

ecclesia = ecclesiae (dative)

xgeri = crucigeri: Kreutzer
(from crucigerus, crucig-
eri, m.: Kreutzer, a
denomination of currency, a
coin)

113

Document #2

Translate all of the death entries for November and December
from a parish register in northern France. Since this area was
in the former province of Alsace-Lorraine, where both German and
French were spoken, there are some Gothic letters, and some
German words (which are translated in the vocabulary below) in
the entries. Study the vocabulary which follows carefully as a
help in identifying these letters (and words) and in making the
proper translation.

ITV.

*UL>

A^/tJ^-.

T:3miSSLL3XS]BKcsgJSCBMaBBX£.

114

Vocabulary

in novo coemeterio: in the new

cemetery
allhir = allhier: from here,

here, at this place (a

German word)
honesta vidua
Ursula: a first name
Krysserin: her surname (the

-in is a feminine ending in

German )
mortua: died
negligentia, negligentiae, f.:

neglect, negligence
domesticus , domestici , m.:

servant
eodem: on the same (day)
honestus vir

Hanss = Hans: a first name
Cronhart: his surname
Zinde: also part of his sur-
name
gewester Buerger allhir:

former citizen from here

( German )

Zoboltin: a surname

vulgo, adv. : commonly (called)

die alte Witschgerin: the old
Witschger (her nickname
[German] )

allhir (see above)

Georg: a given name

Oetterlin: a surname

gewester Buerger allhir (see
above )

Meyerin: a surname (i.e. ,
Meyer, the -in is a German
feminine ending)

allhir (see above)

extrema unctio: extreme unc-
tion (the last anointing,
part of the sacraments of
the last rites)

H. = Hans: a given name

Michel

Braunrissen: a surname

gewester Buerger allhir (see
above )

115

CHAPTER IX

Verbs V: The Passive Voice
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
Indicative of all Four Conjugations
Deponent and Semi -Deponent Verbs
The Four Principal Parts of Latin Verbs

Introduction

In the previous chapter, the passive voice was discussed,
and the present, future, and imperfect tenses in the passive
voice were explained. This chapter will consider the perfect
system passive. The perfect system passive -- perfect,
pluperfect, and future perfect — combines the perfect passive
participle, the fourth principal part of a Latin verb, with the
present or perfect, the future, or the imperfect of esse (e.g.,
sum or fui, ero, eram) .

The Perfect Passive Pari:iciple

The perfect passive participle is a verbal adjective, which
means that it is declined like an adjective and has tenses and
voices like a verb. Since it is an adjective, it must agree with
any nouns or pronouns it modifies in gender, number, and case.
(Participles are discussed in greater detail in Chapter XIII.)

The perfect passive participle is declined like an adjective
of the first and second declension such as bonus, bona, bonum or
beatus, beata, beatum. Its meaning is always passive. Thus, for
example, copulatus literally means "having been married," or,
when used as an adjective "married." The stem of the perfect
passive participle (actually the supine stem, v. Chapter III) is
found by omitting the endings -us, -a, -um from the singular, or
-i, -ae, -a from the plural, e.g., doctus (taught, learned; stem:
doct) .

The Perfect Indicative Passive of all four Conjugations

The perfect indicative passive is formed by combining the
perfect passive participle, explained above, with the present or
perfect tense of esse. The meaning is "has been" or "was"
(something), e.g., sepultus est: He was buried, has been buried;
baptizata fuit: she was buried, has been bured; copulati sunt:
they were married, have been married; natus est: he was born, has
been born. Examples follow:

116

copulare (first conjugation, perfect passive participle
stem: copulat)

Verb

copulatus, copulata, copulatum sum

copulatus, copulata, copulatum es

copulatus, copulata, copulatum est

copulati, copulatae, copulata sumus

copulati, copulatae, copulata estis

copulati, copulatae, copulata sunt

Meaning

I was married, have been

married

you were married, have

been married

he/she (or a noun) was

married, has been married

we were married, have been

married

you (all) were married,

have been married

they (or a noun) were

married, have been married

Because the perfect passive participle is an adjective, as
well as a verb, it must, as indicated above, agree with a noun or
pronoun it modifies in gender, number, and case. If such a noun
is plural, then the plural must be used. Thus, for example, the
marriage of Johnathan Black and Susanna Treadwell would be
recorded as copulati sunt (Johnathan Black and Susanna Treadwell
were married. ) , since two people are obviously involved and nouns
of mixed gender use the masculine plural.

The baptism of a male child might be written as baptizatus
est and a female child as baptizata est. This is not, however,
an infallible rule. If the word infans was used for "child" in a
parish register entry, and no name was provided to show whether
this child was a male or a female, the baptism would be recorded
simply as baptizatus est, since infans is masculine singular
(although it parish registers it sometimes appears as a feminine)
and the perfect passive participle would have to agree with it in
gender, number and case.

The Declension of copulatus, copulata, copulatum

The complete declension of this perfect passive participle is
given below as an example of the declension of all perfect pas-
sive participles. As mentioned previously, these are declined
like adjectives of the first and second declensions.

Singular

Case

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Masculine

copulatus

copulati

copulate

copulatum

copulato

Feminine

copulata

copulatae

copulatam

copulata

Neuter

copulatum

copulati

copulato

copulatum

copulato

117

Plural

Case

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Masculine

copulati

copulatorum

copulatis

copulates

copulatis

Feminine

copulatae

copulatarum

copulatis

copulatas

copulatis

Neuter

copulata
copul atorum
copulatis
copulata
copulatis

docere (second conjugation, perfect passive participle
stem: doct)

Verb

doctus, docta, doctum sum

doctus, docta, doctum es

doctus, docta, doctum est

docti, doctae, docta sumus

docti, doctae, docta estis

docti, doctae, docta sunt

Meaning

I was taught, have been

taught

you were taught, have been

taught

he/she/it (or a noun) was

taught, has been taught

we were taught , have been

taught

you (all) were taught, have

been taught

they ( or a noun ) were taught ,

have been taught

promittere (third conjugation, perfect passive participle
stem: promiss)

Verb

promxssus, promxssa, promissum sum
promissus, promissa, promissum es

promissus, promissa, promissum est

promxssi , promissae , promissa sumus
promissi, promissae, promissa estis
promissi, promissae, promissa sunt

Meaning

I was, have been promised

you were , have been

promised

he/she/it (or a noun) was

promised, has been

promised

we were promised, have

been promised

you (all) were promised,

have been promised

they (or a noun) were

promised, have been

promised

118

sepelire (fourth conjugation, perfect passive participle
stem: sepult)

Verb

sepultus, sepulta, sepultum sum

sepultus, sepulta, sepultum es

sepultus, sepulta, sepultum est

sepulti , sepultae , sepulta sumus

sepulti , sepultae , sepulta estis

sepulti, sepultae, sepulta sunt

Meaning

I was buried, have been buried

you were buried, have been

buried

he/she/it (or a noun) was

buried, has been buried

we were buried, have been

buried

you (all) were buried, have

been buried

they (or a noun) were buried,

have been buried

capere (third conjugation io-verb, perfect passive
participle stem: capt)

Verb

captus, capta, captum sum

captus, capta, captum es

captus, capta, captum est

capti , captae , capta sumus

capti , captae , capta estis

capti, captae, capta sunt

Meaning

I was taken , have been taken

you were taken, have been taken

he/she/it (or a noun) was taken

has been taken

we were taken, have been taken

you (all) were taken, have

been taken

they (or a noun) were taken,

have been taken

Pluperfect Indicative Passive of all Four Conjugations

copulare

copulatus, copulata, copulatum eram

copulatus, copulata, copulatum eras

copulatus, copulata, copulatum erat

copulati, copulatae, copulata eramus

copulati, copulatae, copulata eratis

copulati, copulatae, copulata ereuit

docere

doctus, docta, doctum eram

doctus, docta, doctum eras

doctus, docta, doctum erat

Meaning

I had been married

you had been married

he/she (or a noun) had

been married

we had been married

you (all) had been married

they (or a noun) had been

married

Meaning

I had been taught
you had been taught
he/she (or a noun) had
been taught

119

docti , doctae , docta eramus
docti, doctae, docta eratis
docti, doctae, docta eretnt

promittere

promissus ,
promissus ,
promissus ,

promissa,
promissa ,
promissa ,

promissum eram
promisstun eras
promissum erat

promissi, promissae, promxssa eramus
promissi , promissae , promissa eratis

promissi, promissae, promissa erant

we had been taught

you (all) had been taught

they (or a noun) had been

taught

Meaning

I had been promised

you had been promised

he/she (or a noun) had

been promised

we had been promised

you (all) had been

promised

they (or a noun) had

been promised

sepelire

sepultus ,
sepultus ,
sepultus ,

sepulta ,
sepulta ,
sepulta ,

sepultum eram
sepultum eras
sepultum erat

sepulti, sepultae, sepulta eramus
sepulti, sepultae, sepulta eratis
sepulti, sepultae, sepulta erant

Meaning

I had been buried

you had been buried

he/she/it (or a noun) had

been buried

we had been buried

you (all) had been buried

they (or a noun) had been

buried

capere

captus, capta, captiim eram
captus, capta, captirm eras
captus, capta, captum erat

capti, captae, capta eramus
capti, captae, capta eratis
capti, captae, capta erant

Meaning

I had been taken

you had been taken

he/she/it (or a noun) had

been taken

we had been taken

you (all) had been taken

they (or a noun) had been

taken

Future Perfect Indicative Passive of all Four Conjugations

copulare

copulatus, copulata, copulatum ero

copulatus, copulata, copulatum eris

copulatus, copulata, copulatum erit

copulati, copulatae, copulata erimus

copulati, copulatae, copulata eritis

copulati, copulatae, copulata erunt

Meaning

I shall have been married

you will have been married

he/she (or a noun) will

have been married

we shall have been married

you (all) will have been

married

they (or a noun) will have

been married

120

docere

Meaning

doctus, docta, doctum ero

doctus, docta, doctum eris

doctus, docta, doctum erit

docti, doctae, docta erimus

docti, doctae, docta eritis

docti, doctae, docta erunt

promittere

promissus, promissa, promissiun ero
promissus, promissa, promissum eris
promissus, promissa, promissum erit

promissi, promissae, promissa erimus
promissi, promissae, promissa eritis

promissi, promissae, promissa erunt

I shall have been taught

you will have been taught

he/she (or a noun) will

have been taught

we shall have been taught

you (all) will have been

taught

they (or a noun) will have

been taught

Meaning

I shall have been promised

you will have been promised

he/she (or a noun) will

have been promised

we shall have been promised

you (all) will have been

promised

they (or a noun) will have

been promised

sepelire

sepultus , sepulta ,
sepultus , sepulta ,
sepultus , sepulta ,

sepulti , sepultae ,
sepulti , sepultae ,

sepultum ero
sepultum eris
sepultum erit

sepulta erimus
sepulta eritis

sepulti, sepultae, sepulta erunt

Meaning

I shall have been buried

you will have been buried

he/she/it (or a noun)

will have been buried

we shall have been buried

you (all) will have been

buried

they (or a noun) will

have been buried

capere

captus , capta , captum ero

captus, capta, captum eris

captus , capta , captum erit

capti, captae, capta erimus

capti , captae , capta eritis

capti, captae, capta erunt

Meaning

I shall have been taken

you will have been taken

he/she/it (or a noun) will

have been taken

we shall have been taken

you (all) will have been

taken

they (or a noun) will have

been taken

The following examples illustrate the difference between the
perfect passive participle used as an adjective, and the perfect
passive participle with the proper tense of esse used as the
perfect indicative passive.

121

Donvun promissum ei dedi.

(I gave the promised gift to her. Here, the perfect
passive participle is used as an adjective which agrees
with donum in gender, number, and case [neuter singular
accusative] . )

Donum ei promissum est.

(A gift was promised to her. Here, the perfect indicative
passive, third person singular is used. Note, however,
that as a verbal adjective promissum must agree with
the subject donum in gender, number, and case. In this
example, it is the neuter singular nominative.)

The perfect tense of esse was used, on occasion, rather than
the present tense, to form the perfect indicative passive. The
meaning in either case is the same. Thus, for example, "They
were married" might be written either as copulati sunt or
copulati f uerunt ( f uere ) .

Examples:

Hie incipit matricula baptizatortun, copulatorum et
sepultorum in parochia Beati Sancti Pauli.

(Here begins the register of the baptized, married, and
buried [individuals] in the parish of the Blessed Saint
Paul. [perfect passive participles used as adjectives
with "people" or "individuals" understood] . )

Heri mortua est et hodie sepulta est Anna Maria Hinck
vidua Thomae Rothweiler agricolae et civis in hoc loco.

(Yesterday died and today was buried Anna Maria Hinck,
widow of Thomas Rothweiler, farmer and citizen in this
place. [sepulta est: perfect indicative passive,
third person singular, with Anna Maria Hinck as the
subject] )

Deponent and Semi -Deponent Verbs

Deponent verbs take their name from the verb deponere: to
put or lay aside. Although they are passive in form, they "lay
aside" their passive meaning and are translated in the active
voice. Because these verbs are passive, no new endings need be
learned. The principal parts of deponent verbs include: first
person singular present indicative passive, present passive
infinitive, and first person singular perfect indicative passive.

patior, pati passus, -a, -urn sum

(I allow) (to allow) (allowed: I allowed,

have allowed)

Note that, in theory at least, the meaning should always be
active, and the above should never be translated as "I am
allowed," "to be allowed," or "I have been allowed."

122

Listed below are the principal parts of some of the more
common deponent verbs. Of these, the three most likely to be
encountered in many parish register entries are defungor,
defuncti, defunctus sum (die, depart), morior, mori, mortuus sum
(die), and nascor, nasci, natus sum (be born).

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratrus sum judge, consider

Conor, conari, conatus sum try, attempt

defungor, defungi, defunctus sum die, depart

egredior , egredi , egressus sum go out

experior, experiri, expertus sum try

fateor, fateri, fassus sum confess

hortor, hortari, hortatus sum urge

ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum go in, enter

largior, largiri, largitus sum bestow

loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak

morior, mori, mortuus sum die

moror, morari, moratus sum remain, dwell

nascor, nasci, natus sum be born, descend

orior, oriri, ortus sum arise

patior, pati, passus sum suffer, allow

queror, queri, questus sum complain

reor , reri , ratus siom think

sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow

First, second, third, or fourth conjugation verbs can often
be recognized by considering the first person singular present
indicative and the present infinitive, e.g..

First Conjugation

moror cf. copulor (a-stem absorbed by -o)

morari infinitive ending -ari (stem ends in -a;
the active form would be morare. )

Second Conjugation

fateor cf. doceor (e-stem is retained)
fateri infinitive ending -eri (stem ends in -e;
the active form would be fatere. )

Third Conjugation

sequor cf. promittor (consonant stem is retained)
sequi infinitive ending -i (stem sequ plus

infinitive ending; the active form would

be sequere. )

Fourth Conjugation

largior cf. sepelior (i-stem plus ending)
largiri infinitive ending iri (stem ends in -i;
the active form would be largire. )

123

Third Conjugation lO-Verb

morior cf . capior (mor plus -i plus ending)
mori infinitive ending -i (the active form would

be morere. )

The following parts of deponent verbs are active rather than
passive in form:

present and future participle (see Chapter XIII)
future infinitive (see Chapter XIII)
gerund (see Chapter XIV)

It is also possible that the third principal part of a
deponent verb might best be translated as a passive, even though
its meaning should theoretically always be active. Thus, for
example, passus sum might mean "I have been allowed," rather' than
"I allowed." The apparent usage within the context of a
particular sentence must determine the proper translation. In
addition, the gerundive, or future passive participle (see
Chapter XIII) of deponent verbs often kept its passive meaning.

The complete paradigm of the verb nascor, nasci, natus sum,
with the exception of the subjunctive mood (see Chapter XII), and
participles (see Chapter XIII) is given below as an aid in under-
standing deponent verbs.

Present Indicative

nascor i am born

nasceris* you are born

nascitvir he/she (or a noun) is born

nascimur we are born

nascimini you (all) are born

nascuntur they (or a noun) are born

Future Indicative

nascar i shall be born

nasceris* you will be born

nascetur he/she/it (or a noun) will be born

nascemur we shall be born

nascemini you (all) will be born

nascentur they (or a noun) will be born

*Note that the second person singular, present and future
indicative can be either -eris or -ere.

124

Imperfect Indicative

nascebar* I was born

nascebaris you were born

nascebatiir he/she/it (or a noun) was born

nascebamur we were born

nascebamini you (all) were born

nascebantur they (or a noun) were born

*Obviously, the concepts of repetition and continuity are
not applicable to this particular verb.

Perfect Indicative

natus, nata, natum sum

natus, nata, natum es

natus, nata, natum est

nati, natae, nata stimus

nati , natae , nata estis

nati , natae , nata sunt

Pluperfect Indicative

I was born

you were born

he/she/it (or a noun) was born

we were born

you (all) were born

they (or a noun) were born

natus, nata, natum eram I had been born

natus, nata, natum eras you had been born

natus, nata, natum erat he/she/it (or a noun) had been born

nati, natae, nata eramus we had been born

nati, natae, nata eratis you (all) had been born

nati, natae, nata erant they (or a noun) had been born

Future Perfect Indicative

natus, nata, natum ero
natus, nata, natum eris
natus, nata, natum erit

I shall have been born
you will have been born
he/she/it (or a noun) will have
been born
nati, natae, nata erimus we shall have been born
nati, natae, nata eritis you (all) will have been born
nati, natae, nata erunt they (or a noun) will have been born

Semi -Deponent Verbs

Certain verbs are active in the present indicative and
present infinitive but passive (deponent) in the perfect tense.
The meaning of these verbs is always active in all principal
parts. Some examples are included below:

audio ,

(I dare)

audere ,

(to dare)

ausus sum

(I dared, have dared)

audeo, audere, ausus sum dare

fido, fidere, fisus sum trust (+ dat. )

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum enjoy, rejoice

soleo, solere, solitus sum be accustomed

125

Deponent Verbs with Ablative

The deponent verbs listed below have objects in the ablative
case. This is because each one is used with an ablative of means
without a preposition.

utor, uti, usus sum* use, enjoy, experience

fruor, frui, fructus (frutus) sum enjoy, have the use of
fungor, fungi, fvinctus sum perforin, execute, discharge
potior, potiri, potitus sum acquire, get possession of

*Dtor, uti, usus sum literally means to benefit by the use
of (by means of), thus the ablative of means.

Example :

Multis officiis fungar.

(I shall perform many duties,
off icia] )

[where one might expect multa

The Four Principal Parts of the Latin Verb

The perfect passive participle constitutes the fourth, and
last, principal part of the Latin verb. To review, these are:
the first person singular present indicative active, the present
active infinitive, the first person singular perfect indicative
active, and the perfect passive participle. In most standard
dictionaries and lexica, Latin verbs are generally listed as
follows:

First Person

Singular

Present

Indicative

Active

moneo

( I warn )

Present
Infinitive

monere

(to warn)

First Person

Singular

Perfect Perfect

Indicative Passive

Active Participle

monui

(I warned)

monitum

( [having been]
warned)

Some dictionaries may omit the present infinitive and
provide only the endings of the first person singular perfect
indicative active and the perfect passive participle, eg., moneo,
-ui, -itum. Verbs of the first conjugation, which are regular in
all four principal parts, may be listed in this manner, in many
instances with the ending of the present infinitive included,
e.g., copulo, -are, -avi, -atum. There are also some diction-
aries and lexica which use the supine accusative singular as the
fourth principal part of the verb.

It will be recalled that the supine is a verbal noun of the
fourth declension found only in the accusative and ablative
singular. The endings are, respectively, -um and -u. The supine
in the accusative is used primarily either as the fourth

126

principal part of the Latin verb or, after verbs of motion, to
express purpose. The ablative singular is, as reviewed in
Chapter III, used largely in fixed expressions such as mirabile
visu (a wonderful thing to see). The neuter nominative singular
of the perfect passive participle and the accusative singular
supine are exactly the same in form, e.g., monltiim.

Two examples illustrating two of the ways in which the four
principal parts of Latin verbs may be given in dictionaries or
word lists are provided below.

1st Person Singular Stem § Ending 1st Person Stem and Supine Ending

Present Indicative Singular Perfect (Perfect Passive

Active \ Indicative Active Participle)

xnonSo -Gi -Itnm. 2. (from root MEN, whence
mens), to remind, oWmontiA. L Terentiam <ie
!J;umento, Cic IL A. Lit, 1, a to icarn,
teach, admoauk ; with de and the abJ.. ahu'iem I

From. Casseni^J,atin_Di^^

revised by J.R.V. Marchant and Joseph f . Charles,

New York: Funk ^ Wagnalls Co., 1957
1st Person Singular Present 1st Person Singular Perfect Passive
Present Indicative Infinitive Perfect Indicative Participle
Active A'^tive (Supine)

moneo, monere, monui, monitus

warn, advise; teach

From, John F. Collins, A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin,

Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press, 1985,

127

EXERCISES: CHAPTER IX

A . Grammar

Conjugate laudare (first conjugation), tenere (second conju-
gation), vendere (third conjugation), audire (fourth
conjugation), and fugere (third conjugation io-verb) in the
perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive.

B. Vocabulary

This vocabulary follows the practice of a number of Latin
dictionaries and lexica in listing the four principal parts of
Latin verbs. These include: first person singular present indic-
ative active, present active infinitive, first person singular
perfect indicative active, perfect passive participle, e.g.,
baptize (I baptize), baptizare (to baptize), baptizavi (I bap-
tized, I have baptized), baptizatus, baptizata, baptizatum
(having been baptized).

Some dictionaries, as noted above, use the supine accusative
as the fourth principal part, which is the same in form as the
neuter singular perfect passive participle (e.g., baptizatum).
The vocabularies in this exercise and the remainder of the
exercises, and the word list at the back of the book, also use
the supine as the fourth principal part of the Latin verb.

Most of the verbs found in previous chapters, as well as
several new verbs, are given below. Learn the four principal
parts of all of these verbs. Although the deponent and semi-
deponent verbs discussed in this chapter are not listed below,
they should be considered as part of this vocabulary exercise and
memorized.

It should also be noted that Latin verbs are listed in
dictionaries under the first principal part. Thus, for example,
when looking up the verb esse, always look vinder sum.

Some glossaries and lexica, however, list verbs only under
the present infinitive, presumably in order to save space.
Consequently, it is strongly recommended that the principal parts
of all of the verbs listed below, as well as those in the word
list, be memorized in order to utilize these reference tools more
effectively.

128

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document # 1

Translate the following birth entry from a parish register
of northern France (from the former provinces of Alsace-
Lorraine) .

1 .1 «7^cL vex «.m* J*Jt.'^ C4 t4/id t »rt-

Vocabulary

Gast: a surname (in the left
margin )

septuages imo

mens is

mortuns est

tribus circiter annis: (being)
about three years old

operarius, operarii, m. : day
laborer (most of this word
is hidden in the far right
margin of line 3 after the
surname Gast)

Margarithae

Fischer: a surname

Gombrechtshof f en : a place name

commorantium: dwelling, resid-
ing (present participle,
genitive singular of
commorans, commorantis:
residing, living, dwelling,
V. Chapter XIII)

ejusdem: of the same

a me: by me

Gondershoffen: a place name

annexum, annexi, n.: annex,

suburb, surroionding area
sepultus fuit = sepultus est:
coemeterio
ecclesiae
filialis, filiale, adj.: of,

or relating to, a daughter
ecclesia filialis: a daughter

church
testibus praesentibus : the

witnesses present (were)
infantis patre: (being) the

father of the child
Josepho Michael
ludimagister , ludimagistri ,

m. : schoolmaster, teacher
qui : who
mecum: with me
subscripserunt

133

Document # 2

Translate the following death entry from a parish in south-
eastern Switzerland. ^ ^ ^^ ^

fo^

Vocabulary

Cunzini: a surname (in the

left margin)
sexto: in the far right margin

of line 1
sexta (after hora)
cuite meridiem

qd. = quondam: the late (here)
Cravella: a surname
filia: in the far right margin

of line 3
loco Plcini et: from the place

of Piano (inserted as a

marginal note between et

and hac parochia)
hac: this
S. = Sancti

Bernardi Campi D. M. :

Sancti Bernardi Campi di

Maggia (the name of the

parish)
aetatis suae
agens: doing, making (present

participle of agere , v.

Chapter XIII)

agens annum septuagesimum:

making year seventy, i.e.,

in her seventieth year of

age
proprius, propria, proprivun:

own, private, one's own
communio, communionis, f.:

community, fellowship
s. Matris Ecclesiae = sanctae

Matris Ecclesiae ( gen . )
euiimam Deo reddidit
cujus = cuius: whose
die sequent!

prope , prep . + ace . : near
mihl: to me
Archangelo: a first name

(dative case)
Giumini: a surname
conf essarius , conf esscirii , m. :

confessor
probato: approved (from probo,

probare, probavi, probatum:

test , prove , approve )

134

confessa est: she confessed
(from confiteor, confiteri,
confessus stun: confess)

die decima prima

ejusdem = eiusdem: of the same

sanctissimoque: and by (means
of) the most holy

viaticum, viatici, n. : commun-
ion (in this case, given to
someone in danger of death
as part of the last rites)

refecta: refreshed, restored,
strengthened (i.e., Anna
Maria Cunzini); from refi-
cio, reficere, ref eci ,
refectum: refresh, restore,
strengthen

die eadem: on the same day

oleum, olei, n.: oil

unctio, unctione, f.: unction;
the anointing with holy oil
which is part of the last
rites (Note that the last
rites or sacraments
properly consisted of three
parts, confession, commun-
ion, and extreme unction
[or the anointing with holy
oil].)

roborata: strengthened, made
firm (from roboro, robo-
rare, roboravi , roboratum:
strengthen, make firm)

per me: by me (through me)

aliisque: and by (means of)
other

precibus: from prex, precis,
f . : prayer

ritualis, rituale, adj.: of,
or relating to, ritual
(religious ceremony,
usage); as a noun: ritual;
note that aliisque precibus
ritualibus: could mean
either by (means of) other
ritual prayers or by (means
of) other prayers (and)
rituals.

confortata est: she was com-
forted (from conforto,
confortare, confortavi,
confortatum: comfort)

135

CHAPTER X

Nouns: The Fourth and Fifth Declension

Some Uses of the Ablative

Determining Place in Latin

Latinized Place Names

Introduction

Nouns of the fourth and fifth declension are not found as
frequently as nouns of the first, second, and third declensions
in Latin parish registers. However, certain nouns such as partus
(birth, chi ldbirth--f ourth declension), domus (house,
home — fourth declension), and dies (day — fifth declension) occur
often and should be studied carefully.

Foiirth Declension Nouns

The stem of fourth declension nouns ends in -u. For the
sake of clarity, however, in the paradigms provided below, the
stem and the endings will be included together. Most fourth
declension nouns are masculine in gender, but there are also a
few feminines and neuters. Fourth declension nouns are declined
as follows:

partus, partus, m. : birth, childbirth (stem: partu)

Singular

Case

Nom . partus

Gen . partus

Dat . partui

Ace . partum

Abl . partu

Ending

us
us
ui
um
u

Meaning

a/the birth
of/from a/the birth
to/for a/the birth
a/the birth (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc. a/the
birth

Plural

Nom . partus

Gen . partuum

Dat . par tubus

Ace . partus

Abl . partubus

uum (um)

ubus

(the) births
of/from the births
to/for the births
the births (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc. the
births

Note that the nominative and accusative singular, the
nominative plural, and the accusative plural all have the same
ending in masculine and feminine nouns of the fourth declension,
namely, -us. Meaning must be determined by the use of such nouns
within a sentence.

136

Note also that a few fourth declension nouns such as partus
retain the -u of the stem in the dative and ablative plural
(ubus). With most nouns, however, the -u of the stem is absorbed
by the -i in -ibus.

genu, genus, n. : knee (stem: genu)

Singular

Case

Nom . genu

Gen . genus

Dat . genui

Ace . genu

Abl . genu

Ending

Meaning

a/the knee

of/from a/the knee

to/for a/the knee

a/the knee ( d . o . )

by /with/from, etc. a/the

knee

Plural

Nom . genua

Gen . genuum

Dat . genibus

Ace . genua

Abl . genibus

uum (um)
ibus
ua
ibus

( the ) knees
of/from the knees
to/for the knees
(the) knees (d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc. the
knees

In the nominative, accusative, and ablative singular, the
ending is -u, which is also the stem, for neuter nouns of the
fourth declension. The use of neuter nouns within a sentence or
sentences should enable the reader to select the correct case
when translating.

domus, domus, f.: home, house (irregular)

Singular

Case

Ending

Meaning

Nom.

domus

a/the home

Gen.

domus ( domi )

us (i)

of/from a/the home

Dat.

domui ( dome )

ui (o)

to/for a/the home

Ace.

domum

a/the home (d.o. )

Abl.

domu ( dome )

u (o)

by/with/f rom, etc.
home

a/the

Plural

Nom . domus

Gen . domuiim ( domorum )

Dat . domibus

Ace . domus ( domos )

Abl . domibus

us ( the ) homes

uum (orum) of /from the homes
ibus to/for homes

us (os) (the) homes (d.o.)
ibus by/with/from, etc. the

homes

137

Domus is one of a small group of nouns which indicate, by
their case endings, place where, place to which, place from
which, and place at which. These include the names of cities,
towns, small islands, and the nouns domus, and rus (rus, ruris,
n.: the countryside, the country).

In the case of domus, there are several special case endings
which show place. These are: domi (at home; locative case [see
below] indicating place where without a preposition); domum (to
home, home; accusative); dome (ablative; from home). When point-
ing out place, in these instances, domus is declined like a
masculine noun of the second declension. Consequently, it com-
bines aspects of the fourth and second declension and is,
therefore, irregular.

Fifth Declension Nouns

The majority of nouns of the fifth declension are feminine
in gender, with the exception of dies, diei (day) and a few
others which are masculine (although dies can be either in parish
register and medieval Latin). The stem of fifth declension nouns
ends in -e. However, as in the case of fourth declension nouns,
the entire ending is included with the stem in the paradigm
below.

dies, diei, m. or f.: day (stem: die)
Singular

Case

Nom. dies

Gen . diei

Dat. diei

Ace . diem

Abl . die

Ending

es
ei
ei
em
e

Meaning

a/the day
of/from a/the day
to/for a/the day
a/the day ( d . o . )
by/with/f rom, etc,
a/the day

Plural

Nom. dies

Gen . dierum

Dat . diebus

Ace . dies

Abl . diebus

erum

ebus

( the ) days
of/from the days
to/for the days
( the ) days ( d . o . )
by/with/from, etc.
the days

The alternate ending -e for the genitive and dative singular
(die), though rare in the Latin of parish registers, is also
possible. Note that when die is used with dates, it means "on
(see Chapter VII ) .

the day

138

Fifth declension nouns, like those of the fourth declension,
have the same ending in the nominative, singular and plural, and
the accusative plural. Here also one must rely upon the context
for the proper case and translation.

Some Uses of the Ablative

It will be recalled from Chapter I that the ablative case is
a flexible and widely used case in Latin. It may indicate, for
example, separation, location, time (when or within which),
means, and instrument. Because of the variety of usages possible
with the ablative, it is well to review the majority of these
here. The following ablative usages have already been discussed:

a) With Prepositions: a (ab, abs) , absque, cum, coram

de, ex, in, sine, etc.

coram facie ecclesiae

(before the face of the church, i.e., in front of or
facing the church [the traditional place for posting
or reading marriage banns] )

cum dispensatione propter consanguinitatem in tertio
gradu

( [married] with a dispensation because of consanguinity
[blood relationship] in the third degree)

b) To Indicate Time When or Within Which (with ordinal
numbers )

Anno domini millesimo septingentesimo quinquagesimo nono
et die tredecimo mensis Martii . . .

( In the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
fifty-nine and on the thirteenth day of the month of
March ... [literally: In the one thousand seven
hundred fifty-ninth year of our Lord . . . ] )

c) To Show Agency with the Passive Voice

Hie liber a me parocho ecclesiae parochialis Sancti
Thomae scr iptus est .

(This register was written by me the priest of the parish
church of Saint Thomas . )

d) To Indicate Place From Which with a Preposition

Testes fuerunt: Martinus Deville ex Colmar et Franciscus
Moreaux ex Niedersheim.

(The witnesses were: Martin Deville from Colmar and
Francois Moreaux from Niedersheim. )

Note that in classical literary Latin the names of cities
and towns were generally written without a preposition when used
as places of departure. For example: Mercator Roma abiit. (The

139

merchant departed from Rome.)

e) With Deponent Verbs such as utor, fruor, or fungor

Walterus Kampf in parochiam nostram intravit et terra
episcopi per quinque annos usus est.

(Walter Kampf entered into our parish and used the land
of the bishop for five years. [Note that it is terra,
the ablative not terrain the accusative which is the
object of usus est.])

Other important uses of the ablative, most of which have not
been previously reviewed, include:

a) Ablative of Means, with or without a Preposition

Omnibus sacramentis moribundorum munitus/a (refectus/a,
provisus/a) est.

(He/she was fortified with [by means of] all of the
sacraments of the dying. [refectus/a: refreshed,
renewed; provisus/a: provided)

b) Ablative of Manner, with or without cum

Parochus infantem magna cum cura baptizavit.

(The priest baptized the infant [child] with great care.
Or, Parochus infantem magna cura baptizavit.)

c) Ablative Absolute

nullo impediment© canonice detecto

(no hindrance [to the marriage] having been revealed
canonically; see Chapter XIII for more information on
this construction.)

d) Ablative of Cause, with a Preposition

Mater, ex causa doloribus pairtus, post natum infantis
obiit.

(Because of the pains of childbrith, the mother died
after the birth of the child. N.B. ex causa + abl . :
because of, for the sake of; classical Latin might use
causa without a preposition in such a construction. )

e) Ablative of Comparison

Hie liber est magno illo.

(This book is larger than that [book] . See Chapter XI
for additional information on this usage.)

f ) Ablative of Separation, with or without a Preposition

Ex pecunia sua separata est.

(He/she was separated from his/her money. )

140

Note that in classical Latin the ablative of separation was
used with special verbs which indicated separation, lack, want,
deprivation, etc., such as careo, carere, carui , cariturus: be

without, want, lack, be deprived of.

g) Ablative of Accompaniment with cum

Parentes cum duobus patrinis infantem ad baptismum
tulerunt .

(The parents brought the child to the baptism with
[accompanied by] by two godparents.)

h) Locative Ablative (place in which)

In parochia Sancti Johannis de Gardonica baptizata est.

(She was baptized in the parish of St. Jean du Gard.
[France] The locative case, reviewed below, was also
used for locations in Latin.)

Determining Place in Latin

Place in parish registers, as well as medieval Latin, was
often indicated through the use of prepositions. Examples
follow:

a) Place where: with in

In urbe per quatuor menses remansit.

(He/she remained in the city for four months.)

In vice Sancti Thomae per duos annos vixerunt.

(They lived in the village of St. Thomas for two years.)

Note that in classical Latin specific cities required the
locative case, which consists of the genitive singular for place
names of the first and second declension singular and the
ablative case for first and second declension plural. Place
names of the third declension also used the ablative for the
locative case. For example: Romae vixerunt. (They lived at
Rome. This is used to show the place where they lived.)

b) Place to which: with an accusative preposition

In villam venerunt.

(They came into the village.)

Ad Romam iter facemus.

(We shall take a trip to [i.e., toward] Rome.)

c) Place from which: with a (ab, abs) , de, ex

Matrina erat: Maria Gather ina Feld ex Transaquense

(The godmother was: Maria Gather ina Feld from Ueberwasser
[Nordrhein-Westf alen, Germany].)

141

As noted previously, ex was frequently used in parish
register entries to indicate a place of origin or residence.

Latinized Place Names

The names of European (and British) cities, towns, and
villages were often Latinized in parish register entries and
various types of medieval documents. Sometimes, the old Roman
name, or medieval name, for a place might be used. Frequently,
however, a place name was Latinized by making it a noun of the
first, second, or third declension.

Thus, for example, the German town Ueberwasser (over, or
across, the water), now in the state of Nordrhein-Westf alen,
Germany, was Latinized into the third declension noun
Transaquensis, which means approximately the same thing in Latin
as in German, namely, "across the water."

Some town names were Latinized merely by adding the third
declension ending -ensis to the German, French, English, etc.
name, e.g., Strasbourgensis = Strasbourg (French spelling) or
Strassburg (German spelling). The declension of such town names
is as follows (using Transaquensis as an example):

Case Singular Meaning

Nominative Transaquensis Ueberwasser

Genitive Transaquensis of/from Ueberwasser

Dative Transaquensi to/for Ueberwasser

Accusative Transaquensem Ueberwasser (d.o.)

Ablative Transaquense by/with/f rom, etc.

Ueberwasser

Note, however, that in some cases, the Latinized name of the
city, town, or village is not merely a vernacular name with
-ensis added, and, in fact, bears little resemblance to the
current French, English, German, etc. name. For example, one of
the more common Latinized names for the city of Strasbourg is
Argentinensis (which relates to argentum, argenti , n.: silver).
To find the modern vernacular name of a Latinized city, town, or
village, in such instances, it is advisable to consult a refer-
ence work such as Graesse, Benedict, and Plechl . Orbis Latinus.
3 Vols. Braunschweig: Klindhardt & Biermann, 1972, or others
listed in the selected bibliography at the back of this book.

142

EXERCISES: CHAPTER X

A. Grammar

Decline obitus, obitus, m. : death, and fades, faciei, f.,
for all appropriate genders, numbers, and cases.

B. Vocabulary

In addition to all nouns and other words introduced in the
body of this chapter, learn the following:

Fourth Declension Nouns

adventus , adventus , m.:

advent, arrival. Advent

(the four consecutive

Sundays prior to Christmas;

also, the first Sunday of

these four. )
casus, casus, m. : case,

chance, accident, fall
cornu, cornus, n.: horn (of an

animal)
domus , domus , f . : house , home
fructus, fructus, m. : fruit,

harvest
genu, genus, n. : knee
gradus, gradus, m. : degree
ingressus, ingressus, m.:

entry
Jesus, Jesu, m. : Jesus (a

Latinized form of the Greek

lesous); an irregular 4th

declension noun: gen.:

Jesu , dat . :

Jesum, abl . :
manus , manus , f
obitus, obitus, m. : death
ortus , ortus , m.: origin

birth, dawn
partus , partus ,

childbirth

Jesu, ace.
Jesu.

hand, band

birth ,

redditus, redditus, m. : rent,
revenue, income (from rent)

ritus, ritus, m. : rite, cere-
mony; de ritu sanctae
matris ecclesiae: according
to the rite(s) of the holy
mother church (often used
with deaths in connection
with the last rites)

sexus, sexus, m. : sex

spiritus, spiritus, m. : spir-
it, breath

Spiritus Sanctus: the Holy
Spirit (N.B. The genitive
singular is Spiritus Sanc-
ti.)

textus , textus , m.: text,
document

usus, usus, m. : use

Fifth Declension Nouns

dies, dial, m. or f.: day
facies, faciei, f.: face,

appearance, front
meridies, meridiei, m. : noon
ante meridiem: before noon
post meridiem: after noon
res, rei, f.: thing, matter
spes , spei , f . : hope

143

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following from Latin to English:

In partu obiit.

(obiit: she died [here])

Jakobus Pistor, faber lignarii, ad meridiem sepultus est.
(faber lignarius: carpenter, cabinet maker)

In hoc textu, nomina, aetates, et sexus defvmctorum
puerorum in parochia Sancti Johannis sumpta simt.
(hoc: this; sumpta sunt: have been recorded)

Parentes fuerunt: Petrus Fortner et Magdalena Bauer ambo
ex Hochheim.

Per duos dies in domo remansit.

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

The name of the child, whose (cuius) mother died (use obiit)
in childbirth, was Martin.

After the death (use decessus) of the mother, an operation
was made (use facio, facere, feci, factum) and a child
of the male (masculini) sex, name unknown, was taken
(extractus fuit) from her (eius) womb (uterus, uteri, m. ) .

The marriage (use copulatio) was postponed (delata est)
because of a blood relationship (consanguinitas,
consanguinitatis , f.) in the third degree.

The marriage banns (use banna) were read (use lego, legere,
lexi, lectum) in front of (use coram + abl . ) the face of
the parish church.

She lived in the village for (use per + ace.) two years.

144

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document #1

With the aid of the vocabulary below, translate the title
page of a Belgian parish register.

JanUi Martini
Epiicopi J^jw^enJh

■57 ' /"' / .

Vocabulary

eplscopus, episcopi, m . : mums, muri, m. : wall

bishop, bishopric (here) Leodlensis: a Latinized form

Tongrensis: of Tongrensis, a of Liege, Belgium (in this

Latinized form of the case, the genitive singu-

Belgian town Tongres. lar)

145

Document # 2

Translate the heading of the baptismal entries for 1693 from
the same parish (slightly altered for illustrative purposes), and
then the baptismal entry which follows.

146

Vocabulary

sanctissimae: of the most holy
(superlative of sanctus,
sancta, sanctum; modifies
Trinitatis)

Trinitas, Trinitatis, f.: the
Trinity

filii: (after at)

eorum: of those (the anteced-
ent is nomina)

qui : who

baptisatos: from baptizatus,
baptizata, baptizatum;
here: the baptized children
(adjective used as a noun)

baptisma, baptismae, f.:
baptism

susceperunt: from suscipio,
suscipere , suscepi , suscep-
tum: raise up, lift up, act
as a godparent; N.B. The
subject of this verb is
"those who," and the object
is baptisatos.

ordinatio, ordinationis , f.:
decree, regulation, ordina-
tion, ordinance

concilium, concilii, n.:
council

Tridentinum, Tridentini , n.:

Trent (Trento) [i.e., the
Council of Trent, which met
with interruptions between
1545-1563; the decrees of
the Council of Trent served
as an important basis for
the reform of the Roman
Catholic Church in the
sixteenth century.]

n
dni = domini

Ghire : a surname

Gregorii : a surname

eius uxoris: his wife

Aegidius, Aegidii, m. : Giles

(also Egidius)
Masuyr: a surname
compatre: the godfather being

(is, or was)
Gerardus : Gerard
LeRoy: a surname
commatre ( see above under

compatre )
Heyde: a first name
Devitte: a surname

147

CHAPTER XI

Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

Formation of Adverbs

Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs

Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

Pronouns (from pro + nomen: in place of the noun) may re-
place nouns in both English and Latin. The most important pro-
nouns for the Latin of parish register entries, are personal,
possessive, demonstrative, relative, and reflexive. The inter-
rogative, indefinite, and intensive pronouns do not occur as
frequently in parish registers, especially in the baptismal,
marriage, or death entries, but will considered here for compara-
tive purposes.

Personal Pronouns

Latin personal pronouns (sing.: ego, tu, is, ea, id [I, you,
he, she, it]; pi.: nos, vos, ei, eae, ea [we, you, they]) have
slightly different forms for first, second, and third persons,
singular and plural. They are declined as follows:

ego (I), nos (we) [first person, singular and plural]

Case

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Singular

ego

mei

mihi

Plural

Meaning

of/from me

to/for me

me ( d . o . )

by/with/f rom, etc. me

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

nos

nostrum ( nostri )

nobis

nos

nobis

of/from us

to/for us

us (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. us

tu, vos (you, familiar & singular; you, plural)
Case Singular Meaning

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

tui

tibi

you (also thou)

of /from you (thee)

to/for you (thee)

you (thee, d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. you (thee)

148

Nom.
Gen.
Dat,
Ace.
Abl.

Plural

vos

vestrum ( vestri )

vobis

vos

vobis

you (all, and you, polite)
of /from you (you all)
to/for you (you all)
you (you all, d.o.)
by/with/f rom, etc. you
(you all)

is, ea, id; ei, eae, ea (he, she, it, sing; they, pi.)
Singular

Case

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Meaning

Nom.

he/she/it

Gen.

eius

of/from him,
(his/her/its)

her, it

Dat.

to him, her,

Ace.

eiun

earn

him, her, it

(d.o.)

Abl.

Plural

by/with/from,
him/her/it

etc.

Nom.

ei, ii

eae

they

Gen.

eomm

earum

eorum

of /from them,

their

Dat.

eis

to/for them

Ace.

eos

eas

them (d.o. )

Abl.

eis

by/from/with ,

etc . them

Note that is can also mean this or that man, ea, this or
that woman, and id, this or that thing.

In classical Latin, personal pronouns of the first, second
and third person, singular and plural, were rarely used in the
nominative singular case with verbs (and then principally for
emphasis), since the pronoun was provided by the verb ending,
e.g., teneo (I hold) or, occasionally, ego teneo (I hold, or, I,
not any other person, hold). Personal pronouns may, however, be
found in parish register entries, e.g.. Ego Johannes Braun
parochus huius parochiae infantem baptizavi, qui imposui nomen
Geraldum. (I, John Braun, priest of this parish, baptized an
infant, upon whom I placed the name Gerald. )

When the preposition cum is used with the second person,
singular and plural, it is usually attached to the pronoun, e.g.,
pax vobiscum (peace be with you! )

The following example illustrates a possible use of the
personal pronouns listed above:

149

Ego Amaldus, pastor ecclesiae parochialis Sancti Viti,

f ilium legitimum Stephani Gera et Mathildae Brock baptizavi.

(I, Arnald, priest of the parish church of St. Vitus,
baptized the legitimate son of Stephen Gera and Mathilda
Brock. )

If personal pronouns other than ego were used in the
sentence above, the order might be as follows:

tu .
is .
nos
vos
ei .

baptizavisti (you . . . baptized)
baptizavit (he . . . baptized)
baptizavimus (we . . . baptized)
baptizavistis (you [all] . . . baptized)
baptizavemint (they . . . baptized)

Note that it is unlikely that any of the above personal
pronouns will be encountered, in parish registers at any rate,
with the exception of ego, and nos.

Since pronouns can take the place of nouns, they must, of
necessity, agree with the nouns they are replacing (or, even if
they are added additionally) in gender, number, and case, e.g.,

Pecuniam duobus parochis dedi.

( I gave money to the two priests . )

Ecun els dedi.

(I gave it [i.e., the money] to them.
[i.e., to the two priests])

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Possessive adjectives of the first and second person, singu-
lar and plural, are declined like first and second declension
adjectives, e.g., bonus, bona, boniun. Since these are possessive
adjectives, they must, of course, agree with any nouns they
modify in gender, number, and case.

Singular

Meaning Plural

Meaning

meus , mea , meum
tuus , tua , tuum

Examples :

my
your

noster, nostra, nostrum our
vester, vestra, vestrum your

Filia mea erudita est.

(My daughter is learned. )

noster liber

(our book)

The third person singular and plural uses the genitive
singular and plural of the personal pronoun is, ea, id, namely,
eius, eius, eius (his, her, its); eorum, earum, eorum (their).

150

e.g., filius eius (his/her son); infantes eorum (their
children/infants). Plural nouns of mixed gender, men and women,
generally use the masculine, rather than the feminine gender.'
Consequently, infantes eorum could mean "their" (i.e., the fa-
thers') children, or "their" (i.e., the children of a father and
a mother or fathers and mothers). "Their" (i.e., the mothers')
children would, of course, be infantes eanun.

Note, however, that in medieval and parish register Latin,
it was common to use the reflexive possessive suus , sua, suum
(his own, her own, its own, their own) in place of the genitive
singular of the third person singular personal pronoun, e.g.,
infantes sui (their [own] children).

Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives

Demonstrative pronouns (from demonstrare: to point out) are
frequently utilized in Latin to point out a person or thing. The
meaning of these pronouns is "this" (the latter) or "that" (the
former). Note that these pronouns can also be used as pronominal
adjectives. In such instances, they must agree with any nouns
they modify in gender, number, and case.

hie, haec, hoc (this, the latter; as an adverb: here)
Singular

Meaning

this, the latter
of /from this, the latter
to/for this, the latter
this, the latter (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc. this,
the latter

Case

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Norn.

hie

haec

hoc

Gen.

huius

Dat.

huic

Ace.

hunc

hanc

hoc

Abl.

hoc

hac

hoc

Plural

Nom.

hae

haee

Gen.

horum

harum

horum

Dat.

his

Ace.

hos

has

haec

Abl.

his

these

of/from these

to/for these

these (d.o. )

by /with/from, etc.

these

Example :

Hoe die baptizata fuit Elizabetha filia legitima
Bemardi Freneaux et Isabellae Jaequot.

(On this day, Elizabetha, legitimate daughter of Bernard
Freneaux and Isabelle Jaequot, was baptized.)

151

ille, ilia, illud (that, the former)
Singular

Case

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Masc.

ille

illius

illi

ilium

illo

Plural

illi

illorum

illis

illos

illis

Fem. Neut. Meaning

ilia illud that, the former

illius illius of /from that, the former

illi illi to/for that, the former

illam illud that, the former (d.o.)

ilia illo by /with/from, etc., that,
the former

illae ilia those

illarum illorum of/from those

illis illis to/for those

illas ilia those (d.o.)

illis illis by/with/from, etc. those

Examples;

Illo die haec sepulta est.

(On that day, this woman was buried.)

Illo tempore parochiani multi ab peste obierxint.

(At that time, many parishioners died of [from] plague.)

As may be seen in the above examples, hie and ille can also
be used as nouns (as substantives), e.g., hie (this man), ilia
( that woman ) .

Another term for "that," which sometimes had pejorative

overtones in classical Latin is iste, ista, istud. It is

declined exactly like ille, ilia, illud, e.g., iste vir (that
[wicked] man) .

Demonstrative Pronoun: idem, eadem, idem (the same)

By combining is, ea, id with -dem, a demonstrative pronoun
is formed which means the same (thing). This pronoun is declined
like is, ea, id, with these exceptions:

Case

Nom,
Ace.

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

idem (not isdem) eadem
eundem eandem

(instead of eumdem or eamdem)

Neut.

idem
idem

152

Plural

Case
Gen.

Masc.
eorxtndem*

Fem.
earundem

Neut.
eonmdem

*not eorumdem, earumdem, eorvundem

Examples :

Eodem die mortua est Maria Catherina Schwarz , vidua def uncti
Johannis Brinckmann agricolae et civis huius loci .

(On the same day, Maria Catherina Schwarz, widow of the
deceased Johannes Brinckmann, farmer and citizen of this
place, died. )

eodem (after a date: on the same day)

idem (after a date, name, place name, etc.: the same)

Reflexive Pronouns

As the name suggests, reflexive pronouns "reflect back" upon
the subject (from reflectere: to bend [back]), e.g., I, myself,
did it. First, second, and third person singular and plural are
declined like the personal pronouns reviewed previously, except
that there is no nominative case (a reflexive pronoun must be
declined in Latin).

Singular

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

mei (of /from myself)
mihi (to/for myself)
me (myself , d.o. )
me (by /with/from, etc.
myself)

Plural

nostri (of /from ourselves)
nobis (to/for ourselves)
nos (ourselves, d.o.)
nobis (by/with/from, etc.
ourselves )

tui (of /from yourself)
tibi (to/for yourself)
te (yourself, d.o.)
te (by /with/from, etc.
yourself )

vestri (of /from yourselves^
vobis (to/for yourselves)
vos (yourselves, d.o.)
vobis (by/with/from, etc.,
yourselves )

Singular

sui (of /from himself, herself, itself)

sibi (to/for himself, herself, itself)

se (himself, herself, itself, d.o.)

se (by /with/from, etc. himself, herself, itself)

153

Plural

Nom.

Gen. sui (of /from themselves)

Dat. sibi (to/for themselves)

Ace. se (themselves, d.o.)

Abl. se (by/with/from, etc. themselves)

The difference between personal and reflexive pronouns may
be illustrated in the following examples:

Ego me laudavi.

(I praised myself [reflexive].)

Parentes mei me laudaverunt.

(My parents praised me [personal.)

Reflexive Possessives

For the first person, singular and plural, these are the
same as the possessives already explained: meus, tuus, noster,
vester, etc. The third person singular and plural has a slightly
different form, which has been discussed above, namely, suus ,
sua, suum, declined like adjectives of the first and second
declension such as sanctus, sancta, sanctum. The meaning is his
(own), her (own), its (own), or their (own), e.g.,

Puerum suum sepelivit.

(He buried his own child. )

Puerum eius sepelivit.

(He buried his [i.e., someone else's] child.)

The Intensive Pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsiim

The intensive pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum (myself, yourself,
himself /herself /itself , themselves [It can have any of these
meanings depending upon the sense of the sentence.]) is declined
in the genitive and dative singular like hoc or ille, i.e.,
ipsius, ipsius, ipsius (genitive); ipsi, ipsi, ipsi (dative).
Otherwise, it is declined like bonus, bona, bonum and other
adjectives of the first and second declension. This pronoun was
employed, especially in classical Latin, mainly for emphasis,
e.g. ,

Episcopus ipse puervim baptizavit.

(The bishop himself [as opposed to a representative]
baptized the child. )

The Relative Pronoun qui, quae, quod

The relative pronoun (from referre: to bring back) looks
back to the subject while forming a subordinate, relative clause
(subject plus predicate/object within a compound sentence) e.g.,

154

The man, who bought the book, is an old friend. The relative
pronoun qui, quae, quod (who, which) is declined as follows:

ngular

Case

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

qui

cuius

cui

quem

quo

ural

quae

cuius

cui

quam

qua

quod

cuius

cui

quod

quo

Nom.
Gen.

qui
quorum

quae
quarum

quae
quorum

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

quibus

quos

quibus

quas

quibus

quae

quibus

Meaning

who, who, which
of /from whom, whose
to/for whom, whose
whom, which (d.o.)
by/with/from, etc.
whom, which

who , who , which

whose (of /from whom,

which)

to/for who , which

who, which (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc.

who, which

Relative pronouns must always agree with their subject
antecedents in gender and number, but the case is determined by
the way in which these pronouns are used in the relative clause
itself. For example:

Puella quam parochus baptizavit abortiva fuit.

(The girl, whom the priest baptized, was prematurely born.)

In this sentence, quam agrees with puella in gender and
number (feminine singular). However, quam is the direct object
of baptizavit, in this subordinate clause, and must be in the
accusative case even though the subject, puella, is nominative.

The Interrogative Pronoun quis? quid? (who? what?)

In form, the interrogative pronoun (from interrogare: to ask
a question) resembles closely the relative pronoun in the
singular. Both interrogative and relative are exactly the same
in the plural .

Singular

Case

Masc. & Fem.

Nom.

quis

Gen.

cuius

Dat.

cui

Ace.

quem

Abl.

quo

Neut.

Meaning

quid

who? what?

cuius

of/from whom? whose?

cui

to/for whom? what?

quid

whom? what? (d.o. )

quo

by/with/from, etc.

whom? what?

155

Examples :

quid pro quo

(what for what?, i.e., tit, for tat, this for that)

cui bono

(literally: to whom for a good?, i.e., what good is it?)

The above phrase illustrates the use of two different types
of dative, the dative of reference (cui: to whom) and the dative
of purpose (bono: for a good). This construction is often found
in classical Latin literature, and is known as the double dative.
It is rare in parish registers.

The following sentences may illustrate the difference in
usage between the relative and interrogative pronouns :

Quis donum tibi dedit?

(Who gave the gift to you? [interrogative])

Vir qui donum tibi dedit ctmicus meus est.

(The man, who gave the book to you, is my friend,
[relative] )

Cuius filia sepulta est?

(Whose daughter was buried? [interrogative] )

Mater cuius filia sepulta est ab peste obiit.

(The mother, whose daughter was buried, died of plague,
[relative] )

Interrogatives can sometimes be used as adjectives, e.g..

Quod pretium pascuam (pascua) habet?

(What price has the pasture? [How expensive is the
pasture?] )

Formation of Adverbs

Latin adverbs (from ad + verbum: to or near the verb) de-
scribe or modify verbs, as well as nouns and other adverbs. They
are formed from adjectives through the addition of -e to the stem
of first and second declension adjectives, and -iter to those of
third declension adjectives, e.g.,

magnus (large), adj. magne (largely), adv.

liber (free), adj. libera (freely), adv.

similis (similar), adj. similiter (similarly), adv.

Adverbs which are not formed from adjectives, such as autem
(however, but, and) should be memorized as they are found in
parish registers and other documents. Unlike adjectives, adverbs
are not declined for gender, number, and case.

156

Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs

Latin adjectives are compared, like English adjectives, in
the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, e.g., bad
(positive), worse (comparative), worst (superlative). In parish
register entries, the comparative does not appear frequently,
although it may be found in other documents such as wills, while
the superlative is used largely for titles such as, for example,
clarissimus (most famous, most illustrious).

Latin and English adjectives are compared in two ways: a)
The stem of the adjective remains unaltered in each degree of
comparison, e.g., nicer, nicer, nicest; b) The stem of the adjec-
tive changes with each degree (or at least one of the degrees) of
comparison, e.g., good, better, best.

The comparison of Latin adjectives of type a) above is
accomplished by adding -ior to the stems of masculine and femi-
nine adjectives and -ius to the neuter in the comparative degree,
and -issimus, -issima, -issimum in the superlative.

Positive Comparative

Masc. & Fem. Neuter

beatus (blessed) beatior (more blessed) beatius (more blessed)

clarus (famous) clarior (more famous) clarius (more famous)

felix (happy) felicior (more happy) felicius (more happy)

sanctus (holy) sanctior (more holy) sanctius (more holy)

Superlative

beatissimus, beatissima, beatissiminn (most blessed)

clarissimus, clarissima, clarissimum (most famous)

felicissimus, felcissima, felcissimum (most happy)

scinctissimus , sanctissima, sanctissimvun (most holy)

The comparative degree can be translated in English by
adding an -er to the verb stem, e.g., felicior, felicius: happi-
er, or by using the adjective "more," e.g., felicior, felicius:
more happy (or happier). The superlative may be translated
either by adding -est to the verb stem, e.g., felicissimus:
happiest, or through the use of the adverb and adjective "most,"
e.g., felicissimus: most happy (or happiest). The comparative
can also mean too or rather, e.g., rather happy, rather famous,
and the superlative very, e.g., very happy, very famous.

When comparing one adjective with another, and, of course,
any nouns such adjectives modify, in Latin the conjunction and
adverb quam (than) is often utilized, e.g., Haec femina est
clarior quam ille. (This woman is more famous than that man.)
Note that no change in grammar occurs with the nouns or adjec-
tives preceding or following quam.

157

It is also possible to make comparison in Latin with an
ablative of comparison, to place the appropriate adjectives and
nouns in the ablative case. Thus, for example, Populi huius
villae sunt nobis feliciores. (The people of this village are
happier than we [are] . ) Note that the ablative is used only with
that which is compared, or the second part of the comparison.

A number of adjectives are irregular in the comparative and
superlative degrees. A few of the more common are listed below:

Positive

bonus, -a, -um (good)
magnus, -a, -um (great)
malus, -a, -um (bad)
multus, -a, -um (much)
parvus, -a, -um (small)

Comparative

melior, -ius (better)
maior, -ius (greater)
peior, -ius (worse)
plus (more)
minor, -ius (smaller)

Superlative

optimus, -a, -um (best)
maximus, -a, -vun (greatest)
pessimus, -a, -um (worst)
plurimus, -a, -um (most)
minimus, -a, -um (smallest)

Note that plus must be used with what is known as a
partitive genitive, or genitive of the whole, because it
completes that portion of the thought represented by the
adjective (or the number which precedes it), e.g., plura puerorum
(more children, or, more of children). Plus is somewhat

irregular in its declension. It is not declined in the masculine
and feminine singular (plus). In the neuter singular, it is
declined like a third declension noun, except that no dative is
present. The plural of all three genders is declined like i-stem
nouns of the third declension:

Singular

Case

Masc.

& Fem.

Neuter

Norn.

plus

Gen.

plus

pluris

Dat.

plus

Ace.

plus

Abl.

plus

plure

Plural

Masc. & Fem.

plures

plvirium

pluribus

plures

pluribus

Neuter

pluria

plurium

pluribus

pluria

pluribus

Some adjectives which end in -er in the nominative singular
have the ending -errimus, -errima, -errimum in the superlative,
rather than -issimus, -issima, -issimum. Those ending in -lis in
the positive degree, such as facilis (easy), often retain the -1
in the superlative, -illimus. Examples of some of these adjec-
tives are provided below:

158

Positive Comparative

acer, acris, acre (keen, sharp) acrior, acrius (keener)

aeger, aegra, aegrum (sick, [eger] ) aegrior, aegrius (sicker)

facilis, facile (easy) facilior, facilius (easier)

humilis, humile (low, humble) humilior, humilius (lower)

liber, libera, liberum (free) liberior, liberius (freer)

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum (beautiful) pulchrior, pulchrius

(more beautiful)

similis, simile (similar, like) similior, similius

(more similar)

Superlative

acerrimus, acerrima, acerrimum (keenest)

aegerrimus, aegerrima, aegerrimum (sickest)

facillimus, facillima, facillimum (easiest)

humillimus, humillima, htunillimum (lowest)

liberrimus. Uberrima, liberrimum (freest)

pulcherrimus , pulcherrima, pulcherrimxim (most beautiful)

simillimus, simillima, simillimum (most similar)

Note that the -1 or -r of the adjective in the positive
degree is doubled in the superlative degree. Thus, for example,
similis but simillimus.

Adjectives in the comparative degree are declined like
consonant stem nouns of the third declension:

Singular

Case Masc. & Fem. Neuter

acrius

acrioris

acriori

acrius

acriore

Nom.

acrior

Gen.

acrioris

Dat.

acriori

Ace.

acriorem

Abl.

acriore (not -i)

Plura

Nom.

acriores

Gen.

acriorum (not -ium)

Dat.

acrioribus

Ace.

acriores

Abl.

acrioribus

acriora (not -ia)

acriorum

acrioribus

acriora

acrioribus

The superlative is declined like adjectives of the first and
second declension such as sanctus, sancta, sanctum.

159

The Comparison of Adverbs

In the comparative degree, -ius is added to the stem of
adverbs, and -issime in the superlative degree. For adverbs
ending in -ere (from adjectives ending in -er), however, the
superlative is -irrime, and for those ending in -ile (from adjec-
tives ending in -ilis) , it is -illime, e.g.:

Positive

bene (well)
libere (freely)
facile (easily)

Comparative

melius (more well)
liberius (more freely)
facilius (more easily)

Superlative

optime (most well)
liberrime (most freely)
facillime (most easily)

EXERCISES: CHAPTER XI

A. Grammar

Decline ego, nos; hie, haec, hoc; ille, ilia, illud; is, ea,
id; qxii, quae, quod; noster, nostra, nostrum, and quis, quid for

all appropriate gender, numbers, and cases. Write the positive,
comparative, and superlative of beatus (blessed, fortunate).
Decline fortior (stronger, braver) for all appropriate cases and
numbers .

B. Vocabulary

Learn all of the pronouns and possessive adjectives reviewed
in this chapter, as well as the following:

and

alias, adv. : another, alias

antea, adv. : formerly

autem, adv.: however, but, and

bis, adv. : twice

circiter, adv. : about, approx-
imately (also, prep + ace.)

dxxm, adv. : while

dumtaxat, adv.: only,
least, thus far

etiam, adv.: also, even,
also, and even

hie, as an adverb: here

hine, adv.: hence (from there)

jam, adv.: today (iam)

ibi , adv.: there, in that
place

ibidem, adv. : in the same
place

inde, adv.: thence (from
there )

ita, adv.: thus, so

item, adv.: also, likewise

jure, adv. : lawfully

licite, adv.: lawfully (i.e.,

that which is permitted)
magnopere, adv. : greatly
non, adv.: no, not
nondum, adv. : not yet
omnino, adv. : wholly
praetera, adv.: besides,

morever (preterea)
quoad, adv. as long as, as far

as (do not confuse with

quod, conj . : that, because)
quondam, adv.: formerly, the

former, the late (eondam)
rite, adv.: properly, duly
satis, adv. : enough, very
statim, adv.: immediately, at

once
vero, adv.: truly
vulgo, adv. : commonly

160

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

Infans, cui impositum est nomen Magdalena, in dome

baptizatus est.

( impositum est: was placed, was given)

Maria Magdalena Schulzin, acatholica, filia Johaimis
Michaelis Schulz, civis huius loci et sartoris, quae
graviditatem coram me, parocho huius parochiae, declaravit
et allegavit Franciscum Entz, etiam acatholicum, qui
per sententiam magistratus hodie 2a Vllbris punitus est.
(acatholicus, acatholica, acatholicum: non-Catholic;
graviditas, graviditatis , f.: pregnancy [the direct
object of declaravit] ; declaravit: from declare,
declare, declaravi, declaratum: declare, state; allegavit:
from allege, allegare, allegavi, allegatum: accuse;
sententia, sententiae, f.: sentence, opinion; magistratus,
magistratus, m. : magistrate; punitus est: was punished;
note that the English syntax here would probably be: Maria
Anna Schulzin [the -in is a German feminine ending] . . .
declaravit graviditatem . . . et allegavit . . . , etc .
Translate accordingly. )

Eodem die, eodem mense, et eodem anno, Anna Praetor, uxor
defuncti Henrici Hinck, magistri in hoc loco, sepulta est.

Patrini fuerunt: clarissimus, consul tissimus ac praenobilis
dominus Joannes Chrysostomus Mueller, senator et procurator,
et clarissima ac nobilis domina Margaritha Freye, uxor
consultissimi, doctissimi ac nobilis domini Francisci Geiger
consul is.

(clarissimus: most illustrious; consultissimus: most
experienced [from consultus, consulta, consultum:
experienced, knowledgeable]; ac: and; praenobilis: right
honorable, noble; Chrisostomus : Chrysostom [golden mouth, a
name of Greek origin]; procurator, procuratoris , m. : proxy
lawyer, legal representative; doctissimus: most learned
[from doctus, docta, doctum: taught, learned]; consulis,
consulis, m. : town councillor [here, in cl . Latin: one of
the two chief magistrates of the Roman state])

Anno gratiae millesimo septingentesimo vicesimo sexto et die
tricesimo mensis Martii, infems, baptizatus ob periculum
mortis in domo a me Anna Catherina Klein obstetrice, statim
exspiravit et puella anonyma erat.
(expiravit: expired, died [literally: breathed out];

anonymus, anonyma, anonymum: unnamed, anonymous [a word

of Greek origin] )

161

Note that in the above entry inf ans , which is generally
masculine but can also be feminine in the Latin of parish
registers, is masculine, as the modifying adjective (perfect
passive participle) baptizatus clearly indicates. The child was,
however, a girl (puella). It is not always possible, therefore,
to determine the sex of a child, who was unnamed at birth or who
died before it could be given a first name, solely on the basis
of generic terms such as inf ans, and proles.

This is also true of adjectives such as baptizatus which
must agree with any nouns they modify in gender, number, and
case. Consequently, inf ans baptizatus est, and proles baptizata
est, while grammatically correct, provide no clue to the sex of
the child. Baptizatus, as indicated above, must agree with
inf ans, a masculine noun here, in gender, number, and case. By
contrast, baptizata agrees with proles, a feminine noun, in
gender, number, and case.

E. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

On the ninth day of the month of August, I, Andreas Binck,
priest of this place, baptized a child of the male sex
upon whom (use the dative) I placed (imposui) the name
Charles (Carolum is grammaticaly correct, but Carolus
might also be found. ) .

23 July 1775, twins (gemelli, m. pi.) were baptized,
the father of whom was (erat) a young man, name unknown,
who impregnated ( impraegnavit or impregnavit ) the mother,
Susanna (ace.) Knipps, under (use sub + abl . ) the promise
(promittum, promitti, n.) of marriage.

On the same day, in the same month, and in the same year,
Francis Walter, who was a farmer from Newton, former
(use quondam) husband of the deceased Agnes Terry,
and citizen of this village, died (use mortuus est).

The priest baptized his (own) cousin (female) but (sed)
not (non) his (i.e., someone else's) granddaughter (use
neptis , neptis , f . )

The godmother was the most famous, most learned, and right
honorable lady Marie de Villefort.

162

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document #1: a Death

Translate the following death entry from Germany. Some
German Gothic letters appear in this entry. Study the vocabulary
below carefully as an aid in identifying these letters and in
translating the entry correctly.

Vocabulary

Scheffler: a surname

a = a, ab

meretrix, meretricis, f.:

prostitute , harlot
guadam: a certain (goes with
meretrix)

amentatus = dementatus: de-
mented, made insane
( dementatus , dementata,
dementatum) ; note that est
is understood here, so that
the second line should
read: a meretrice quadam
dementatus est (from [by] a
certain prostitute [driven]
mad)

amentia = dementia, dementias,

f . : madness , insanity

miserrime, adv. : very misera-
bly, very poorly

inqieteqz = inquieteque: and
restlessly

traducens: giving up, handing
over (present participle of
trado, traders, tradidi,
traditum: give up, hand
over, deliver, entrust; v.
Chapter XIII); note that
the object of this verb is
vitam.

affinis, affinis, m. : an in-
law (in this entry, it
could be either a
father-in-law or a brother-
in-law)

Christophorum: Christopher

Zwieknet: a surname

reqescat = requiescat

163

Document #2: Death Entries

Translate the death entries below from a parish register of
northern France, using the vocabulary below as an aid.

L(? «:.ViO jxtMiutif cocAafcau.ir~rt/n*Ti»ttrrL J
jCAttrj.', ^euclu^ /-TeiH ^ut^to^U j!^ CmSiA

■Lpwna. Cllaria. ^cUf<- <^r»t»iZ/i«.4 tmMx'xU. ■

Vocabulary

vitae diem clausit extremvun:

closed the last day of life
claudo, claudere, clausi,

clausum: close, enclose
extremus , extrema , extremum :

last
uxor (after Christina, but

with a large gap between

the two)
Pfuettelin: a surname
Ingersheimensis : of Ingersheim

(a place name)

oia = omnia

recepit: received (the siibject
is Christina Pfuetterlin)

ecclie = ecclesiae (gen.)

die sequenti: on the following

day
exhalavit: from exhalo,

exhalare , exhalavi , exhala-

tum: breathe out.

Heidt: a surname

longu = longum

rite, adv.: properly (accord-
ing to the proper ecclesi-
astical ritual)

provisus: provided; note that
the English word order here
would probably be rite
provisus (cum) omnibus
sacramentis ecclesiae.
Translate accordingly.

sepultusqz = sepultusque

decessit ex hac mortali:
departed from this mortal
(life); here, decessit
should not be translated as
"died_J'

immortale = immortalem

senicula, seniculae, f.: a
little old (woman)

164

extranea: foreign (goes with
senicula and mulier) ; from
extraneus , extranea , extra-
neum: foreign

nomine: by the name of

Nathe: her surname

munita: fortified; note that
the English word order here
would probably be munita
(ab) omnibus sacramentis.
Translate accordingly.

ubi , adv . : where

decumbebat, imperfect

indicative active, third
person singular of decumbo,
decumbere , decubui : die,
lie down

haec : she (demonstrative
pronoun used as a personal
pronoun )

legavit: from lego, legare,
legavi, legatum: bequeath,
leave, donate

ecclae = ecclesiae: (dat.)
R: a denomination of currency
to go with the number 10
(This might either

Rhinegulden or Happen . )
per

syngraphus , syngraphi , m . : a
written contract, promisso-
ry note (i.e., a written
agreement to pay, which is
probably what is intended
here; a word of Greek
extraction)

debitos: debts (ace); from
debitus, debiti , n.: debt
(debitum)

Blaisy: a surname

cive Ratzentalensi : (being a
citizen [of] Ratzental )

retribuere: to pay back, to
give back (from retribuo,
retribuere, retribui ,

retributum: give back,
restore, pay back); the
English word order might be
retribuere debitos a Joanne
Blaisy cive Ratzentalsi,
which would follow per
syngraphum. Translate

accordingly. Note that the
idea here is that she left
10 Rhinegulden, Rappen , or
other denomination to the
church in order to pay back
debts owed by Johannes
Blaisy.

165

CHAPTER XII

The Subjunctive Mood

Introduction

The subjunctive mood takes its name from the Latin verb
stibjungere (to subordinate, join under — since it often expresses
doubt or uncertainty and is, therefore, subordinated to the more
direct and certain indicative mood). The subjunctive is more or
less defunct in modern English, although it may be found in such
usages as contrary to fact conditions, e.g., If I were rich, I
would have many friends. (The implication is, of course, that I
am presently poor and friendless.) In this example, note that
the plural "were" is used with the pronoun "I" rather than "was"
(the singular) .

The subjunctive is, in contrast to English, utilized exten-
sively in Latin, for example, to give commands in the first and
third person singular and plural, in clauses of purpose and
result, to show certain conditions, statements, or characteris-
tics, and in indirect questions. When cum is employed as a
conjunction, rather than a preposition with the ablative, it is
often used together with the subjunctive, in which case it has
the meaning "when," "since," "although," or "whenever." (In
classical Latin, cum was translated as "when" with the
subjunctive mainly in the imperfect and pluperfect. )

There are only four tenses in the subjunctive mood, the
present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect, active and passive.
Should it become necessary to refer to the future in the subjunc-
tive mood, the present subjunctive is generally utilized.

Formation of the Present Siib j unctive , Active and Passive

In the first conjugation, the -a of the stem vowel (copula)
is changed to an e (copule). Verbs of the second, third, and
fourth conjugation add an -a, either to the stem vowel or to the
stem consonant ( doce = docea; promitt [plus thematic vowel] =
promitta; sepeli =sepelia; capi = capia. The present indicative
active or passive endings are then added. In the first person
singular, present subjunctive active, -m, rather than -o is used
as the ending.

Present Siibj unctive Active of all four Conjugations

copulem

copules

copulet

copulemus

copuletis

copulent

doceam

doceas

doceat

doceamus

doceatis

doceant

promitt am
promittas
promitt at
promittamus
promittatis
promitt ant

sepeliam

sepelias

sepeliat

sepeliamus

sepeliatis

sepeliant

capiam

capias

capiat

capiamus

capiatis

capiant

166

Present Subjunctive Passive of all Four Conjugations

copuler

copuleris

copuletur

copulemur

copulemini

copulentur

docear

docearis

doceatur

docectmur

doceamini

doceantur

promittar
pr omi ttar i s
promittatur
pr omi 1 1 amur
pr omi tt amin i
pr omi tt an tur

sepeliar

sepeliaris

sepeliatur

sepeliamur

sepeliamini

sepeliantur

capiar

capiaris

capiatur

capicunur

capiamini

capiantur

Imperfect Subjunctive of all Four Conjugations

The imperfect subjunctive is relatively easy to identify,
since it is a combination of the present active infinitive and
the present indicative endings, active and passive.

Imperfect Subjunctive Active of all Four Conjugations

copularem

copulares

copularet

copularemus

copularetis

copularent

docerem

doceres

doceret

doceremus

doceretis

docerent

promitterem

promitteres

promitteret

promitteremus

promitteretis

promitterent

sepelirem

sepelires

sepeliret

sepeliremus

sepeliretis

sepelirent

caperem

caperes

caperet

caperemus

caperetis

caperent

Imperfect Subjunctive Passive of all Four Conjugations

copularer

copulareris

copularetur

copularemur

copularemini

copul ar en tur

docerer

docereris

doceretur

doceremur

doceremini

docerentur

promitterer

sepelirer

promittereris sepelireris
promitteretur sepeliretur
promitteremur sepeliremur
promitteremini sepeliremini
pr emitter en tur sepelirentur

caperer

capereris

caperetur

caperemur

caperemini

caperentur

Present and Imperfect Subjunctive Active of esse and posse

Present

Imperfect

sim

sis

sit

simus

sitis

sint

essem

esses

esset

essemus

essetis

essent

Present

Imperfect

possim

possis

possit

possimus

possitis

possint

possem

posses

posset

possemus

possetis

possent

167

Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive of all Four Conjugations

The perfect subjunctive active of all four conjugations is a
combination of the perfect active stem (copulav, etc.)/ -eri, and
the present indicative active endings. The pluperfect
subjunctive active is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem
plus the present indicative active endings.

Perfect eind Pluperfect Subjunctive Active

copul aver im

copulaveris

copulaverit

copulaverimus

copulaveritis

copulaverint

copulavissem

copulavisses

copulavisset

copulavissemus

copulavissetis

copulavissent

docuerim

docueris

docuerit

docuerimus

docueritis

docuerint

docuissem

docuisses

docuisset

docuissemus

docuissetis

docuissent

promisserim

promisseris

promisserit

promisserimus

promisseritis

promisserint

promississem

promississes

promississet

promississemus

promississetis

promississent

sepeliverim
sepeliveris
sepeliverit
sepel iver imus
sepeliveritis
sepel iver int

sepel ivissem
sepel ivisses
sepel ivisset
sepel ivissemus
sepelivissetis
sepel ivissent

ceperim

ceperis

ceperit

ceperimus

ceperitis

ceperint

cepissem

cepisses

cepisset

cepissemus

cepissetis

cepissent

Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive

The perfect subjunctive passive of all four conjugations
adds the present subjunctive of esse (sim, sis, sit, simus,
sitis, sint) to the perfect passive participle. The pluperfect
is formed by combining the imperfect subjunctive of esse (essem,
esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent) and the perfect passive
participle.

Perfect Subjunctive Passive of all four Conjugations

First Conjugation

copul atus ,
copul atus ,
copulatus ,
copul at i ,
copulati ,
copulati ,

copulata ,

copulatae ,

copulatum sim
copul at 'jm sis
copulatum sit
copulata simus
copulata sitis
copulata sint

Second Conjugation

doctus, docta, doctum sim

doctus, docta, doctum sis

doctus, docta, doctum sit

docti, doctae, docta simus

docti, doctae, docta sitis

docti, doctae, docta sint

168

Third Conjugation

promissus ,
promissus ,
promissus ,
promissi,
promissi ,
promissi ,

promxssa ,

promissa ,

promissae,

promissae ,

promissum sxm
promissum sis
promissum sit
promissa simus
promissa sitis
promissa sint

Fourth Conjugation

sepultus , sepulta ,
sepultus , sepulta ,
sepultus , sepulta ,
sepulti , sepultae ,
sepulti , sepultae ,
sepulti , sepultae ,

sepultum sim
sepultum sis
sepultum sit
sepulta simus
sepulta sitis
sepulta sint

Third Conjugation -10

captus, capta, captum sim

captus, capta, captum sis

captus, capta, captum sit

capti, captae, capta simus

capti, captae, capta sitis

capti, captae, capta sint

Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive of all Four Conjugations

First Conjugation

copulatus , copulata ,
copulatus , copulata ,
copulatus , copulata ,
copulati , copulatae ,
copulati , copulatae ,
copulati , copulatae ,

Second Conjugation

copulatum essem
copulatum esses
copulatum esset
copulata essemus
copulata essetis
copulata essent

doctus , docta ,
doctus , docta ,
doctus , docta ,
docti , doctae ,
docti , doctae ,
docti , doctae ,

doctum essem
doctum esses
doctum esset
docta essemus
docta essetis
docta essent

169

Third Conjugation

promissus
promissus
promissus
promissi ,
promissi ,
promissi ,

, promissa ,
, promissa ,
, promissa ,
promissae ,
promissae ,
promissae ,

promissum essem
promissum esses
promissum esset
promissa essemus
promissa essetis
promissa essent

Fourth Conjugation

sepultus , sepulta ,
sepultus , sepulta ,
sepultus , sepulta ,
sepulti , sepultae ,
sepulti , sepultae ,
sepulti , sepultae ,

sepultum essem
sepultum esses
sepultum esset
sepulta essemus
sepulta essetis
sepulta essent

Third Conjugation -10

captus , capta ,
captus , capta ,
captus , capta ,
capti , captae ,
capti , captae ,
capti , captae ,

captum essem
captvim essetis
captum essent
capta essemus
capta essetis
capta essent

Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Active of esse

Perfect Pluperfect

fuerim

fueris

fuerit

fuerimus

fueritis

fuerint

fuissem

fuisses

fuisset

fuissemus

fuissetis

fuissent

Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Active of posse
Perfect Pluperfect

potuerim

potueris

potuerit

potuerimus

potueritis

potuerint

potuissem

potuisses

potuisset

potuissemus

potuissetis

potuissent

Some Uses of the Subjimctive

In the above paradigms, no translations have been provided.
This is because the subjunctive can be used in a variety of ways,
and it is, therefore, impossible to assign only one specific

170

meaning to verbs in the subjunctive mood. Listed below are a
number of the more common uses, and translations, of the
subjunctive.

The Jussive or Command Subjunctive

The jussive subjunctive takes its name from the Latin verb
iubere (or jubere) : to command, order. It expresses, as the name
suggests, orders or commands, but only for the first and third
persons singular and plural (I, we; he/she/it, they). (The
present imperative active and passive is used for the second
person singular and plural.) It is often translated in English
by prefacing the verb in the subjunctive with "may," or "let."
Examples are provided below:

Requiescat in sancta pace!

(May he/she rest in holy peace; Let him/her rest in
holy peace! )

Caveat emptor!

( Let the buyer beware ! )

sciant omnes presentes et futuri

(let all [men] know, present and future; or know all ... )

Noverint universi quod ego, Bemardus de Clareto miles,
per hos presentes, creavit, ordinavit, et fecit . . .

(Let all [men] know [or: let it be known to all men] that I,
Bernard de Clareto, knight, have created, established
[ordained] , and made by these presents . . . Many Latin legal
documents such as deeds, wills, leases, marriage contracts,
etc. begin with some type of jussive subjunctive phrases
such as "Let all men know by these presents that ...")

Care should be taken in translating clauses such as the
above to distinguish between presentes, meaning in the present,
now, or at present (as in the example beginning with sciant) and
presentes meaning documents or records. A useful key in this
regard is the word futuri. If presentes is followed by futuri,
then it generally refers to all men, present and future. (In
most later medieval and early modern legal documents women were,
with certain exceptions such as wills or property transfers,
generally excluded.) By contrast, such phrases as per hos
presentes, ab his presentibus, or his presentibus usually refer
to whatever documents were written to attest that which the
writer wished. In such cases, presentes can usually be taken to
mean documents to records.

Purpose

Purpose in classical Latin was usually expressed with ut (in
order that, so that, to) or ne in order that . . . not, so that
not, not to, lest) and the subjunctive. In medieval and parish
register Latin, quod (that, because) plus the subjunctive was

171

also used in clauses of purpose. For example:

Parochus venit ad domum Martini Girardeaux ut eum cum
Sanctis sacramentis muniverit.

(The priest came to the home of Martin Girardeaux in order
to fortify him with the holy sacraments [the last rites],
i.e., for the purpose of fortifying him with the holy
sacraments . )

Ego, Renaud de Thierry, parochus huius ecclesiae
parochialis, baptizavi et nominavi infantem ne sine
nomine obeat.

(I, Renaud de Thierry, priest of this parish church,
baptized and named a child lest it die without a name.)

Result

The result, as opposed to the purpose, of an act, is also
expressed in Latin by the subjunctive. Clauses of result gener-
ally begin with ut or ut non, albeit words such as tam (so), ita
(thus, so), or tantus, tanta, tantum (so great) are also used to
show result. In medieval and parish register Latin, quod might
also precede tantus and the other terms.

The most important difference between clauses of result and
purpose is that the latter indicate why something is or was done,
e.g.. The midwife delivered the child in order to save the life
of its mother (purpose), whereas result clauses show the result
or results of an action taken, e.g.. The midwife was so skilled
in her craft that she saved the lives of many mothers (result).
In other words, as a result of the skill of the midwife (in the
preceding example), the lives of many mothers were saved.
Compare the two examples below:

Parochus litteras dimissorias Annae Mariae Lagenstein dedit
ut Martinum Daumel in parochia sua copularet.

(The priest gave a dimissorial letter to Anna Maria
Lagenstein so that she could marry Martin Daumel in his
own parish [i.e., for the purpose of marrying Martin Daumel
in his own parish] — purpose.)

Note that a dimissorial letter was basically a letter of
permission, one which entitled its bearer to certain
ecclesiastical privileges (such as marrying outside one's own
parish) or exempted the bearer from certain ecclesiastical
restrictions. (See also the word list at the end of this book.)

Parochus teintas dimissoriales parochianis dedit ut multi
extra parochiam copulare possent.

(The priest gave so many dimissorial letters to his
parishioners that many were able to marry outside the
parish — result. [In other words, as a result of the
dimissorial letters given by the priest, many of his
parishioners were able to marry outside their own parish. ] )

172

Conditions

In "should-would" conditions, or future more vivid
conditions, the subjunctive (present tense in classical Latin,
often the imperfect tense in medieval Latin) is used:

Si testamentum condant, bonixm sit.

(If they should make a will, it would be a good thing.)

Si testamentum conderent, bonum esset.

(This is also possible. The meaning is the same with
either usage. )

Conditions contrary to fact, present and past use the
subjunctive mood. For example, the English sentence "If she were
here, she could help us." (but, by implication, she is not so she
cannot) would, if translated into Latin contain verbs in the
subjunctive mood. For present conditions, as in the above
sentence, the imperfect subjunctive would be utilized, for past
conditions, the pluperfect. Latin examples follow:

Si testamentum conderent, bonum esset. (present)
(If they were making a will, it would be a good thing.
[The implication is that they are, unfortunately, not
engaged in this activity at the moment, but they ought
to be.] Do not confuse this usage with the "should-would"
conditions. The sense of the sentence should help to
determine the proper translation.)

Si testamentum condidissent , bonum fuisset. (past)
(If they had made a will, it would have been a good thing.
[This form points out their past failure to have made the
will, so that now, in the present, they must presumably
abide by the consequences of their unwise action.] Note
that in medieval Latin the imperfect can also be used
in past conditions contrary to fact.)

The Subjunctive with cum

Ciim is a conjunction, as well as a preposition with the
ablative case. When used as a conjunction, it is often found
with the subjunctive. In such instances, it has the meaning
"when," "since," "although," "whereas," etc. In classical Latin,
cum was also used with the indicative to mean "when" or
"whenever . "

Cum infcins baptizaverim, statim obiit.

(Although I baptized the child, it died immediately. or:
After I baptized the child, it died immediately. This
example should make it clear that the proper translation
of cum is closely related to the apparent meaning of
the sentence . )

173

Indirect Statement with quod

Indirect statements are those reported through an
intermediary, not directly, e.g.. It is cold outside. (direct
statement) They said that it is cold outside. (indirect state-
ment reported by others). In classical Latin, indirect
statements were generally supplied by combining the infinitive
with the subject accusative. (This usage is discussed in the
next chapter. )

Medieval and parish register Latin more often employed a
verb of saying, thinking, perceiving, etc., with quod (that) or
other words such as ut, quoniam, quia, etc. and the subjunctive
in indirect statements. Compare the two examples below:

Parochus dixit obstetricem infantem n.n. baptizavisse.

(The priest said that the midwife baptized a child, name
unknown — indirect statement with subject accusative and
infinitive. )

Parochus dixit quod obstetrix infantem n.n- baptizaverit.

(The priest said that the midwife baptized a child, name
unknown — indirect statement with quod plus the
sub j unctive . )

Indirect Question

The examples below will help to explain the difference
between a question which is direct, and does not require the
subjunctive, and one which is hidden or indirect and generally
utilizes the subjunctive:

Cuius parochiam episcopus visitavit?

(Whose parish did the bishop visit? [direct question] )

Parochus rogavit cuius parochiam episcopus visitaret.

(The priest asked whose parish the bishop was visiting,
[indirect or hidden question] )

In subordinate clauses in which the indirect question may be
found, classical Latin employed a certain order of the tense of
the verb of saying, thinking, etc., which preceded the indirect
question, as well as the subjunctive in the clause which
followed. If the main indicative verb was in the present or
future tenses, the subordinate subjunctive would utilize either
the present tense (which would indicate action going on at the
same time or time after that of the main verb) or the perfect
(which would show action prior to that of the main verb). If the
main indicative verb was in any of the past tenses (imperfect,
perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect), the subordinate
subjunctive would use either the imperfect (which would point out
action going on at the same time or time after that of the main
verb) or the pluperfect (which would indicate action going on
prior to that of the main verb).

174

Thus, in the example above, the imperfect subjunctive
visitaret is used, correctly, with the main indicative verb
rogavit, which is in the perfect tense. However, the proper
order and use of tenses was, as might be imagined, not always
maintained either in later medieval Latin or parish register
Latin. Conseguently , the sentence above might also appear, for
example, as follows: Parochus rogavit cuius parochiam episcopus
visitaverit (the perfect subjunctive).

The Volitive Siibjunctive

The volitive subjunctive is called such because of the use
of the verb volo, volere, volui (will, wish, want), as well as
other verbs of wishing, willing, ordering, etc. with the
subjunctive. In medieval Latin, the subjunctive was also used
with verbs of promising, such as promittere, attempting (conor,
conari , conatus sum: to attempt), influencing (moveo, movere,
movi, motum: move, influence), preventing (prohibeo, prohibere,
prohibui , prohibitum: prevent, forbid, prohibit), permitting
(permitto, permittere, permissi, pennissum: permit, allow), and
others .

Examples:

Volo quod in hac matricula nomina baptizatorum, copulatorum
et sepultonim contineantur .

(I will that the names of the baptized, married, and buried
shall be contained in this register.)

Episcopus promittit quod duos parochos ordinet.

(The bishop promises that he will ordain two priests. N.B.
Ordinabit [the future indicative active] might also
be found. )

The above summary does not, of course, include all possible
uses of the subjunctive either in classical or medieval Latin,
but, rather, those most likely to be encountered in parish
registers or documents such as wills, marriage contracts, leases,
etc. A standard reference grammar, such as those listed in the
selected bibliography at the rear of this book, should be
consulted for additional information on the subjunctive.

175

EXERCISES: CHAPTER XII

Grammar

Give the subjunctive forms for all four tenses (present,
imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect) of laudare (first conjuga-
tion), videre (second conjugation), conjungere (third
conjugation), audire (fourth conjugation), and capere (third
conjugation io-verb).

Vocabulary

aliqui, aliquae, aliquod:

some , any

cin, conj • : whether, or

animadversio , animadversionis ,
f.: observation, remark

antequam, conj , : before (used
with the subjunctive in
medieval Latin and, on
occasion, in parish regis-
ter entries)

consuetus , consueta,

consuetum: customary,

accustomed

erro, errare, erravi, erratum:
wander, stray

esurio, esurire, esuri, esuri-
tum: be hungry for, be
hungry (in classical Latin,
esurire had no perfect)

finis, finis, m. : end, finish

gaudium, gaudii, n.: joy,
rejoicing

inscribe, inscribere,

inscripsi, inscriptum:
inscribe, write in

intro, intrare, intravi ,
intratum: enter, go into

ludimoderator ,

ludimoderatoris , m,:

teacher, school master

manduco , manducare , manducavi ,
mcinducatum: eat (literally:
swallow rapidly, gorge, a
later Latin word)

note, notare, notavi, notatum:
note, mark, denote

ordinarius , ordinaria, ordi-
narivun: regular, ordinary

panis, panis, m. : bread

peroro, perorare, peroravi ,
peroratum: conclude a
speech, conclude, wind up

quatenus, adv. & conj . : as far
as, since, that (often used
in place of quod plus the
subjunctive)

quomodo , adv.: how, in what
way

removeo , removere , removi ,
remotum: remove, withdraw

respondeo , respondere , respon-
di , responsum: answer,
reply, respond

rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum:
ask

utinam, conj . : if only, would
that (used with the sub-
junctive to express wishes)

vel , conj . : or

176

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

Et respondens Jesus ad eos dixit: nee hoc legistis cpiid
fecerit David cum esurisset ipse et qui cum eo fuerunt,
guomodo intravit in domum Dei et panes propositionis sumpsit
et manducavit et dedit his qui cum ipso fuerunt . . .

(from the Vulgate: Luke, Chapter V:39-VI:5 [slightly altered
for illustrative purposes]; note that much of the
vocabulary for this sentence is found in the general
vocabulary under Section B above; respondens: answering
[present participle of respondere above] ; nee: not;
nee hoc legistis: have you not read? esurisset:
pluperfect subjunctive of esurire above; ipse: he,
himself, or just "he" in this context; qui: those who
[here]; propositio, propositionis, f.: presentation;
panes prepositionis: the shew bread reserved for the
priest in the temple; sumpsit: took; his: to those
ipso: him [here] )

Notandum sit quod nova eeelesia paroehialis in parochia
Sanetae Veronieae ad gloriam majorem Dei et Beatae Mariae
Virginis et omnium Sanctorum aedifieata esset (see above).

Ut cum eonsueta sua suada ad f inem huius nuptialis
solemnitatis peroraret, Johannes Michael Rauch,
ludimoderator , dixit, magno cum gaudio et pluribvis
fletibus, quod multos annos in matrimonio vivere vellet et
plures jubilaeos etiam viderent.
(ut: as [here]; suada, suadae, f.: persuasion;
nuptialis solemnitatis: nuptial solemnity [i.e., a
marriage celebration, since a golden wedding anniversary
is being celebrated here] ; magno cum gaudio = cum
magno gaudio; pluribus: many [abl. pi.]; fletus,
fletus, m. : a weeping, wailing; here, in the plural,
probably just "tears;" vellet: imperfect subjunctive,
third person singular of velle: to wish [here: wished,
subjunctive because of dixit quod]; note that eos [them]
should be understood after vellet but before vivere;
plures: many (ace. pi); jubilaeus, jubilaei, m. : fifty
years; here, a golden or fifty-year wedding anniversary
[a jubilee year in the ancient Hebrew calendar] )

Cum operatio facta sit, et infans ab utero matris remotvis
sit, ambo mater et infcins mortui sunt.

Rogabat quare pater eius matrem eius impraegnaverit et ex
parochia sua erraverit.

( quare , adv . : why? , how? , wherefore? ; note that rogabat
is imperfect and translate accordingly. )

177

D. English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

Let it be noted: a new altar was built in our parish church
to (use ad + ace.) the glory of God, (of) the Blessed Virgin
Mary, and (of) all (of) the saints.

She asked why the priest had left (abisset) the diocese.

In the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred fifty-five,
on the twenty-third day of the month of April, the feunous
and illustrious mayor (major, majoris, m. ) of our village
(use villa) died (mortuus est) , and was buried on the
following day. He was mayor of this village for (use per +
ace.) twenty years and worked (use leiborare) faithfully
(fideliter) and well (bene). Although (use cum +
the subjunctive), his wife died (mortua sit) in childbirth,
he was, nevertheless (teunen, adv.) the father of one son,
who is now a lawyer in the royal court (curia regia) .
May he rest in peace !

If she would come today, it would be a good thing.

The parishioners (parochiani) donated (use donatre) money
(pecunia, pecuniae, f.) in order (ut) to help (use the
present subjunctive of juvo, juvare, juvavi, juvatum:
help) the priest, who was renovating (use renovo renovare,
renovavi, renovatum, imperfect tense, third person singular;
note that renovcire meant "to beautify" in classical Latin.)
the parish church.

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document #1

Translate the printed headings for death entries from a
parish register in Hungary using the vocabulary given previously
under Section B and that which is listed below.

■""

Uu.

MciMM

AtUt

ialM

Stpul-

foo-

WUdU,

ta»H-

ctL

Komcn, Cognomen & Conditio
IMuncu (si proles sit,. Nomea
&: Cognomen Parentum ~
corumque Conditio.)

X^Ifl^k

Loau
Doau«
.cUil

4a fiMTtl
protinut

6«|k«Ui^iu,

Ani^l'j^

Most of the vocabulary for these headings either has been
given in previous chapters or is in the vocabulary under section
B above. Note, however: litera initialis nominis: first letter
of the name: aetas defuncti; locus domicilii: place of residence;
sepeliens: burying (i.e., where buried; present participle, v.
Chapter XIII for additional information.)

178

Document #2

Translate the section of instructions below on the proper
procedures for filling out register entries. This excerpt is from
a parish in Liechtenstein.

j:l-:

CJiU (LU,

Ml '

c^xufimtL

'ucf s^ ciim MjpcnfctiiHteimpeAifKC'nJH j

Ci4t^i ^l

Vocabulary

notetur similiter: let it
likewise be noted!

banc esse: this is (v. Chapter
XIII for a discussion of
the subject accusative and
infinitive in indirect
discourse. )

ordinciricim (see above)

inscribendi: to be inscribed
(future passive participle,
V. Chapter XIII)

quid: literally "what?"; here,
probably, anything

accesserit: from accedo,
accedere, accessi,

accessum: approach; here,
probably, happen (should
have happened)

quoz = quoque, adv. : also
superioribus : to the superiors

(to those above the parish

priest in authority)
adscribendum = ad scribendum:

ought to be written (goes

with id and

extradordinar ium )
e.g.: for example
denunciationes aliquae:

certain marriage banns
vel omnes : or all (of the

banns )
de: with (here)
licentia, licentiae, f.:

permission
episcopi: of the bishop
aut, conj . : or

179

vicarius, vxcarii, m. : vicar

omississent : should be

omitted, should be left out
(from omitto, omittere,
omlssi, omissum: omit,
leave out [-issent has been
omitted at the end of the
line of text] )

post

suppletae: completed (The
antecedent is

denunciationes aliquae.)'*
from suppleo, supplere,
supplevi, suppletum:
complete, fill up, make
good

fuissent: should be

vel : or

impedimenti dirimentis: of
[for] a diriment impediment
or hindrance; from

dirimentis: the present
participle [v. Chapter
XIII] of dirimo, dirimere,
diremi, diremptum: stop,
interrupt, break up (N.B.
See the word list at the
back of this book for a
discussion of diriment
impediments to marriage . )

contraxissent : should be
contracted (i.e, if the
marriage should be

contracted with a

dispensation for a diriment
impediment )

quo casu: in which case

gradus , gradus, m. (see
Chapter X)

exprimendus : from exprimo,
exprimere, expressi,

expressum: express,

articulate (future passive
participle, v. Chapter
XIII, modifying gradus)

quo casu gradus exprimendus
erit: in which case, the
degree (of the diriment
impediment) will be (ought
to be) expressed

vel

coniugum = conjugum: of the
spouses (here)

alterius parochiae: from
another parish

ut fieri desset: so as to
become absent (i.e., if one
of the spouses is from
another parish and is,
therefore, absent from his
or her own parish); for
fieri, v. Chapter XIV;
desset, from desum, desse,
def ui : be absent, be away
from

quoqz = quoque (see above)

denunciatus : here , announced
(i.e., the banns should be
read or announced in the
spouse's own parish, even
if it is necessary for him
or her to leave his/her own
parish in order to marry)

fuisset: translate this with
the conditional "should"

A note on the above: In
connection with the impedi-
ments to marriage, the
sense of this section is
that if the couple should
be married with impedi-
ments, the degree of the
impediment should be
expressed. In other words,
the cause of the hindrance
or impediment, such as a
cousin marrying a cousin,
should be indicated.

180

CHAPTER XIII

Participles

The Periphrastic Active and Passive

The Ablative Absolute

Infinitives

Indirect Statement

Introduction

Participles and infinitives are two parts of speech that are
verbal in nature, and yet distinguish themselves from verbs in
several notable ways. Participles (from particeps, participis:
sharing in, taking part in) are verbal adjectives, which means
that they have tenses and voices, like verbs, and are declined
for gender, number, and case like adjectives (hence participles
"share in" both verbs and adjectives). Also, like an adjective,
a participle must agree with any noun or nouns it modifies in
gender, number, and case; it can also be used as a noun.

An infinitive (from infinitus, infinita, infinitum:

unlimited), as indicated in Chapter III, is a verbal noun
conjugated in Latin for tense and voice only. Although an infin-
itive is, technically, a neuter singular noun, it is not de-
clined for gender, number, and case. Note, however, that when an
infinitive is used as the subjective of a sentence, together with
an intransitive verb, any predicate adjectives in the sentence
will be in the neuter nominative singular, eg., Errare est huma-
num (Errare humanum est.): To err is human.

Participles

Latin participles have three tenses: present, future, and
perfect. Future and perfect Latin participles also have a pas-
sive voice.

The present participle in English ends in -ing, e.g.,
working, speaking, writing, and the past participle of regular
verbs ends in -ed, e.g., worked, but, spoken, written. In the
active voice, English past participles are preceded by "has" or
"have," e.g., "I have worked." "She has written." In the pas-
sive voice, they are preceded by "was" or "were," e.g., "The work
was done by the carpenters." "The baptisms were performed by the
priests. "

Most Latin verbs have four participles: present active,
future active, perfect passive, and future passive. The present
active participle is formed by combining the present stem, such
as copula, doce, promitt, sepeli, or faci with -ns, -ntis, e.g.,
copulans (marrying), copulantis (of marrying), docens (teaching),
docentis (of teaching), promittens (promising), promittentis (of
promising), sepeliens (burying), sepelientis (of burying), and

181

faciens (making), facientis (of making). The meaning of the
Latin present participle is approximately the same as the English
present participle. The present participle is declined like
third declension adjectives, except that the genitive singular
ends in -e rather than -i.

The future active participle is constructed by joining the
stem of the perfect passive participle (the supine stem), the
fourth principal part of the Latin verb, minus -us, -a, -um, etc.
(copulat, doct, premiss, sepult, fact), with the endings -urus,
-ura, -urum (which are declined exactly like first and second
declension adjectives such as bonus, bona, bonum) . The meaning
of the future active participle is "going to do" (something) or
"about to do" (something), thus, for example: copulaturus (about
to marry), docturus (about to teach), promissurus (about to
promise), sepulturus (about to bury), facturus (about to make).

The perfect passive participle was discussed in Chapter IX.
To review, briefly, the perfect passive participle is formed by
combining the stem of the participle (the supine stem), copulat,
etc. with -us, -a, -um, etc. It has the meaning "done" or
"having been done" (e.g., copulatus ([having been] married).
Since this participle is passive, it should always be translated
as such.

The future passive participle links the present stem of the
verb to the endings -ndus, -nda, -ndtim, etc. It is translated as
"to be" (something), "deserving" or "fit to be" (something),
e.g., copulandus (to be married), docendus (to be taught), prom-
ittendus (to be promised), sepeliendus (to be buried), faciendus
(to be made). It is declined like bonus, bona, bonum and other
first and second declension adjectives.

Examples of the participles of verbs of all four conjuga-
tions are given below:

copulare (first conjugation)

Active Meaning

Present copulans (-antis, etc.) marrying (of marrying, etc.)
Future copulatui-us , -a, -um going to marry, about to marry

Passive
Perfect copulatus, -a, -um
Future copulandus, -a, -inn

married, having been married

to be married, deserving, etc.
to be married

182

docere (second conjugation)
Active
Present docens ( -entis , etc . )
Future doctums, -a, -urn

Passive
Perfect doctus, -a, -um
Future docendus, -a, -um

promittere (third conjugation]

Active

Present promittens

( -entis , etc . )

Future promissurus , -a, -um

Passive
Present promissus, -a, -um
Future promittendus , -a, -um

sepelire (fourth conjugation)
Active

Present sepeliens (-ientis,

etc. )

Future sepulturus, -a, -um

Passive
Perfect sepultus, -a, -um
Future sepeliendus, -a, -um

Meaning

teaching (of teaching, etc.)

about to teach, going to teach

taught, having been taught

to be taught, deserving, etc.
to be taught

Meaning

promising (of promising, etc.)

about to promise, going to
promise

promised, having been promised

to be promised, deserving, etc,
to be promised

Meaning

burying (of burying, etc.)

about to bury, going to bury

buried, having been buried

to be buried, deserving, etc.
to be buried

183

facere (third conjugation io-verb)

Active Meaning

Present f aciens , ( -entis , etc . ) making
Future facturus, -a, -um about to make, going to make

Passive

Perfect f actus, -a, -urn made, having been made

Future faciendus, -a, -um to be made, deserving, etc.

to be made

Declension of the Present Participle

Singular Plural

Case Masc. & Fem. Neuter Masc. & Fem. Neuter

Nom.

copulans

copulantes

copulanti a

Gen.

copulantis

copulantium

Dat.

copulanti

copu 1 ant ibus

copulantibus

Ace.

copulantem

copulans

copulantes

copulantia

Abl.

copulante*

copulante

copulantibus

*In classical Latin, a participle used as an attributive
adjective generally ended in -i rather than -e, e.g.,
de copulanti viro (about or concerning the marrying man).
In parish register Latin, either -i or -e might be used,
depending, it would appear, upon the amount of classical
training a priest or other ecclesiastical official might
have received.

Like copulans are declined docens, promittens, sepeliens,
and f aciens .

Examples :

Cum erranti (errante) peregrine venit.

(He/she came with the wandering pilgrim. [The participle
is used here as an attributive adjective which agrees
with peregrinus in gender , number , and case . ] )

Infans natus fuit.

(The child was born. The participle is used here as a
predicate adjective which agrees with the subject infans
in gender, number, and case.)

Ave Caesar morituri te salutamus!

(Hail Caesar, we who are about to die [lit.: we about to
die] salute you! [salutation of Roman gladiators, future
participle] )

184

Hoc beneficium faciendum sit.

(Let this benefice be made. [The participle here is the
future passive, used with the present siibjunctive of
command — see Chapter XII.])

The Active and Passive Periphrastic

The periphrastic construction is, basically a kind of cir-
cumlocution, a way of speaking around or speaking indirectly
about a subject, as opposed to a shorter, more direct and concise
way. (The Greek present active infinitive periphrazein means to
go out indirectly [hence, to periphrase] . ) There are two types
of periphrastic constructions in Latin, each of which uses parti-
ciples, namely, active and passive.

The active form makes use of the future active participle,
and has the meaning "going to do," "about to do," as indicated
above. The passive form utilizes the future passive participle,
and is translated as "to be done."

If the future passive participle — also called the gerun-
dive— is combined with a tense of the verb esse, this is known as
the passive periphrastic. It expresses obligation or necessity,
e.g., Carthago delenda est. (Carthage must, or ought to be,
destroyed. This is a well-known pronouncement of the Roman
statesman Cato.)

In this example, the future passive participle of deleo,
delere, delevi, deletum (destroy) agrees in gender, number, and
case with Carthago, which is feminine. The same is true of all
periphrastic constructions.

If an agent is required with this participial usage to
express the idea that this ought to be done by someone or some-
thing, the ablative preposition a or ab is not used (as it is
with the passive voice to indicate the agent by which something
was done). Instead, the agent, in classical Latin should be
placed in the dative case without a preposition, e.g., Haec poema
mihi scribenda est. (This poem ought to be written by me.) This
construction is not commonly used in parish registers. When it
is found, it is possible that an ablative preposition might be
employed in place of the dative of agency.

Should a participle be used in a phrase or clause, it is
generally translated adverbially, with the aid of a preposition.
Thus, for example, in the sentence Administrans extremam
unctionem, parochus cibiit. (After administering the last rites,
the priest departed. [literally: Administering the last rites,
the priest departed.]) The proper translation of the participle
is usually determined by the apparent meaning of the sentence in
which it occurs .

185

The tense of the participle, as the above example indicates,
is not the same as that of the main indicative verb.
Administrans is the present participle, while abiit is the per-
fect indicative active, third person singular. The reason for
this apparent discrepancy is that the tense of the participle is
relative to that of the main verb, i.e..

Participle Action

Present same time as that of the main verb

Future time after that of the main verb

Perfect time before that of the main verb

However, in ecclesiastical Latin (as, for example, the Latin
of the Vulgate) and in certain types of medieval documents, which
seemingly influenced the Latin of parish registers, the present
participle might also be utilized to show action which occurred
before that of the main verb. (This was done, originally, in an
attempt to imitate the Greek aorist participle which has no exact
Latin equivalent. )

In general, present participles, when found in parish regis-
ter entries or in commentaries by priests or other ecclesiastical
officials, are used much the same way as they are in English.
They can, therefore, be translated accordingly.

The Ablative Absolute

A noun or pronoun and a participle may be joined in Latin,
and made more or less independent of the sentence of which they
are a part, by placing them in the ablative case. This construc-
tion, called the "ablative absolute" because of its independence
from the rest of the sentence, is very common in both classical
and medieval Latin. It is used to express circumstance or time,
and is preceded by such words as "when," "since," "although,"
"after," "because," and "if." Thus, for example:

Omnibus sacramentis munitis, pie in domino obiit.

(literally: Having been fortified by all the sacraments,
he/she died piously in the Lord. Or: After he or she had
received the last rites, he/she died piously in the Lord.
Here, the perfect passive participle of munio, munire
munivi, mimitum: fortify, build, secure, protect, is
combined with the noun sacramentum and the adjective
omnis, omne. Note that omnibus sacramentis munitus/a —
an ablative of means [fortified by means of the
sacraments] — is more likely to be encountered in death
entries in connection with the last rites than the ablative
absolute. )

186

Tribus in hac ecclesia parochial!, in Niedersheim, et in
Kappel in quo sponsus laborabat, factis proclamationibus ,
copulati sunt, honestus juvenis Joheinnes Rath et pudica
virgo Anna Catherina Brueck.

(literally: Three in this parish church, in Niedersheim and
in Kappel, in which the bridegroom used to work, having
been made banns , were married the upright young man
Johannes Rath and the chaste virgin Anna Catherina Brueck.
Or: After three marriage banns had been made [posted,
announced, etc.] in this parish church, in Niedersheim, and
in Kappel, in which the bridegroom used to work, the
upright young man Johannes Rather and the chaste virgin
Anna Catherina Brueck were married. Here the ablative
absolute is tribus factis proclamationibus [some other
arrangement such as tribus proclamationibus factis is
also possible] ; factis is the participle — the perfect
passive participle — while proclamationibus is the noun and
tribus the adjective.)

Since classical Latin had no present participle of the verb
esse (being), two nouns, or a noun and a adjective, could be
placed in the ablative case with the participle "being" under-
stood, e.g. ,

praesentibus testibus . . .

(the present witnesses being ... or, the present witnesses
are or were ...; or, the witnesses present are or were ...;
praesentibus [or presentibus] is often found alone,
with testibus understood. )

susceptoribus ex sacro f onte baptismi . . .

(the godparents being [are or were]; literally: those lifting
[the child] from the sacred font of baptism are or were . . .

In parish registers, the ablative absolute is likely to be
found in the following expressions:

1) To give the godparents in a baptismal entry:

Heri nata et hodie baptizata est, Helena, filia
legitima Martini Hock et Mariae Magdalenae Rickert.
Levantibus: Joanne Hock, fratre patris, et Helena Julianna
Kranz, uxore Caroli Hansen ex villa nova.

(Yesterday [was] born and today was baptized, Helena,
legitimate daughter of Martin Hock and Maria Magdalena
Rickert. The godparents were [being]: Johann Hock, a
brother of the father, and Helena Julianna Kranz, wife
of Carl Hansen from Neuhof . Levantibus is from the
verb levo, levare, levavi, levatum: to raise up,
lift up, and refers to the practice of the godparents
raising the child from the baptismal font. Note, however,
that such statements as patrini fuerunt: [the godparents
were:] are perhaps more common than the ablative absolute
in birth entries.)

187

2) In marriage entries:

a) To list the marriage banns:

Anno Domini 1754 et die X Maii denunciationibus
praemissis tribus, quamm prima Dominica III post
Pascham, secunda Dominica IV post Pascham, et
tertia Dominica V post Pascham . . .

(In the year of our Lord 1754 on the tenth day of May
three marriage banns were published before* [the
marriage] , of which the first [was published] on the
third Sunday after Easter, the second on the fourth
Sunday after Easter, and the third on the fifth
Sunday after Easter)

*praemitto, praemittere, praemissi, praemissum:

send before, dispatch, publish previously or before

N.B. In this example, the dates of the marriage banns
have been slightly altered for illustrative
purposes and are not accurate representations
of actual days.

b) To indicate whether or not any hindrances to the
marriage may have been revealed and, if so, whether
or not these were removed by a special dispensation:

nulloque impedimento detecto**, ex parte sponsi aut
sponsae . . .

(and no impediment was [having been] revealed, on the
part of the bridegroom or the bride . . . )

**detego, detegere, detexi, detectum: uncover, reveal

nulloque detecto neque canonico neque civili
impedimento excepto tertio et quarto consanguinitatis
gradu, autem ab episcopo dispensatio data est

(and no hindrance [impediment] having been revealed,
neither canonical nor civil, except in the third and
fourth degree of consanguinity [blood relationship] ,
however a dispensation was given by the bishop . . . )

c) To list the names of the witnesses:

Praesentibus testibus: Joanne* Herult, agricola huius
loci, Jacobo Till, mercatore ex Winzighausen, et
Susanna Marianna Gross, sorore sponsae . . .

(The witnesses present [or, the present witnesses] were
[being]: Johann Herult, a farmer of this place, Jakob
Till, a merchant from Winzighausen, and Susanna
Marianna Gross, a sister of the bride ...)

*The names and occupations or status of any witnesses
listed using the ablative absolute must be in the
ablative case (hence, Joanne, Jacobo, Susanna
Marianna, agricola, mercatore, and sorore) .

Note the uses of the ablative absolute in the following:

Anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo octavo die
vero vigesima septima mensis Aprilis factis tribus
publicationibus de futuro matrimonio inter missas
solemnes, nulloque detecto negue canonico negue civili
impedimento excepto tertio et guarto consanguinitatis
gradu, autem ab episcopo dispensatio data est et cum
consensu mutuo guorum interest, a me infrascripto
parocho matrimonialiter conjuncti sunt, honestus juvenis
Stephanus Taunis et pudica virgo Petronella Kramer.
Praesentibus : Ludivico Bichantz, tonsore, et Jacobo
Hunger , serrario , ambo huius loci , gui una meciun
subscr ipserunt .

(In the year one thousand seven hundred seventy-eight, on
the twenty-seventh day [truly] of the month of April,
three marriage banns were made [published] between solemn
masses concerning a [the] future marriage, and no hindrance
[impediment] was revealed, neither canonical nor civil
[i.e., an impediment in canon or civil law] except in
the third and fourth degree of consanguinity, [for which]
however, a dispensation was given by the bishop, and with
the mutual consent of those concerned [of those of whom
it is a concern], by me the undersigned priest were joined
matrimonially [i.e., were married], the upright young man
Stephan Taunis and the chaste virgin Petronella Kramer.
The witnesses present [or the present witnesses] were
(being): Ludwig [Louis] Bichantz, barber [hair dresser],
and Jakob Bunger, locksmith, both of [from] this place,
who together with me signed [wrote] below.)

For a discussion of the impediments to marriage, and the
degree of consanguinity [blood relationship] involved,
see the word list.

d) In death entries, to provide information concerning
whether or not the deceased received the last rites:
(or with the ablative of means, as noted above)

Vigesimo octo mensis Septembris emno domini 1668 Maria
Anna Gartner, ixxor Josephi Weld etiam defuncti, omnibus
sacramentis munitis (munita) , pie in domino nostro
Jesu Christo obiit. Reguiescat in sancta pace!

(On the twenty-eighth [day] of the month of September
in the year of our Lord 1668 Maria Anna Gartner, wife
of Joseph Weld already deceased, fortified with all
[of] the sacraments, died piously in our Lord Jesus
Christ. May she rest in holy peace! [Rest in holy
peace! ] )

189

Note that the ablative absolute might also be used in death
entries to furnish the names and status or occupation of any
witnesses provided, e.g., Presentibus testibus : Martino
Reinhardt, fabro cupri, et Roberto Gest, ludimagistro. (The
witnesses present [were]: Martin Reinhardt, coppersmith, and
Robert Gest, school master [teacher] . )

Infinitives: Active and Passive

There are six infinitives in Latin, three in the active and
three in the passive voice. These include the following:

active: present infinitive
perfect infinitive
future infinitive

passive: present infinitive
perfect infinitive
future infinitive

Active Infinitives

The present active infinitive is formed by adding -re or
-ere to the present stem, e.g., copulare: to marry, docere: to
teach, promittere: to promise, sepelire: to bury, and facere to
make. The present active infinitive is the second principal part
of the Latin verb.

The perfect active infinitive combines the perfect stem with
-isse, e.g., copulavisse: to have married, docuisse: to have
taught, promississe: to have promised, sepelivisse: to have
buried, and fecisse: to have made.

The future infinitive is constructed by linking the future
active participle (discussed above) with esse, e.g., copulatunis
esse: to be about to [going to] marry, docturus esse: to be about
to teach, promissurus esse: to be about to promise, sepulturus
esse: to be about to bury, and facturus esse: to be about to
make.

Passive Infinitives

The present passive infinitive is formed by combining the
present stem with -ri or -i, e.g., copulari : to be married,
doceri: to be taught, promitti : to be promised (present stem
promitt plus -i), sepeliri: to be buried, faceri: to be made.
Note that the meaning here (and in the case of the other two
infinitives discussed below) is always passive and must be trans-
lated accordingly.

The perfect passive infinitive consists of the perfect
passive participle and esse, e.g., copulatus esse: to have been
married, doctus esse: to have been taught, promissus esse: to
have been promised, sepultus esse: to have been buried, and

190

f actus esse: to have been made.

The future passive infinitive is the supine accusative
singular plus iri, e.g., copulatum iri: to be about to [going to]
be married, doctum iri: to be about to be taught, promissum iri:
to be about to be promised, sepultum iri: to be about to be
buried, and factum iri: to be about to be made. The future
passive participle was rarely used in classical Latin and is
seldom, if ever, found in parish register entries.

Indirect Statement

Perhaps the most important use of the infinitive in classi-
cal Latin was in indirect statement or discourse. Direct
statement, as may be recalled from the previous chapter, is an
actual statement of fact such as "The girl won the race." or,
"The boy walked to school." Indirect statement is, as the name
suggests, a statement made by someone else about the event, e.g.,
"He said that the girl won the race." "The teacher said that the
boy walked to school."

In classical Latin, there was no word or expression for
"that" after a verb of saying, thinking, reporting, etc. In-
stead, the Romans put the subject in the accusative case and the
verb in the infinitive. Compare the two sentences below:

Eodem die Sebastianus Hinck obiit.

(On the same day, Sebastian Hinck died [direct statement].)

Parochus dixit eodem die Sebastianum Hinck obisse [obiisse] . )

(The priest said that on the same day Sebastian Hinck died
[indirect statement].)

In medieval Latin, however, the indirect statement was often
replaced by a verb of saying, thinking, etc. and quod (that) plus
the subjunctive. If indirect statements are found in parish
registers entries, they are more likely to utilize this con-
struction than the classical subject accusative and infinitive.
(The use of quod with the subjunctive was explained in the previ-
ous chapter. )

The sequence of tenses in an indirect statement is similar
to that of the participle, e.g.,

present infinitive: same time as the main verb
perfect infinitive: time before the main verb
future infinitive: time after that of the main verb

Examples :

Present Main Verb

191

Dicit parochujn puellcun baptizare.

(He/she says that the priest baptizes the girl. The statement
and the baptism occur at the same time, the present.)

Dicit parochum puellam baptizavisse.

(He/she says that the priest baptized the girl. The baptism
comes before the statement, which is in the present. )

Dicit parochum puelletm baptizaturus esse.

(He/she says that the priest will baptize the girl. The
statement, in the present, is made prior to the baptism.

Perfect Main Verb

Dixit parochum puellam baptizare.

(He/she said that the priest was baptizing the girl. The
statement and baptism occur at the same time, in the past.)

Dixit parochum puellam baptizavisse.

(He/she said that the priest had baptized the girl. The
baptism took place in the past, before the statement was
made. )

Dixit parochum puellam baptizaturus esse.

(He/she said that the priest would baptize the girl. The
statement, made in the past, occurred before the baptism. )

Future Main Verb

Dicet parochum puellam baptizare.

(He/she will say that the priest baptizes the girl. The
statement and baptism both occur at the same time, in
the future . )

Dicet parochum puellam baptizavisse.

(He/she will say that the priest baptized the girl. The
baptism will come first, in the past, before the statement
about it is made in the future. )

Dicet parochum puellam baptizaturus esse.

(He will say that the priest will baptize the girl. The
statement comes first, then the baptism, and both occur
in the future . )

192

EXERCISES: CHAPTER XIII

A. Grammar

List all forms of the participles of humare (first conjuga-
tion), tenere (second conjugation), vivere (third conjugation),
sepelire (fourth conjugation), and facere (third conjugation io-
verb). Decline the present participle of baptizare. List all
infinitives of maritare (first conjugation), videre (second
conjugation), promittere (third conjugation), venire (fourth
conjugation), and capere (third conjugation io-verb).

B. Vocabulary

Learn any new words given in this chapter, plus the follow-

ing:

praemitto, praemittere,

praemissi, praemissum: send
before, dispatch, publish
previously (premitto)

detego , detegere , detexi ,
detectum: uncover, reveal,
detect

praesto , praestare , praestiti ,
praestitum: show, profess,
pledge, lend (presto)

praestare juramentum: to take
an oath

carentia, carentiae, f.:
penance accompanied by
fasting (from careo,
carere, carui, cariturus:
want, lack, be without,
used with an ablative of
separation in classical
Latin)

guicumgue, guaecumgue ,

quodcumque : whosoever,
whatsoever (declined like:
qui , quae , quod )

obtineo, obtinere, obtinui ,
obtentum: obtain, hold,
possess (optineo)

gravis, grave, adj.: heavy,

severe
causa , causae , f . : cause
proclamatio, proclamationis ,

f . : bann , announcement

littera, litterae, f.: a
letter of the alphabet;
plural: a letter (written)

dimissorius , dimissoria ,
dimissorium: when used with
litterae in the plural, a
dimissoral letter; in the
case of marriage, for
example, a letter from an
ecclesiastical authority
which might grant

permission to marry outside
of one's own parish or
diocese. (v. the word list
for other definitions)

dimissorialis, dimissoriale,
adj . : see above ; as a noun ,
pi.: dimissorial letters,
or a dimissorial letter

dispensatio, dispensationis,
f.: dispensation, permis-
sion

193

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

4ta Maii 1768 praehcibita dispensations in tribus bannis

et dimissorialibus a reverendo domino parocho matrimonium

contraxerunt , Quirinus Laumen et Anna Cornelia Heyen.

Presentibus testibus vero Christian© Rodegast et Reinero

Fleischer.

(praehabito, praehabitare , praehabitavi , praehabitatum:

supply, furnish, offer; cl. Latin: praehibeo, praehibere,

praehibui, praehibittun)

Anno millesimo septingentesimo octogesimo octavo die
decimo mensis Octobris hora decima post meridiem in utero
materno ab obstetrice jurata Maria Catherina Hirt, uxore
Theoboldo Hirt cive et doliario in hoc loco, ob imminens
mortis periculum et propter necessitatem apertam, baptizata
est infans, filia legitima Josephi Bringel, civis et
agricolae et pro tempore deputale municipalis et Magdalenae
Frick conjugum, cui impositum est ab obstetrice nomen
Susannam, quae postea suscepto baptismo mortua est.
Praesentibus testibus: patre supreuiominato et obstetrice,
qui ambo una mecum Rudolf o Krietscher , parocho huius loci ,
subscr ipserunt .

(juratus, jurata, juratum: legal, lawful; doliarius,
doliarii, m. : cooper, barrel maker; aperio, aperire,
aperui, apertum: evident, open, exposed; deputale
municipalis: being a deputy of the city or community [i.e.,
a town councillor] ; suscipio, suscipere, suscepi,
susceptum: undertake, take up; supranominatus ,
supranominata , supranominatum: above named; una mecum:
together with me)

Anno millesimo sescentesimo nonagesimo et die decimo quinto
mensis Februarii in hac nostra ecclesia parochiali factis
tribus denunciationibus quarum prima, die tricesimo primo
Januarii, secunda, septimo huius mensis, et tertia, die
decimo quarto, nulloque detecto impediment©, et cum consensu
eorum quorum interest obtento, in vinculis sancti matrimonii
conjvmcti sunt Stephanus Franciscus Heyer, Jacobi Heyer
civis in hoc loco et defunctae Catharinae Annae Bilsch
filius legit imus natus viginti quatuor annos et octo
circiter menses, et Philippina Drossel Georgii Drossel
civis huius loci et Mariae Philippinae Schmitt filia
legitima nata viginti unum annos et quatuor menses, a me
Paulo Josepho Heralt parocho huius dicti loci.
Praesentibus: Adolpho Braun, ludimagistro una cum patre
sponsi et patre sponsae. Adolphus Braun subscripsit,
sed pater sponsi et pater sponsae dixerunt quod scribere
nescirent et sic signa eorum fecerunt.

( denunciatio , denunciationis , f.: marriage bann; consensus,
consensus, m. : consent; interest: it concerns; vinculum,
vinculi, n.: bond, chain; nescirent: they did not know [how])

194

1805 Maius, Martinus Caspar! Eislinger, colon! hujus et
El!sabethae Kangger, conjugmn, fil!us leg!t!mus natus est
9na Ma!! hora 6ta vespertina. Puer !n eccles!a paroch!al!
Sctnct! v!t!! hora 8va vespert!na a parocho bapt!zatus est.
Levans fuit Mar!a Wester!n, vulgo Meier, xixor Michael!s
Wester colon! in Oberholzer.

(colonus, colon!, m. : fanner, settler, landholder; hujus =
hu!us; vulgo = vulgo dicta)

Proles anonyma: Matthaei Nebl feibri ex villa nostra et Evae
Gertrudae Goldhofer conjugmn filius legitimus et
primogenitus ob dif icultatem partus 2 dies durantem in utero
ab obstetrice, in arte sua longe pertissima, signum vitae
advertens, baptizatus est circa horam tertiam ante meridiem
vicesimo secundo mensis Julii, statim obiit eodemque die
circa horam quinteim translatus ad tumulum et sepultus est.
(durantem: present participle [ace] of duro, durare,
duravi, duratum: last, endure; ars, artis, f.: art, skill,
ability; peritus, perita, peritum: experienced, skillful,
expert; adverto, advertere, advert!, adversum:
perceive, attract, turn towards; statim, adv.: immediately;
translatus [est] : carried away [here] )

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

On the third day of the month of October, toward the fifth
hour of the evening, the legitimate daughter of Martin
Margolin and Marie Eva Faubert, was born, and, because of
imminent danger of death, was baptized by the midwife.

After the publication of three marriage banns, the first
on the 14th of J;ine, the second on the 21st of June, and
the third on the 28th of June, and no hindrance having
been uncovered, the mutual consent of those of whom it is
a concern having been obtained, August Grenz, worker and
citizen of Rankweil, legitimate son of William Thomas
Grenz, also (eticun) a worker and citizen of Rankweil,
and of his wife Regina Margaretha Eberhardt, and Penelopea
Mathilda Siedler, legitimate daughter of Thomas Jacob
Sielder, a cooper and citizen of our village, and of his
wife Ottilia Gertruda Falk, were joined in the bonds of
holy matrimony by me Casparus Kratz, priest of this parish.
The witnesses present were: John Frederick Wann, carpenter
and citizen of our village, Thomas Michael Wolfenstein,
blacksmith and citizen of Grenzweil, and Gerhardus Martin
Grenz, brother of the groom, farmer and citizen of
Rankweil. All three of the witnesses said that they did
not know how to write, and so (sic) they made their marks.

195

When the child was examined (use the ablative absolute with
exajnino, examinare, examinavi, examinatiim) , the midwife,
being very skilled in her art, perceived (use cemo,
cemere, crevi, ere turn) that it lived (use the subject
accusative for "it," i.e., eum and the perfect active
infinitive for "lived") and baptized it. After the baptism,
the child died immediately and was carried away to the
cemetery on the same day and buried.

On the thirtieth day of December in the year of our Lord
one thousand six hundred twenty-five, the upright and
faithful (fidelis, fidele) Mary Catherine Ostwald,
widow of the mayor, lord Robertus Sigmundus Regenkamp,
while living (dum vivens) a most illustrious citizen of
the town of Bordenheim, died piously (pie) in our Lord
Jesus Christ, after receiving extreme unction (use the
ablative, e.g., unctione extrema recepta, etc.)

Since the bishop is about to make a journey (iter facere:
to take trip, make a journey; use the future participle of
facere), he will ordain (use ordinare) two priests.

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document #1

With the aid of the vocabulary in Section B and below,
translate the following marriage entry from a German parish.
There are some Gothic letters here, so study the vocabulary
carefully before translating.

JimXtt
vctxn

4fC

Aniui Mavia
(xanhtumrin

Amu Dtfrntfu Jij^ JUt^O^ll .M^ duuuul*iumlui tutmlAh-bnJbuitSC Jb^mu-
ptfA^BJcfui ;.* SUM. OMBt jtS^ Mofi.'f ioAii, nuiWuc U«cci]m« wmdlmtMa dtbA» ,

tifUnUi ot gCAvu ouiIm lucntui a 'Kb^ VuMn^ttu-f^vdiSJ. , «ul Hi/lk. $AvtiH4M,
£m Wta icxifiHU TmxoJiut £,<Adim. 6Atiktjuniit ksnAum. C^ti^im- ^<kmitt OL
/Cu.vtl3P«-AccA*P«>t<<li<^titvtr«W!i<^A>ytU[yMK M«MJl)ur«*.Ma^<n&UMiu '^•^ f
hUdtttuM-Sckmitt B.m.Cwu iU^flnxS^AnnA MfLn« tiMtm. 0(baak (jtr^ufun {lilunXf
rttx. n»n. nantJkdm Atuuuti Maxuuk (xvdntlmtA f lei* J^xttuuuu (svi0uxrrux
Qyt* in O/fcnbofAfd^ AniuK £.liCd)mtkjt ruttM. ^Jl^t&uM Ca/^u*um l^tinuun, iiU'^m
lntttt»^vi , mutu»^u^ c^cum €bnUnlM^ ctnun mcpctJik* , A kai>aa JjtUmnittx pa

^i^m./ <XJ0,uux4, Sturm CiyiUu 0/li«4«.£««/»U^, InjUvn .

OflcnkuA^ lit fufuL ,

196

Vocabulary

quidem: even, indeed
Dominica V. post Pascha(m):
the fifth Sunday after
Easter (a movable feast
day)
Pascha, Paschae, f.: Easter
zda = 2da = seciinda
in festo Ascensionis: in the

feast of the Ascension
D.N.J.C. = Domini Nostri Jesu
Christi: of our Lord Jesus
Christ (i.e., in [during]
the feast of the Ascension
of our Lord Jesus, a
movable feast day which
traditionally occurred
forty days after Easter)
Dom. VI. post Pascha: the

sixth Sunday after Easter
qua = quae
factis: goes with denunciatio-

nibus praemissis tribus
nulloque legitime impedimento

detecto
praestito: established

[showed]
insuper, adv. : moreover
pars, partis, f.: part (N.B.
The accusative of this novm
can be either partem or
partim, and the ablative
either parte or parti.)
juramento de carentia: by an

oath of (from) penance
cujuscunque = cuiuscumc[ue
cuiuscumque impedimenti: of
(any) impediment whatsoever
obtenta (v. obtineo above)
ob graves causas: because of

important (heavy) causes
obtenta licentia: an ablative
absolute = permission
having been obtained be-
cause of important causes
Rev. mo = reverendissimo: the
most reverend, the right
reverend
vicariatus, vicariatus, m. :
vicarate or vicariate, the
office of a vicar; here,
possibly, vicar

Spirensi: of Speyer (a German
city); ablative because it
is part of a me reveren-
dissimo vicariatu Spirensi
ad missae solemnia: to (for)
the solemnities of the mass
Offenbacensis: of Offenbach (a

place name)
Casparum Schmitt;
Rueveren: a place name
archidiocelis: archdiocese
Trevirensis: of Trier (a

German city)
Satinpia, Satinpiae, f.: the
name of the monastery (Note
that the genitive singular
Satinpiae is used here with
monasterio; i.e., in the
monastery of Satinpia.)
Mayenfeldensis: of Mayenfeld

(a place name)
page: from pagus, pagi , m. :
village (add "in" when
translating)
Matthia = Matthiae
p.m. = piae memoriae: of
blessed memory, i.e.,
deceased
nee non: and not, moreover,
and also
r\
jois = Jocuinis
Anna Elisabetha nata = Annae

Elisbethae natae
interrogavi: I examined,

questioned
mutuoque eorum consensu: and

with their mutual consent
coram me praestito: pledged

(given) in my presence
habito : sworn ( here )
verbum, verba, n.: word
de praesenti: concerning the
present (i.e., the present
mutual consent)
Andrea Vogler: a first and

last name
sutor, sutoris, m. : shoemaker
in fidem: in faith, faithfully
ut supra: as above

197

Document #2

With the aid of the vocabulary below, translate the
following marriage entry from the former provinces of Alsace-
Lorraine (now in northern France). Note that the medial -s
(i.e., in the middle of a word) resembles an English -h or -f
(also,' occasionally, at the beginning of a word).

y4to 'fum^^t^-

tHU^-/^^^**^^^

/Si.

^^^^^i^J^^ -^:^-^^ ^^^- ^^^^

198

docere (second conjugation), gerund: docendum
Case Gerund Meaning

Noiti.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

docendi
docendo
docendum
docendo

of/from teaching
to/for teaching
teaching (d.o., etc.)
by/with/f rom, etc. teaching

promittere (third conjugation), gerund: promittendum
Case Gerund Meaning

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

promittendi
promi ttendo
pr omi ttendum
promi ttendo

of/from promising
to/for promising
promising (d.o., etc.)
by/with/from, etc. promising

sepelire (fourth conjugation), gerund: sepeliendum
Case Gerund Meaning

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

sepeliendi
sepeliendo
sepeliendum
sepeliendo

of/from burying

to/for burying

burying (d.o., etc.)

by /with/from, etc. burying

facere (third conjugation io-verb), gerund: faciendum
Case Gerund Meaning

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

faciendi
faciendo
faciendum
faciendo

of/from making
to/for making
making (d.o., etc.)
by/with/from, etc. making

Example :

Advocatus mittetur ex nobis ad regandum et gvibemandum
omnia necessaria.

(The lawyer is sent by [from] us for the purpose of
regulating and directing all necessary things.)

As may be seen above, the accusative gerund was often used
in medieval Latin with ad to express purpose, e.g., ad copulandum
(for the purpose of marrying [towards marrying]).

201

Gerrrnd and Gerundive

The gerund, as indicated above, is a verbal noun in the
active voice only. The gerundive, or future passive participle,
is, by contrast, a verbal adjective in the passive voice which,
as discussed in the preceding chapter, has the meaning of "to be"
(something), "fit or deserving to be" (something), e.g.,
laudandus, laudanda, laudandum: to be praised, deserving or fit
to be praised.

The gerundive masculine and neuter singular for the cases
other than the nominative are declined exactly the same way as
the gerund. Since, however, one is active and the other passive
in voice, it is important to distinguish between the two. In
parish registers, this should not be overly difficult. The
meaning of the word in context should be considered carefully in
order to make the proper translation.

In the previous example, if regandum et gubernandum were
gerundives, the translation would have to be: "The lawyer is sent
by us to be regulated and to be directed all necessary things,"
which would make no real sense. (The sentence: "The lawyer is
sent by us so that all necessary things might be regulated and
directed," would require an entirely different construction,
namely, a subjunctive clause of purpose.)

In both classical and medieval Latin, there are, however,
numerous instances of the use of the gerundive in place of the
gerund (i.e., an active translation of the passive voice).
Consequently, it will be useful to consider the gerundive more
closely. The gerundive is frequently found in legal documents,
and, occasionally, in parish registers, in certain fixed expres-
sions, such as, for example:

habendum et tenendum

(literally: a thing to be had and a thing to be held,
usually translated as "to have and to hold" [active
meaning with a passive form] )

Dos filiae meae data est habendum et tenendum.

(A dowry is given to my daughter to have and to hold. )

Note in the last example that habendum et tenendum, both
future passive participles, do not agree in gender with dos,
dotis (dowry), the subject, which is feminine. This is because
habendum et tenendum was often used as a more or less standard
phrase which remained independent of the rest of the sentence.
It was also abbreviated, on occasion, as habend' et tenend' .

Additional examples of the use of the gerundive in place of
the gerund are given below:

202

notandum est

(it is to be noted . . . or, note! [active meaning])

notandum sit

(it should be noted . . .or, note!)

sciendum est

(it is to be known . . .or, know!)

sciendum sit

(it should be known . . .or, know!)

The Irregular Verbs fio, volo, fero, eo

fio, fiere, f actus sum (be made, be done, become)

This verb was used in both classical and medieval Latin as
the passive form of facio, facere, feci, factum. Although the
perfect system is exactly the same for both verbs (f actus, facta,
factum sum, ero, eram, sim, essem, etc.) the present, future, and
imperfect indicative active are rather different, as noted below:

Present Indicative of fieri

fio I am made , done , I become

f is you are made , done , you become

fit he/she/it (or a noun) is made, done, he/she/it

becomes

fimus we are made, done, we become

fitis you (all) are made, done, you (all) become

f iunt they ( or a noun ) are made , done , they become

Future Indicative of fieri

fiam I shall be made, done, I shall become

fies you will be made, done, you will become

fiet he/she/it (or a noun) will be made, done,

he/she/it will become
fiemus we shall be made, done, we shall become
fietis you (all) will be made, done, you (all) will

become
fient they will be made, done, they will become

Imperfect Indicative of fieri

fiebam I was made, done, I became

f iebas you were made , done , you became

fiebat he/she/it (or a noun) was made, done,

he/she/it became

f iebamus we were made , done , we became

fiebatis you (all) were made, done, you (all) became

fiebant they (or a noun) were made, done, they became

203

Note that the meaning here is always passive. Thus, for
example, the sentence Matrimonium fit would be translated: "The
marriage is made," not "He/she is making the marriage." (This
would be Matrimonium facit. )

Subjunctive of fieri (for possible translations,

V. Chapter XII)

Present

f iam
f ias
fiat
f iamus
f iatis
f iant

Imperfect

f ierem
f ieres
f ieret
f ieremus
f ieret is
f ierent

Infinitives

Present: fieri (to be made, be done, become)

Perfect: f actus esse (to have been made, done, to have

become )
Future : factum iri ( to be about to be made , done , to be

about to become )

Participles

Perfect: f actus, facta, factum (having been made, done)
Future: faciendus, facienda, faciendiun (to be done, made,

deserving or fit to be done, made)

vole, velle (not velere) , volui (wish, want, be willing, will)

Volo is an irregular verb of the third conjugation. The
perfect system, volui, etc., and the perfect subjunctive are,
however, regular. Most of the irregularities may be found in the
present indicative, present subjunctive, and, to a degree, the
imperfect subjunctive as shown below:

Present Indicative Active of velle

volo

vis

vult

volumus
volutis
volunt

I wish, want, will, etc.

you wish, want, will, etc.

he/she/it (or a noun) wishes, wants,

wills, etc.

we wish, want, will, etc.

you (all) wish, want, will, etc.

they (or a noun) wish, want, will, etc.

204

Future Indicative Active of velle

volam
voles
volet

vol emus
volet is
volent

I shall wish, want, will, etc.

you will wish, want, will, etc.

he/she/it (or a noun) will wish, want,

will, etc.

we shall wish, want, will, etc.

you (all) will wish, want, will, etc.

they (or a noun) will wish, want, will, etc,

Imperfect Indicative Active of velle

volebam I wished, was wishing, wanting, willing, etc.
volebas you wished, were wishing, wanting,

willing, etc.
volebat he/she/it (or a noun) wished, was wishing,

wanting, willing, etc.
volebamus we wished, were wishing, wanting, willing, etc,
volebatis you (all) wished, were wishing, wanting,

willing, etc.
volebant they (or a noun) wished, were wishing,

wanting, willing, etc.

Perfect Indicative Active of velle (stem: volu)

volui I wished, wanted, willed, have wished, etc.

voluisti you wished, wanted, willed, have wished, etc.
voluit he/she/it (or a noun) wished, wanted, willed,

has wished, etc.
voluimus we wished, wanted, willed, haved wished, etc.
voluistis you (all) wished, wanted, willed, have

wished, etc.
voluerunt they (or a noun) wished, wanted, willed,

have wished, etc.

Pluperfect Indicative Active of velle

volueram I had wished, wanted, willed, etc.
volueras you had wished, wanted, willed, etc.
voluerat he/she/it (or a noun) had wished, wanted,

willed, etc.
volueramus we had wished, wanted, willed, etc.
volueratis you (all) had wished, wanted, willed, etc.
voluerant they (or a noun) had wished, wanted,

willed, etc.

205

Future Perfect Indicative Active of velle

voluero I shall have wished, wanted, willed, etc.
volueris you will have wished, wanted, willed, etc.
voluerit he/she/it (or a noun) will have wished,

wanted, willed, etc.
voluerimus we shall have wished, wanted, willed, etc.
volueritis you (all) will have wished, wanted,

willed, etc.
voluerint they (or a noun) will have wished, wanted,

willed, etc.

(Velle has no passive voice.)
Subjunctive of velle

Present Imperfect

velim

velis

velit

velimus

velitis

velint

Perfect

voluerim

volueris

voluerit

voluerimus

volueritis

voluerint

Participle of velle

Active

Present volens

Infinitives of velle

Present
Perfect

Active

velle
voluisse

vellem

velles

vellet

veil emus

velletis

vellent

Pluperfect

voluissem

voluisses

voluisset

voluissemus

voluissetis

voluissent

Meaning

willing, wanting, wishing, etc.

Meaning

to wish, want, will, etc.

to have wished, wanted, willed, etc,

As discussed in Chapter XII, velle is frequently found in
medieval and early modern Latin documents with quod (also ut or
even alone) plus the subjunctive, e.g., Volo quod (ut) Geraldus
de Clareti feodum meum habeat. (I will that Geraldus de Clareti
shall have my fief.)

206

Conjugated like velle are nolo, nolle, nolui (not ... wish,
be unwilling) and malo, malle, malui (wish rather, prefer).
Note, however, the conjugation of nolo, nolle, nolui in the
present indicative active:

nolo I do not wish, am unwilling

non vis you do not wish, are unwilling

non vult he/she/it (or a noun) does not wish, is

unwilling

noluMus we do not wish, are unwilling

non vultis you (all) do not wish, are unwilling

nolunt they (or a noun) do not wish, are unwilling

fero, ferre, tuli, latum (bear, carry)

Fero is a third conjugation verb which is highly irregular
in its four principal parts. The perfect stem and the perfect
passive participle bear little resemblance to the present indica-
tive and infinitive. The conjugation (and declension) of the
former two is, however, quite regular.

Present Indicative Active of ferre

fero

fers (not feris)

fert (not ferit)

ferimus

fertis (not feritis)

ferunt

I bear, carry

you bear, carry

he/she/it (or a noun) bears,

carries

we bear, carry

you (all) bear, carry

they (or a noun) bear, carry

Future Indicative Active of ferre

feram
feres
feret

feremus
feretis
ferent

I shall bear, carry

you will bear, carry

he/she/it (or a noun) will bear,

carry

we will bear, carry

you (all) will bear, carry

they (or a noun) will bear, carry

Imperfect Indicative Active of ferre

ferebam
ferebas
ferebat

ferebamus
ferebatis

ferebcint

I was bearing, carrying, etc.

you were bearing, carrying, etc.

he/she/it (or a noun) was bearing,

carrying, etc.

we were bearing, carrying, etc.

you (all) were bearing, carrying,

etc.

they (or a noun) were bearing,

carrying, etc.

207

Perfect Indicative Active of ferre (stem: tul)

tuli I bore, carried, have borne, etc.

tulisti you bore, carried, have borne, etc.

tulit he/she/it (or a noun) bore, carried,

has borne , etc .
tulimus we bore, carried, have borne, etc.

tulistis you (all) bore, carried, have borne,

etc.
tulerunt they (or a noun) bore, carried,

have borne , etc .

Pluperfect Indicative Active of ferre

tuleram I had borne, carried

tuleras you had borne, carried

tulerat he/she/it (or a noun) had borne,

carried

tuleramus we had borne , carried

tuleratis you (all) had borne, carried

tulerant they (or a noun) had borne, carried

Future Perfect Indicative Active of ferre

tulero I shall have borne, carried

tuleris you will have borne, carried

tulerit he/she/it (or a noun) will have

borne, carried
tulerimus we shall have borne, carried

tuleritis you (all) will have borne, carried

tulerint they (or a noun) will have borne,

carried

Present Indicative Passive of ferre

feror I am borne, carried

ferris you are borne, carried

fertur he/she/it (or a noun) is borne,

carried

ferimur we are borne, carried

ferimini you (all) are borne, carried

feruntur they (or a noun) are borne, carried

Future Indicative Passive of ferre

ferar I shall be borne, carried

fereris you will be borne, carried

feretur he/she/it (or a noun) will be borne,

carried
feremur we shall be borne, carried

feremini you (all) will be borne, carried

ferentur they (or a noun) will be borne,

carried

208

Imperfect Indicative Passive of ferre

ferebar

ferebaris

ferebatur

ferebamur

ferebamini

ferebantur

I was borne, carried

you were borne, carried

he/she/it (or a noun) was borne,

carried

we were borne, carried

you (all) were borne, carried

they (or a noun) were borne,

carried

Perfect Indicative Passive of ferre

latus, lata, latum sum I was borne, carried, have been

borne, carried
latus, lata, latum es you were borne, carried, have been

borne, carried
latus, lata, latum est he/she/it (or a noun) was borne,

carried, has been borne, carried
lati, latae, lata sumus we were borne, carried, have been

borne, carried
lati, latae, lata estis you (all) were borne, carried, have

been borne, carried
lati, latae, lata sunt they (or a noun) were borne,

carried, have been borne, carried

Pluperfect Indicative Passive of ferre

latus, lata, latum eram I had been borne, carried
latus, lata, latum eras you had been borne, carried
latus, lata, latum erat he/she/it (or a noun) had been

borne, carried
lati, latae, lata eramus we had been borne, carried
lati, latae, lata eratis you (all) had been borne, carried
lati, latae, lata erant they (or a noun) had been borne,

carried

Future Perfect Indicative Passive of ferre

latus , lata ,
latus , lata ,
latus , lata ,

lati , latae ,
lati , latae ,

latum ero
latum eris
latum erit

lata erimus
lata eritis

lati, latae, lata erunt

I shall have been borne, carried

you will have been borne, carried

he/she/it (or a noun) will have

been borne, carried

we shall have been borne, carried

you (all) will have been borne,

carried

they (or a noun) will have been

borne, carried

209

Subjiinctive of ferre

Present

Active

feram

feras

ferat

feramus

feratis

ferant

Passive

ferar

feraris

feratur

feramur

feramini

ferantur

Imperfect
Active Passive

ferrem

ferres

ferret

ferremus

ferretis

ferrent

ferrer

ferreris

ferretur

ferremur

ferremini

ferrentur

Perfect

Active

tulerim

tuleris

tulerit

tulerimus

tuleritis

tulerint

Pluperfect

Active

tulissem

tulisses

tulisset

tulissemus

tulissetis

tulissent

Passive

latus , lata ,
latus, lata,
latus, lata,
lati, latae,
lati , latae ,
lati , latae ,

Passive

latus, lata,
latus, lata,
latus , lata ,
lati, latae,
lati , latae ,
lati, latae.

latvim sim
latum sis
latum sit
lata simus
lata sitis
lata sint

latum essem
latum esses
latum esset
lata essemus
lata essetis
lata essent

Participles of ferre

Active

Present ferens

Future laturus, latura, laturum

Passive
Perfect latus, lata, latum
Future ferendus, ferenda, ferendum

Meaning

bearing, carrying
going to bear, about to
bear, etc.

borne, having been,
borne , etc .
to be borne, fit or
deserving to be borne, etc,

210

Infinitives of ferre

Active

Present ferre
Perfect tulisse
Future laturus esse

Meaning

to bear, carry

to have borne, carried

to be about to bear , carry

Passive

Present ferri
Perfect latus esse
Future latum iri

to be borne , carried

to have been borne , carried

to be about to be borne, carried

Ferre is found in many compound verbs consisting of a prepo-
sition and the verb itself, e.g., transferrer to bear across,
carry; deferre: to bring down, carry away; conferre (cum +
ferre): I bring together, compare). A number of these compound
verbs are listed in the vocabulary for this chapter.

eo, ire, ii, itum (go)

This is one of the more important verbs for students of
Latin parish registers, since it occurs in compounds often found
in register entries. It is conjugated as follows:

Present Indicative Active of ire

imus

itis

eunt

I go

you go

he/she/it (or a noun) goes

we go

you go

they (or a noun) goes

Futxire Indicative Active of ire

ibo

ibis

ibit

ibimus

ibitis

ibunt

I shall go

you will go

he/she/it (or a noun) will go

we shall go

you (all) will go

they (or a noun) will go

Imperfect Indicative Active of ire

ibcim
ibas
ibat

ibamus
ibatis
ibcint

I went, was going, etc.

you went, were going, etc.

he/she/it (or a noun) went, was going,

etc.

we went, were going, etc.

you (all) went, were going, etc.

they (or a noun) went, were going, etc,

211

Perfect Indicative Active of ire

ii ( ivi )
isti* ( ivisti )
iit (ivit)
iimus ( ivimus )
istis* ( ivistis )
ienint ( iverunt )

I went, have gone

you went, have gone

he/she/it (or a noun) went, has gone

we went, have gone

you (all) went, have gone

they (or a noun) went, have gone

*Note that the -i is not doubled in the second person
singular and plural, i.e., isti and istis, but ii,
iit, iimus.

Pluperfect Indicative Active of ire

ieram (iveram)
ieras ( iveras )
ierat ( iverat )
ieramus ( iveramus )
ieratis ( iveratis )
ierant ( iverant )

I had gone

you had gone

he/she/it (or a noun) had gone

we had gone

you (all) had gone

they (or a noun) had gone

Future Perfect Indicative Active of ire

iero ( ivero )
ieris ( iveris )
ierit (iverit)
ierimus ( iverimus )
ieritis ( iveritis )
ierint ( iverint )

I shall have gone

you will have gone

he/she/it (or a noun) will have gone

we shall have gone

you (all) will have gone

they (or a noun) will have gone

Note that ire has, in general, no passive voice. In classi-
cal Latin, it had three passive forms: itur (present, third
person singular); ibatur (imperfect, third person singular), and
itum est (perfect, third person singular). These three were used
in certain impersonal constructions in classical Latin. In
medieval Latin, it is possible to find passive forms of this
verb, particularly in compounds such as obire (to die).

Note also that the four principal parts of ire are sometimes
listed in dictionaries and grammars as follows: eo, ire, ii,
itum. The last part, itum, should be regarded as the supine, not
the perfect passive participle, in such instances.

The Siibjunctive of ire

Present

earn

eas

eat

eamus

eatis

eant

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

irem

ierim

issem

ires

ieris

isses

iret

ierit

isset

iremus

ierimus

issemus

iretis

ieritis

issetis

irent

ierint

issent

212

Participles of ire

Active

Present iens ( euntis ,

eunti , etc . )
Future iturus

Passive*

Perfect itus, ita, itiun
Future eundus, eunda, eundvun

Meaning

going

about to go, going to go

gone, having been gone

to be gone, deserving or fit

to be gone

*In classical Latin ire had only the present and future
active participles. In medieval Latin, the two passive
participles listed above may occasionally be seen.

Ire also has a gerund, conjugated as follows:

Case

Gerund

Meaning

Nom.

Gen.

eundi

Dat.

eundo

Ace.

eundum

Abl.

eundo

Infinitives of ire

Present
Perfect
Future

Active

ire

isse

iturus esse

of/from going
to/for going
going (d.o., etc.)
by/with/f rom, etc. going

Meaning

to go

to have gone

to be about to go, to be going to do

One of the most important compounds of ire for the student
of parish registers is obeo, obire, obii, obitxim (ob + ire: go
away, die) .

Die IV mensis Februari 1798 obiit Anna Catherina Ploetzl
filia legitima Johannis Ploetzl et uxor Georgii Scheider,
aetatis suae circiter 75 annorum. R.I.P!

(On the fourth day of the month of February 1798 died Anna
Catherina Ploetzl, legitimate daughter of Johann Ploetzl and
wife of Georg Scheider, of the approximate age of 75 years.
Rest in Peace! )

Dative with Certain Verbs

Some Latin verbs have an object in the dative case, just as
others, as discussed previously, have one in the ablative. A few
of the more common of these verbs include:

213

credo, credere, credidi, creditixm

ignosco , ignoscere , ignovi , ignotum

impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum

noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitum

pareo , parere , parui

persuade© , persuadere, persuasi,

persuasum

believe, trust, trust to
grant pardon to, forgive
give orders to , command
to harm to , harm
be obedient to , obey
make sweet to , persuade

Thus, for example, "I believe him or her" would be written
credo ei rather than credo eum/ectm.

Impersonal Verbs

Impersonal verbs are generally used in the third person
singular, sometimes with more than one tense, in the active
voice, with "it" as the subject. In classical Latin, some imper-
sonal verbs were used with the accusative and infinitive, e.g.,
oportet: it is necessary, some with the accusative of person and
the genitive of cause (or an infinitive), e.g., me paenitet: I
regret, and some with a dative and an infinitive, e.g., licet
mihi librum legere: It is permitted to me to read the book. (I
may read the book. )

Common impersonal verbs , a number of which may be found in
parish registers include:

decet (+ ace. and infinitive)

difficile est

facile est

interest

iuvat (juvat)

libet (+dat. and infinitive)

licet (+dat. and infinitive)

necesse est

me ( te , etc . ) miseret

(with ace. of person or cause)

me ( te , etc . ) paenitet

(with ace. of person or cause)

me ( te , etc . ) piget

(with ace. of person or cause)

me ( te , etc . ) taedet

(with ace. of person or cause)

oportet

patet

refert

videtur

it becomes, befits

it is hard, difficult

it is easy

it concerns , it matters

it pleases

it is pleasing (to)

it is permitted, one may

it is necessary

I (you, etc.) pity

I (you, etc.) regret

I (you, etc.) am displeased

I (you, etc.) am ashamed

it is necessary

it is plain, open

it concerns , it matters

it seems

A number of these impersonal verbs are, as may be apparent,
the third person singular of regular verbs, e.g., interest, from
intersum, interesse, interfui (intervene, be between). Note,
however, that refert is not derived from the verb ref ero ,
referre, retuli, relatum, but, rather, from a combination of res
and ferre.

214

Some Uses of the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative

Genitive

a) To Indicate Possession

Anna Maria filia Johannis Tourville et Isabellae Benoit
baptizata est.

(Anne Marie, daughter of Jean Tourville and Isabelle
Benoit was baptized. )

b) Predicative Genitive

Testes fuerunt homines bonae voluntatis.

(The witnesses were men of good will.)

c) Genitive of Description

Erat femina annorum circiter quinquaginta .

(She was a woman of approximately 50 years. [or. She was
a woman about fifty years old.])

d) Partitive Genitive (use to indicate part of a whole)

Milia populi in urbe habitabat.

(Thousands of people used to live in the city. )

e) Objective Genitive (The genitive relates to a noun or
pronoun as an object does to a verb. )

amor pecuniae

(the love of money; if these were verb and object, the
phrase might read Pecuniam amavit. [He/she loved money.])

f) With causa

causa consanguinitatis in tertio gradu . . .

(because of consanguinity in the third degree ... ; the
idiom ex causa plus the ablative is also very common
in medieval Latin. )

g) With Certain Adjectives

plena sapientae

(full of wisdom)

h) With Certain Verbs

Pudeo tui.

(I am ashamed of you.)

215

Dative

a) As the Indirect Object of Transitive Verbs

Librum amico meo dedi .

(I gave the book to my friend.)

b) Dative of Agent with the Passive Periphrastic

Hoc faciendum mihi.

(This [thing] ought to be done by me.)

c) With Certain Adjectives

Haec matricula est similis illi.

(This register is similar to that [one] . )

d) The Dative of Reference and the Dative of Purpose

cui bono?

(to whom for a good? what good is it? The dative of
reference [cui: to whom] is combined here with the
dative of purpose [bono: for a good] . This construction
is known as the double dative in classical Latin.)

e) With Certain Verbs

Credo tibi

(I believe you. )

f) Dative of Possessor (with esse)

Gemelli sunt Catherinae Rickert.

(Catherina Rickert has twins. [The dative is used here to
indicate ownership — who/what belongs to whom.] The
subject of this sentence, Catherina Rickert, is the
possessor. Hence: The twins are to Catherina Rickert,
i.e., Catherina Rickert has twins.)

g) Dative of Reference; Advantage or Disadvantage

Hie liber parochianis scriptus est.

(This register was written for [the advantage of] the
parishioners. )

Accusative

a) Direct Object of Transitive Verbs

Parochus puenim baptizavit.

(The priest baptized the child [boy] . )

216

b) Indirect Statement: Subject Accusative and Infinitive

Parochus dixit puerum baptizavisse.

(The priest said that he baptized the child.) or:

Parochus dixit quod puerum baptizaverit.
(quod + the subjunctive)

c) Duration and Extent of Time

In vico tres annos vixit.

(He/she lived in the village for three years.) or:

In vico per tres annos vixit.

(The use of a preposition is more common in medieval and
parish register Latin. )

d) With Prepositions: ad, ante, apud, per, trans, etc.

apud pastorem

(at the house of the pastor)

217

EXERCISES: CHAPTER XIV

Grammar

Decline the gerunds of copulare (first conjugation), docere
(second conjugation), vivere (third conjugation), audire (fourth
conjugation), and capere (third conjugation).

Vocabulary

Learn all of the irregular verbs, dative verbs, and imper-
sonal verbs discussed in this chapter, plus the following:

From fero, ferre, tuli, latum

affero, afferre, attuli ,

allatum: carry, bring to
confero, conferre, contuli,

collatum: confer, bestow

upon , compare
defero, deferre, detuli,

delatum: bear, carry
effero, effere, extuli,

elatum: bring out, lift up,

bear
infero, inferre, intuli,

illatum: bring into, intro-
duce, inflict
offero, offerre, obtuli,

oblatum: bring, offer
perfero, perferre, pertuli,

perlatum: bring forward,

bring forth
praefero, praeferre, praetuli,

praelatum: prefer, bear

before (prefero)
transfero, transferre,

transtuli, translatum:

carry over, carry across,

transfer

From eo, ire, ii, itum

abeo , abire, abii or abivi ,

abitum: go away, pass away,

die
ineo , inire, inii or inivi,

initum: enter, go into
intereo, interire, interivi or

interii, interitum: perish,

die

introeo, introire, introivi or

introii, introitum: enter,

go inside
obeo, obire, obii or obivi ,

obitum: die, go away
pereo, perire, perivi or

perii, peritum: die, perish
queo , quire, quivi or quii,

quitum: be able (to)
redeo, redire, redii or revi-

di , reditum: go back,

return
transeo, transire, transii,

transitum: go over, pass

over

from vole, velle, volui

male, malle, malui (magis +

volo): prefer, choose

rather
nolo, nolle, nolui ( ne +

volo): be unwilling, not

wish (to)

Other Vocabulary

dies omnium animarum: All

Souls Day (a fixed feast

day celebrated 2 November)
fio, fieri, f actus sum: be

done, be made, become
fore = futurus esse: to be

about to be, to be going to

be (the future active

infinitive of esse)
neque, (nee): and not
neque ( nee ) . . . neque ( nee ) :

neither . . . nor

218

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

Anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo octavo die
vero vigesima septima Aprilis factis tribus publicationibus
de future matrimonio inter missarum solemnia, nulloque
detecto impedimento neque canonico neque civili excepto
tertio et quarto consanguinitatis gradu, autem ab episcopo
dispensatio data est et cum consensu mutuo quorum interest,
a me infrascripto parocho matrimonial iter conjuncti sunt,
honestus juvenis Stephanus Taunis et pudica virgo Petronella
Kramer .

(publicationibus = bannis or denunciationibus ;
data est: was given; matrimonial iter: in marriage
[here]; for a discussion of the impediments to marriage,
and the degree of consanguinity [blood relationship]
involved, see the word list at the end of this book.)

Ego, Matthias Hinckel, episcopus in diocese de Hochwiller,
dono tibi, Michaeli Furton, agricolae in parocho Sancti
Viti, quatuor acras aratri per tres annos habendum et
tenendum.

(Sancti Viti: of St. Vite; aratrum, aratri, n. : plow land,
plow)

Vinea in loco vocato silva bella Frederico Torinaldi

venendo data est.

(vinea, vineae, f.: vineyard; bellus, bella, bellum:

pretty; silva, silvae, f.: wood, forest; venendo: gerund

or gerundive? Why? )

Anno millesimo sescentesimo octogesimo quarto et die ultimo
mensis Xbris, hora sexta matutina in cimeterio nostro huius
loci sepultum est corpus Valentini Martin, vitariarii in
pago nostro et mariti defunctae Elisabethae Margarethae
natae Grapeaux, anno aetatis suae quinquagenti octo et
circiter decem menses, qui heri hora tertia matutina pie
in domino obi it rite antea sacramenta paenitentiae ,
eucharistae, et unctionis extremae in domo administrati a
me Theodore Reich parocho huius parochiae. Praesentibus
testibus: Ludovico Bichantz, tonsore, Jacobo Hunger,
serrario, ambo huius loci, qui una mecum siibscr ipserunt .
(vitariarius, vitariarii, m. : glass maker; rite: properly,
according to religious custom; antea: formerly, before
paenitentia , paenitentia , f . : penance ; euchar ista ,
eucharistae, f.: euchar ist [communion, sacrament]; unctio
extrema: the last annointing, extreme unction; [N.B. The
administration of the last rites properly involved
three activities: the sacraments of penance, euchar ist,
and extreme unction.] tonsor, tonsoris, m. : barber;
serrarius, serrarii, m. : locksmith)

219

Heri Thomas Little in curiam ecclesiasticam nostram intravit

finem ad solvendum.

(curia ecclesiastica: the ecclesiastical or church court;

intro, intrare, intravi, intratum: enter (into);

finis, finis, m. or f.: fine; also, end, boundary, limit)

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin.

Maria Martha Brosis entered (use ineo, inire, inii,
initum) the church (ace.) for the purpose of marrying, but
(sed) she was unable (non quivit) to marry because (use
propter + ace.) she refused (noluit) to make (use facere)
the proper (use rite) penance.

On the 10th day of August, in the year 1645 (use ordinal

numbers and the ablative of time), after the publication of

three marriage banns, and with an impediment in the third

degree, for which (per quod), however (autem),

a dispensation was given, with the mutual consent

of those of whom it is a concern, Conradus Breit, widower

and carpenter of the village of Breckenbach, and Justina

Leopoldina Lauer, legitimate daughter of Hilarius Lauer and

the deceased Magdalena Rosaldina Pfort, both of the parish

of St. Leopold, were married.

Today at the hour of 10 a.m. , the body of Emerentiana
Staller was carried to the cemetery for the purpose of
burying. She died yesterday at the hour of 6 a.m. She
was about 3 0 years of age, and was a servant (ancilla,
ancillae, f.) in the house of our deacon (decanvis,
decani, m. ) for (per + ace.) 12 years. She received
(use recipere) the sacraments of penance, the eucharist,
and extreme unction, after which (postquam) she died
piously in the Lord. May she rest in peace!

It is necessary that (use quod + subjunctive) Josephus
Blackwell should come to the ecclesiastical court to pay
a fine. (Can the gerund be used here? If so, how?)

After (use cum + subjunctive) Hermannus Wild confessed
(confessus sit) and did (use facere) penance, the
priest granted pardon to (i.e., forgave) him.

220

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document #1

Translate the following commentary on All Souls Day from a
parish in the Netherlands, with the aid of the vocabulary in
Section B above and that included hereafter.

, 4^^^V ^/^:5(W^ z^

\ j^^'

;?* O'

/A(

.rfj^n

~ (^\ufft (U/^^ nifcfh^^ .^ ^^"^^^'i}

^/l£Jt

221

Vocabulary

summum sacriim: literally, the
highest sacred thing, i.e.,
the most solemn feast day

defunctis

celebrat: from celebro,
celebrare, celebravi ,

celebratum: celebrate

celebrat^ Decanus : summum
sacrum is the object of the
verb celebrat

in summo altari: at the high-
est altar

eodem tempore: at the same
time

celebrat Pastor

pastor, pastoris, m. : pastor,
shepherd

in altari parochiali: at the
parish altar

= et

canonici: the canons (clerics
appointed by a bishop to
assist in divine services)

cum caeteris: with the rest

veniunt

offertorium, offertorii, n. :
an offering of money placed
upon the church altar; an
offering

ad offertorium: to the offer-
ing

uterque , utraque , utrumque
(gen.: utriusque, dat.:
utrique) : each of two, both

utroqz = utroque (see above)

in utroque altari: on (in)
each altar

unde, acv. : from where, whence

patet: it is evident

olim, adv.: at once, once,
earlier, previously

cum magis forent Catholici:
since there are more Catho-
lics

venisse: to have come (i.e.,
came)

ille mos revoccindus est: that
custom ought to be revoked
(i.e. , the custom of having
all Catholics come to the
offering [at once] )

in quem finem notandi sunt
omnes defuncti: to which
end all the dead should be
noted (i.e., all of the
dead should be noted or
given an offering, but the
custom should be revoked of
allowing all of the Catho-
lics [i.e., the par-
ishioners] to come to make
an offering for the dead at
the same time)

faciendaque: modifies commemo-
ratio

ipsorum: refers to omnes
defuncti

faciendaque commemoratio
ipsorum: and the commemora-
tion of (the dead)
themselves ought to be made
(i.e., be carried out)

cathedra, cathedrae, f.:
bishop's throne, chair

in cathedra: at or from the
bishop's throne (i.e, the
celebration of All Souls
Day should not be done at
the altars, which are too
crowded with worshipers,
but, rather, should be
carried out from the
bishop's throne to avoid
overcrowding. )

222

Document # 2

Translate the following excerpt from a German parish regis-
ter. Use the additional vocabulary below if needed. Since this
is from a German parish, there are some Gothic letters in the
entry. Study the vocabulary carefully, and compare the printed
words with the handwritten ones in order to translate more effec-
tively.

223

Vocabulary

notandum: note that a mark or
macron has been placed over
the -u in this word, as
also in other words in this
entry. This was done in
German script in order to
distinguish the -u from the
-V. In certain types of
Gothic script, the two were
virtually indistinguisha-
jble.

nouilm = novum

in ecclesia Holthausensi : in
the church of Holthausen

B.M. = Beatae Mariae

semp = semper

Beatae Mariae semper Virginis:

of the Blessed Mary always
a Virgin (i.e., of the
Blessed Virgin Mary)

Honorem

3 Augusti

in Festo Inventionis S. Steph-
ani Protomartyris et
sociorum: in the Feast of
the Discovery (of the Bones
of) St. Stephen, the first
martyr, and his comrades; a
fixed feast day celebrated
on 3 August.

erectum sit: the antecedent is
novum altare; subjunctive
because of notandum quod

praesentib9 = praesentibus

admodum: highest (in this
case, right, as in right
^_ reverend )

Rdo = reverendo

dno = domino

Joe = Joanne

Thier: his surname

Treinsaquensis: of Transaquen-
sis (a place name; the
German equivalent is Ueber-
wasser [across the water] )

ecclia = ecclesiae: goes with
Trans aquens i s

decano: in English word order,
this would probably be as
follows: Joanne Thier,
decano ecclesiae Transa-
quensis; translate accord-
ingly

rdo dno (see above)
Everwino: a given name
Wermelings: his surname
= pro: here, in behalf of

honesto

dno (see above)

Joe (see above)

~^. , .

Heyma = Heymann: his surname

Amptmanno: a Latinized German
word meaning, approximate-
ly, civic official or town
councillor
Trans aquens i : at Transaquensis
de quo: concerning which
(i.e., the building of a
new altar)
laus, laudis, f.: praise
omnipotenti Deo: dative case

224

Document #3

Translate the following death entry from a parish in north-
ern France with the aid of the vocabulary below. Note that the
medial -s sometimes resembles as English -f in the entry.

Vocabulary

dolor, doloris, m. : pain

in utero matemo

ab obstetrice

jxirata: legal, lawful

Bllsch: a surname

uxore

Theobald! : a given name ( gen . )

Wolff: a surname

doliarius, doliarii, m.:

binder, cooper (barrel

maker )
Bumhaupt inferiori: Burnhaut-

le-bas (a place name)
ob inuninens mortis periculum
in apparente pede: in obvious

need (here)
Kirscher: a surname
et pro tempore

deputali municipali: a munici-
pal deputy (probably a town
councillor; abl.)

cui impositum est ab obste-
trice

postea, adv. : afterwards

suscepto baptism© : the baptism
having been undertaken
(i.e., after the baptism
was finished, an ablative
absolute)

mortuus natus est: translate
as a whole thought

praesente patre supra nomina-
to : another ablative
absolute

et obstetrice: goes with the
above

Hinck: a surname

supra dicti: above said

subscripserunt

225

APPENDIX A

Handwriting and Abbreviations
Classical and Medieval Latin

Handwriting

The handwriting of many Latin parish registers is based upon
some form of Renaissance Italic. This script was developed by
humanists in Renaissance Italy, whose interest in recovering
ancient texts led them to earlier copies of classical Latin
works. These copies were made primarily but not exclusively in
the eleventh and twelfth centuries and were written in Caroline
script, the script of Charlemagne's empire. Because of its
clarity, pleasing appearance, and relative ease of writing, a
number of humanists adopted and modified Caroline for their own
copies of classical works or their own writings.

Humanistic script actually evolved through several stages
from a quasi-Gothic influenced by Caroline to a new script which
was ultimately given the name Italic. When Italic was used to
copy manuscripts for wealthy patrons, it was written with pains-
taking clarity. Italic hands utilized for less lofty purposes,
such as writing personal letters, could, as might be expected, be
very difficult to read.

Italic script resembles modern English script closely enough
that the reader of parish registers should have little difficulty
distinguishing letters. Most of these registers were, however,
written in a cursive hand (from curro, currere, cucurri, cursum:
run), i.e., an informal handwriting rather than one used to copy
important documents .

In addition, the handwriting of priests, ministers, and
scribes who wrote the parish register entries varied considerably
from area to area, time period to time period, and priest to
priest. Thus, for example, priests in the Germanic areas of
Europe might use some Gothic letters in their entries, as several
of the parish register excepts in previous chapters have shown.

When reading parish registers, therefore, it is useful to
begin by searching for letters or words which might be familiar
and then attempting to decipher unfamiliar letters or words. If
published register entries are available for a particular area,
it is helpful to compare these printed sources with the actual
sources from which they were taken. If one has access to such
sources, it is also worthwhile to read entries from as many
different areas of Europe as possible in order to become familiar
with the various styles of writing.

226

The Gothic script gradually replaced Caroline in many areas
of Europe, ca. 1200-1500 A.D. Gothic letters became more point-
ed, stiff, and crowded together than those written in Caroline.
A number of abbreviations were also employed in order to save
space and obtain maximum use of the writing surface.

Many documents such as wills, notarial records, tax lists,
court records, etc., written between approximately the thirteenth
and sixteenth centuries, were written in some form of Latin
Gothic (cursive, textura quadrata, etc.). Many documents written
during the later middle ages contain information useful to family
historians, local historians, and genealogists. Because of the
types of letters and the many abbreviations, however, the scripts
of such documents may be difficult to read without special train-
ing in paleography (the study of ancient writing) and abbrevia-
tion systems. In preparation for such study, it is helpful to
consult reference works on paleography and abbreviations, such as
those listed in the selected bibliography at the back of this
book.

As vernacular languages came to be increasingly used for
legal and official documents, rather than Latin, Italy, France,
and other areas formerly belonging to the Roman Empire, eventual-
ly abandoned Gothic in favor of some form of Italic. Many re-
gions of central Europe, by contrast, did not. Hence, Latin
Gothic script became the parent of the German Gothic script. As
an aid to those who might work with registers from Roman Catholic
or Lutheran parishes of central Europe, a few Gothic letters
often found in Latin entries are given below, together with
English equivalents.

Lower Case Letters
Gothic

A
i

English

s (medial)

s (medial — resembling an English "h" )

s (terminal)

double s

227

Gothic English

double s

no
9

double s

u (Note the macron [an D-Bogen in
German] above the letter. This
was placed above the -u to help
distinguish it from letters written
with two vertical strokes [minims]
such an, v, or double i.)

y (In the Latin Gothic cursive
scripts, the double i [ii] was
often written as ij , from which
the German Gothic y developed. )

It should also be noted that Latin parish registers were
sometimes written in a script used to write the vernacular lan-
guage of a particular country, e.g., Dutch, French, English. In
such cases, guides to vernacular handwriting, some of which are
listed in the selected bibliography at the back of this book,
should be consulted.

The following suggestions may also prove helpful in studying
parish registers and other documents:

1 ) Work as far as possible from the known to the tinknown
( ignotum per notum)

Begin, for example with the handwriting in nineteenth cen-
tury parish registers, which is relatively close in form to
twentieth century English. Then work back gradually to documents
from the eighteenth, seventeenth, and sixteenth centuries.

2) Read a number of baptismal, marriage, and death/burial
entries in order to become familiar with the structure
and organization of each type.

In general, these entries will have at least the following
information:

228

Baptism

1. Date of baptism

2. Name of child

3. Date of birth of child

4. Parents of child (sometimes with occupation and

residence)

5 . Godparents and/or witnesses

Marriage

1. Date of marriage
2 • Dates of banns

3. Impediments if any (such as a close blood

relationship)

4. Name of groom (sometimes residence and occupation)

5. Name of parents of groom (sometimes residence and

occupation)

6 . Name of bride

7. Name of parents of bride (sometimes residence and

8. Names of witnesses
C. Death/Burial

occupation)

1. Date of death

2 . Name of deceased

3 . Occupation and residence of deceased

4. Status (single, married, widowed, child, etc.)

5. If child, names of parents (sometimes residence

and occupation)

6. Date of burial

7. Place of burial

8 . Names of witnesses

In addition, the following suggestions may be of value in
the perusal of Latin documents:

1) Read printed editions, if available, of medieval and
early modern documents before attempting to read the
originals, particularly when dealing with highly
abbreviated Latin.

2) Become familiar with different styles of handwriting
such as Caroline, Gothic cursive, Neo-Latin Humanistic,
various English court hands, etc., by reading as many
different kinds of documents as possible. This can be
done, in part at least, by consulting such reference
works as M. B. Parkes. English Cursive Hands, 1250-
1500. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1969, and
others listed in the selected bibliography.

229

Abbreviations

Italic script did not utilize many abbreviations from Gothic
texts. Abbreviations might, however, be found in parish regis-
ter entries. They will most certainly occur in documents from
the later middle ages. Consequently, some of the more common
types of Latin abbreviations will be discussed below.

There were, fundamentally, three types of Latin abbrevia-
tions: suspensions, contractions, and stenographic characters
with more or less consistent meanings (often used with words
abbreviated by suspension). The term suspension comes from the
Latin verb suspendere (to hang up). To abbreviate by suspension,
a portion of the word was omitted (truncation) and some type of
abbreviation mark, or sign was placed next to the missing portion
or "hung up" above it, to indicate an abbreviation. Abbreviation
by single letter and a period was also used, e.g., eni-^ = enim
(for); B.M.V. (Beatae [Beate] Mariae [Marie], Virginis).

Contractions (from contrahere: to draw together) were made
by omitting some of the letters in a word — vowels or
consonants--but leaving the case or verb ending intact. Early
Christians abbreviated the names of God, Jesus Christ, the Holy
Spirit, etc. by this process, e.g.,

DS : Deus

XPC or XRS: Christos (Greek) or Christus (Latin)

IHC or IHS lesous (Greek) or lesus (Latin)*

SCS : Sanctus

SPS Spiritus

EPS episcopus

*The H is the Greek letter eta, a long e, which was
often carried into Latin, while the P is the Greek
letter rho, an r, not a p.

When a word is abbreviated so that only the first and last
letters remain, this is known as a "pure" contraction. By con-
trast, an "impure" contraction has some of the vowels or conso-
nants left between the first and last letters, e.g., Joae =
Joanne, sd = sed. A line was usually placed above the word to
indicate missing letters. Sometimes a small letter, often a
vowel, was written above the word, e.g., rfc = nee.

There are two important differences between contraction and
suspension: 1) Contracted words generally retain the case or verb
ending intact, e.g., aia: anima. Words abbreviated by suspen-
sion, by contrast, usually do not. 2) The contraction is fre-
quently indicated by a line drawn above the contracted letters.
Suspensions, however, are shown by a variety of signs and sym-
bols, as well as lines.

Stenographic characters with a generally consistent meaning
were used by the Romans to abbreviate words. Some of these were

230

allegedly developed by Tiro, a freedman scribe of the Roman
orator Cicero (the Tironian notes), while others were derived
from Roman jurisprudence. Examples of abbreviation by suspen-
sion, contraction, or stenographic character are provided hereaf-
ter.

Abbreviation by Suspension

A. Abbreviations by Truncation (missing letters not specified)

1. With a line above the word

adm administrator

respond respondens

pac pacem

qq quoque

fact factae

2. With an abbreviation mark or sign
grat' gratia

o omnis

a autem

3 . Abbreviation by letter or letters with a period
N.B. nota bene

ob. obi it

s.p.d. sine prole decessit (died without

issue)

n.n. nomen nescio (name unknown)

B.M.V. Beat(a)e Mari(a)e Virginis

(generally in the genitive case)

Abbreviation by Contraction

A. With a line above the word to point out missing letters

baptims baptimus

copulatnis copulationis

231

Hartman Hartmcum (a surname; a line above

the first -n often indicates another
missing -n; this can be either a
suspension, with a line above to
suggest a missing nasal -m or -n,
or a contraction, depending upon
which -n is regarded as omitted.
[If it is a contraction, avoid
confusing it with a suspension.])

B. With a small letter above the word

qre* quare ( why? )

i illud

e est

*Note that the small letter above is an "a" not a "u."

Abbreviation by Stenographic Character of Generally
Consistent Meaning

This siglum is from the Tironian
notes. When it was placed at the
beginning of a word, it abbreviated
con or com, cun or cum, e.g.,
gdcim = condam (formerly, the late
[classical Latin: qnondam] ) . The
same mark, when found at the end of
a word, indicated a missing -us,
-is, -OS, or -s, e.g., bonu9 =
bonus .

■7 The so-called Arabic numeral 2-r, i.e.,

the letter r which resembles the Arabic

number 2. It often abbreviated -ur
or -tur , e.g., vocat"^ - vocatur .

-um (the Arabic 2-r with a line
transecting) abbreviated genitive plurals
of first and second declension nouns,
e.g., dictcTZ^ = dictorum

This mark often pointed out a missing
-lis, -ris, -us, -iter, or -liter,
e.g. , facii^ = facilis.

-s, -is, -nis, e.g., denunciation-^ =
denunciationis

232

A z-like figure (which developed from
a semi-colon) after a -q usually
indicated a missing -ue, e.g., quoq^ =
quoque. This siglum was also used to
show a missing -us, -s, -m, or -n,
e.g. , trib? = tribus.

This sign after a vowel generally
indicated a missing nasal -m or -n,
e.g. , poteraP = poteram.

A sigliim resembling the Arabic numeral
7 or the letter z abbreviated -ed or
-et, e.g., pat^ = patet or p^ = patet.
Words considered very familiar were
sometimes abbreviated with this figure
and the first letter. It is from this
practice that the abbreviation viz. =
videlicet (namely) originated.

y. An -i placed above a consonant often

' indicated a missing -r, especially in

the genitive singular of third declension
nouns , e.g., mat s = matris .

-f per , par , e.g., piter = par iter

^ pro , e.g., Dportionis = proportionis

J prae, pre,

\ ( predict! )

,) prae , pre , e.g., p^ dicti = praedicti

1
" qui , e.g., qd = quid

quod

quoque

Abbreviation of Numbers

Ordinal numbers in the ablative case were sometimes abbrevi-
ated by combining Arabic or Roman numerals with the ablative
singular case endings, e.g., 9no or IXno = nono; 3tio or Illtio =
tertio; DCmo = sescentesimo. The last four months of the year
(the 7-10 months in the early Roman calendar) — September, Octo-
ber, November, and December — were abbreviated in a similar fash-
ion (cf., the chapter on numbers).

233

The Diphthong ae

The diphthong or double vowel -ae, as discussed previously,
was used as the genitive and dative singular, as well as the
nominative plural, ending of first declension nouns. In medieval
Latin, the -a was often omitted, so that filie might mean filiae
(of the daughter), filiae (to/for the daughter), or filiae (the
daughters ) .

Subsequently, however, the -e of this diphthong was either
left out altogether, and a mark of some sort placed next to the
-a to make the reader aware of this omission, e.g., filial =
filiae, or it was combined in ligature with the -a so closely
that the two letters became virtually indistinguishable, e.g.,
fili^ = filiae (not f ilia) .

In the case of the latter, it is often difficult to deter-
mine the proper case ending. Consequently, a careful study of
the sentence, in which a word with a possible -ae ligature is
found, should enable the reader to make the correct translation.

It is recommended that the examples in this book be reviewed
as an aid in becoming familiar with the use of the -ae diphthong
in parish register entries. Where possible or feasible, register
entries from a number of different parishes should also be
consulted.

Classical and Medieval Latin

There are many important changes in grammar, vocabulary, and
orthography from classical to medieval Latin. Although this
subject cannot be explored in detail in the space allotted here,
it is important to review at least the lineaments of these
changes, particularly since many of them were continued in the
parish register Latin of the early modern era. What follows has
been taken principally from Beeson, A Medieval Latin primer,
Strecker, An Introduction to Medieval Latin, and other reference
books listed in the selected bibliography.

Changes in Grammar

A. Declension

1. The dative was often used in place of the ablative or
accusative.

2. Prepositional phrases taking the dative were more
frequent.

3. Extended use of the ablative absolute was common in
medieval Latin.

234

4. Prepositions were used to express purpose, means,
manner, etc., where classical Latin would employ the
ablative without a preposition.

5. Some overlapping of genders was common in medieval
Latin, e.g., a neuter plural becoming a feminine
singular.

6. Singular and plural were occasionally interchanged
in medieval Latin in such a way that words used in
the plural in classical Latin sometimes had a singular
usage in medieval Latin.

B. Conjugation

1. Tense and voice were employed less inflexibly than in
classical Latin, e.g., the imperfect and the perfect
were frequently interchanged, the future perfect was
often used as the simple future, and some classical
Latin deponent verbs were given active forms in
medieval Latin.

2. The infinitive was used in a variety of new ways, e.g.,
to express purpose (instead of the subjunctive).

3. Relative clauses in indirect discourse or statement
frequently used quod plus the subjunctive in medieval
Latin, rather than the infinitive and subject accusative
of classical Latin.

4. Quod was, in fact, employed as a conjunction quite
often.

5 . The indicative was frequently substituted for the
subjunctive in clauses of result.

C. Vocabulary

Many new words were introduced into medieval Latin from
ecclesiastical Latin. These were largely of Greek origin, e.g.,
ecclesia (church), apostolus (apostle), baptismus (baptism).
However, ecclesiastical Latin contributed a number of new Latin
words such as decanus (deacon), resurrectio (resurrection), missa
(mass ) , etc .

There were also many neologisms (new words or words used in
a new way) in medieval Latin, e.g., murilegus (cat), modernus
(modern), campana (bell). In addition, each area of Europe
contributed certain new words or usages to medieval Latin which
must be learned by reading documents from that particular region
and consulting reference works based upon such.

235

D. Spelling

The following changes are noted below:

Classical Medieval

ae e

b V, p

c g, k, qu, s, t

ch h

ci ti

d t

f ph

g c, k

h often omitted or added to words

beginning with a vowel

i Y/ e, j

1 r

o u

oe e

gu c

s X

t c

ti ci

-tus sus

V w (not found in classical Latin,

but gradually introduced into

medieval Latin)

In addition, letters were frequently added or omitted, e.g.,
contempno (medial -p added), permito (medial -t omitted), hostium
(ostium, ostii, n.: door, entrance; initial -h added, making it
difficult to distinguish this and the classical hostium, the
masculine genitive plural of hostis , hostis , m. : enemy), ordeirm
(barley — classical Latin hordeum [initial -h omitted]).

236

APPENDIX B

Some Latinized Given Names: Male and Female
(With English, German, Dutch, French, Italian,
and Spanish equivalents)

Male Names (Genitive and Ablative included, e.g.,:

Marcus : Mark [ nom . ] , Marci : Mark [ gen . ] ,
Marco: by, from, with, etc. Mark [abl.])

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Aaron
Aaron is
Aarone

Aaron
Aaron
Aaron

Aaron

Aronne
Aaron

Aberlardus
Aberlardi
Aberlardo

Abelard
Abaelard

Abelard

Abelardo
Abelardo

Abrahamus
Abrahami
Abrahamo

Abraham
Abraham

Abraham

Abramo
Abrahan

Adalbertus
Adalbert!
Adalberto

Ethelbert

Adalbert

Adelbert(us)

Aubert

Adalberto
Adalberto

Adamus
Adam!
Adamo

Adam
Adam
Adam

Adam

Adamo
Adan

Adolfus
Adolf!
Adolf o

Adolf
Adolf
Adolf

Adolfe(phe)

Adolfo
Adolf o

Aegidius
Aegidii
Aegidio

Giles
Aegid(ius)
Gillis (Egidii

Gille(s)
as)

Egidio
Egidio

Aemilius
Aemilii
Aemilio

Emile

Emil

Emilius

Emile

Emilio
Emilio

Albertus
Albert!
Alberto

Albert
Albert
Aalbert

Albert

Alberto
Alberto

Alexander
Alexandri
Alexandre

Alexander Alexandre

Alexander

Alexander (Sander)

Alessandro
Ale j andro

237

English

Latin

Aloisius
Aloisii
Aloisio

Alfonsus
Alfonsi
Alfonso

Alfredus
Alfredi
Alfredo

Andreas
Andreae
Andrea

Anton ius
Antonii
Antonio

Annandus
Armandi
Armando

Amaldiis
Arnaldi
Amaldo

German
Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Aloysius

Alois

Aloisius

(AL

Louis
(Alois)
ois)

Luigi
Luis

Alphonse

Alfons

Alphonse

Alfonso
Alonso

Alfred
Alfred
Alfred

Alfred

Alfredo
Alfredo

Andrew

Andreas

Andries

Andre

Andrea
Andres

Anthony
Anton ( ius
An toon

■)

Antoine

Antonio
Antonio

Armand

Armando
Armando

Arnaud

Arnaldo
Amaldo

Amoldus
Arnold!
Amoldo

Arnold
Arnold
Amoldus

Arnold (Arnou) Amoldo
Arnoldo

Artunis
Arturi
Arturo

Arthur

Artur

Aart

Arthur

Arturo
Arturo

Barnabas
Bamabae
Barnaba

Barnaby

Barnabas

Barnabe

Barnaba
Barnabe

Bar tho 1 omaeus
Bartholomaei
Bar tho 1 omaeo

Bartholomew
Bartholomeus
Bart (Bartel)

Barthelemy

Bartolomeo
Bartolome'

Basil ius
Basilii
Basilio

Basil
Basil (ius)
Basiel

Basile

Basilio
Basilio

238

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Benedictus
Benedicti
Benedicto

Benedict

Benedikt(us)

Benedictus

Benoit

Benedetto
Benito

Ben j ( i ) aminus
Ben j amini
Ben j amino

Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin

Benjamin

Beniamino
Ben j amin

Bemardus
Bernard!
Bernardo

Bernard

Bernhard(t)

Barend

Bernard

Bernardo
Bernardo

Bertoldus
Bertoldi
Bertoldo

Berthold
Berthold
Bertold

Bertaud (Bert)

Bertoldo
Bertoldo

Bertrandus
Bertrandi
Bertrando

Bertrand
Bertrand
Bertrand (us)

Bertrand

Bertrando
Beltran

Bonifatius
Bonifatii
Bonifatio

Boniface
Bonif az
Bonefass (Boni

Boniface
.f atius)

Bonifacio
Bonifacio

Caesar
Caesaris
Caesare

Caesar
Caesar
Caesar

Cesar

Cesare
Cesar

Carolus
Carol i
Carolo

Charles

Karl

Karel

Charles

Carlo
Carlos

Caspar ( Gaspar )
Casparis
Caspare

Casper
Kaspar
Casper

Gaspard

Gaspare
Gaspar

Christianus
Christian!
Christiano

Christian
Christian
Christiaan

Cretien
(Chretien)

Cristiano
Cristian

Clarentius
Clarentii
Clarentio

Clarence

Christopherus
Christopher!
Christophoro

Christopher
Christoph
Christophorus
(Christoffel)

Christophe

Cristoforo
Cristobal

239

Latin

Clemens
dementis
Clemente

Conradus
Conradi
Conrado

Constantinus
Constantini
Constcintino

Cornelius
Cornel ii
Comelio

English

German

Dutch

Clement
Clemens
Clemens

Conrad
Konrad
Koenraad

Constantine

Konstantin

Constantijn

Cornelius
Cornelius
Cornells

French
Clement

Conrad

Constantin

Corneille

Doedatus ( see Theodatus and Theodosius )

Italian
Spanish

Clemente
Clemente

Corrado
Conrado

Costantino
Constantino

Cornelio
Comelio

Dominicus
Dominici
Dominico

Dominic
Dominik
Dominicus

Dominique

Dominico
Domingo

Eberardus
Eberardi
Eberardo

Everard

Eberhard

Everhard

Evrard

Everardo
Everardo

Edmundus
Edmundi
Edmundo

Edmund
Edmund
Edmond

Edmond

Edmondo
Edmundo

Eduardus
Eduardi
Eduardo

Edward
Eduard
Eduard(us)

Edouard

Edoardo
Eduardo

Emmanuel
Emmanuel is
Emmanuele

Emmanuel

Emanuel

Emmanuel

Emanuele
Manuel

Epiphanius
Epiphanii
Epiphanio

Epiphane
Epiphanius
Epifanes (Epihanius)

Epif anio
Epif anio

Emestus
Emesti
Ernesto

Ernest

Ernst

Ernest

Ernesto
Ernesto

Eugenius
Eugenii
Eugenio

Eugene

Eugen

Eugenius

Eugene

Eugenio
Eugenio

240

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Eustachius
Eustachii
Eustachio

Eustache

Eustachius

Eustache

Eustachio
Eustaquio

Fabianus
Fabiani
Fabiano

Fabian
Fabian
Fabian

Fabien

Fabiano
Fabian

Felix
Felicis
Felice

Felix
Felix

Felicius

Felix

Felice
Felix

Ferdinandus
Ferdineindi
Ferdinando

Ferdinand
Ferdinand

Ferdinand

Ferdinando

Fernando

(Ferdinando)

Franciscus
Francisci

Francis
(Frank)
Franz
Franciscus

Francois

Francesco
Francisco

Fridericus
Friderici
Friderico
( Fredericus ,
Federicus )

Frederick

Friedrich

Fredericus

(Freek)

/ /

Frederic

Ferderico
Federico

Fulcus
Fulci
Fulco

Fulk

Fulk(o)

Fulko

Foulque

Fulco
Fulquio

Gabriel
Gabrielis
Gabriele

Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel

Gabriel

Gabriele
Gabriel

Gaspar (see Caspar)

Georgius
Georgii
Georgio

Geraldus
Geraldi
Geraldo

Gerardus
Gerardi
Gerardo

George

Georg

Georg (Joris)

Gerald
Gerald
Gerald(t)

Gerard
Gerhardt
Gerard (Gerrit)

Georges

Giraud
(Geraud)

Gerard

Giorgio
Jorge

Giraldo
Geraldo

Gerardo
Gerardo

241

Latin

Gervasius
Gervasii
Gervasio

Gilbertus
Gilbert!
Gilbert©

Godefridus
Godefridi
Godefrido

Godehardus
Godehardi
Godehardo

Gregorius
Gregorii
Gregorio

Guntherus
Guntheri
Gunthero

English

German

Dutch

Gervase

Gervas

Gervasius

Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert

Godfrey

Gottfried

Godefridus

Goddard

Gotthard

Goddard

Gregory

Gregor

Gregorius

Guenther
Gunter

French
Gervais

Gilbert

Geoff ray
(Geoffrey)

Gothard

Gregoire

Gontier

Italian
Spanish

Gervasio
Gervasio

Gilberto
Gilberto

Gof f redo
Godf redo

Gotardo
Gotardo

Gregorio
Gregorio

Gustavus
Gustavi
Gustavo

Gustave
Gustaf (v)
Gustaaf

Gustave

Gustavo
Gustavo

Haraldus
Haraldi
Haraldo

Harold (Herold;

Harald

Araldo
Haroldo

Henricus
Henrici
Henrico

Herbertus
Herbert!
Herberto

Hercules
Herculis
Hercule

Hermannus
Hermann!
Hermanno

Henry

Heinrich

Hendrik

Herbert
Herbert
Herbert
(Heribert)

Hercules
Herkules
Hercules

Herman

Hermann

Herman

Henri

Herbert
(Harbert)

Hercules

Herman ( n )

Enrico

Enrique

(Enrico)

Erberto

Eriberto

Ercole
Hercules (o)

Ermanno

242

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Hector
Hectoris
Hectore

Hector
Hektor

Hector

Ettore
Hector

Helmodus
Helmodi
Helmodo

Helmut
Helmold

Hilarius
Hilarii
Hilario

Hilary

Hilarius

Hilaire

Ilario
Hilario

Hi 1 debr andus
Hildebrandi
Hildebrando

Hildebrand
Hildebrand
Hildebrand

Hilldebrand

Ildebrando
Hildebrando

Horatius
Horatii
Horatio

Horace

Horatius

Horace

Orazio
Horacio

Horstius
Horstii
Horstio

Horst
Horts

Hubertus
Huberti
Hiiberto

Hubert
Hubert (us)
Hubert

Hubert

Uberto
Huberto

Hugo

Hugonis
Hugone

(Ugo)

Hugo ( Hugh )

Hugo

Hugues

( Hue , Huon )

Ugo
Hugo

loachimus
loachimi
loachimo
( Joachimus )

Joachim
Joachim
Joachim (Joj

Joachim
akin)

Gioacchino
Joaquin

Ignatius
Ignatii
Ignatio

Ignatius

Ignaz

Ignatius

Ignace

Ignazio
Ignacio

Isaacus
Isaaci
Isacco

Isaac
Isaak
Isaac (k)

Isaac

Isacco
Isaac

Isaias
Isaiae
Isaea

Isaiah
Esaias
Esaia(s)

Isaie

Isaia
Isaias

243

Latin

Ivo

I von is
Ivone

Isidorus
Isidori
Isidore

Jacobus
Jacobi
Jacobo

Johannes
Johaimis
Johanne
( Joannes )

Johannulus
Johannuli
Johannulo

Jordanus
Jordani
Jordano

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Yves

Iwo

Yvo

Yves

Ivo
Ivo

Isidore

Isidor

Isidoor

Isidore

Isidore
Isidore

James ( Jacob )
Jakob (us)
Jakob (us)

Jacques

Giacomo
Jaime

John
Johann

Jean

Giovanni
Juan

Johannes ( Jan )

Johnny

Hans

Hans (Hannes)

Jordan
Jordan
Jordaan

Jeannot

Jordan

Giovannino
Juanito

Giordano
Jordan

Josephus
Josephi
Josepho

Julius
Julii
Julio

Joseph

Josef

Joseph

Julius
Julius
Julius

Joseph

Jules

Giuseppe
Jos^

Giulio
Julio

Justinus
Justini
Justino

Justin

Justinus

Justin

Giustino
Justino

Justus
Justi
Juste

Justus
Just (us)
Justus

Juste

Giusto
Justo

Laurentius
Laurent ii
Laurentio

Lawrence

Lorenz

Laurens

Laurent

Lorenzo
Lorenzo

Leonardus
Leonard i
Leonardo

Leonard
Leonard
Leonard (us)

Leonard

Leonardo
Leonardo

244

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Leonillus
Leonilli
Leonillo

Lionel

Leonello
Leone llo

Leo

Leonis
Leone

Leo
Leo
Leo ( Lioen )

/
Leon

Leone
Leon

Leopoldus
Leopoldi
Leopoldo

Leopold
Leopold
Leopold (us)

Leopold

Leopoldo
Leopoldo

Lotharius
Lotharii
Lothario

Lothar (Lotha;

Lothar

Lr)

Lotario
Lotario

Ludovicus
Ludovici
Ludovico

Louis ( Lewis )

Ludwig

Lodewijk

Louis

Lodovico
Ludovico

Malachias
Malachae
Malacha

Malachi

Malachias

Malachie

Malachia
Malaquias

Marcus
Marci
Marco

Mark

Markus

Marcus

Marc

Marco
Marco(s)

Martinus
Martini
Martino

Martin Martin

Martin

Martinus (Maarte)

Martino
Martino
(Martin)

Matthaeus
Matthaei
Matthaeo

Matthew

Matthaeus

Mattija

Mathieu

Matteo
Mateo

Max imili anus
Maximiliani
Maximiliano

Maximilian
Maximilian
Maximiliaan

Maximilien

Massimiliano
Maximiliano

Michael
Michael is
Michaele

Michael
Michael
Michael

Michel

Michele
Miguel

Moyses
Moysis
Moyse

Moses
Moses
Mozes

Moise

Mose^
Moises

245

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Nicholaus
Nicholai
Nicholao

Nicolas

Nikolaus

Nicolaas

Nicolas

Nicolo
Nicolas

Norbertus
Norberti
Norberto

Norbert
Herbert
Norbert

Norbert

Norberto
Norberto

Olivarius
Olivarii
Olivario

Oliver
Oliver
Olivier

Olivier

Oliviero
Olivero

Osvaldus
Osvaldi
Osvaldo

Oswald
Oswald
Oswald

Oswald

Osvaldo
Oswald

Otto

Ottonis
Ottone

Otto
Otto
Otto

Otton

Ottone
Oton

Paulus
Pauli
Paulo

Paul
Paul (us)
Paulus

Paul

Paolo
Pablo

Paschal is
Paschal is
Paschale

Pascal Pascal
Paschalis (Paschal)
Paschalis

Pasquale
Pascual

Peregrinus
Peregrini
Peregrine

Peregrine

Peregrinus

Pelegrin

Pallegrino
Peregrin

Petrus
Petri
Petro

Peter
Peter
Pieter

Pierre

Pietro

Pedro

Philippus
Philippi
Philippo

Philip
Philipp
Philip (Flip)

Philippe

Filippo
Felipe

Quintinus
Quintini
Quintino

Quentin

Quintin(us)

Quint

Qui(e)ntin

Quintino
Quintin

Radulfus
Radulfi
Radulfo

Ralph

Radolf

Raoul

Raul
Raoul

246

Latin

Raphael
Raphael is
Raphaele

Raimiindus
Raimundi
Raimundo

English

German

Dutch

Raphael
Raphael
Raphael

Raymond
Raimund
Raimond

French
Raphael

Reymond

Italian
Spanish

Raffaelo(e)

Rafael

(Raphael)

Raimondo
Ramon

Randulfus
Randulf i
Randulfo

Randolph
Randolf (ulf )
Ranulf

Randolf o
Randolfo

Rainerius
Rainerii
Rainerio

Richardus
Richardi
Ri char do

Robertas
Roberti
Roberto

Rodericus
Roderici
Roderico

Rainier

Rainer

Rainerus

Rainier

Richard Richard

Richard

Richard (Rickard)

Robert
Robert
Robbert

Roderick

Roderick(h;

Roderik

Robert

Roderique

Ranieri
Ranier

Riccardo
Ricardo

Roberto
Roberto

Rodrigo
Rodrigo

Rodulfus
Rodulfi
Rodulfo

Rudolph

Rudolf

Rodolphe

Rodolfo
Rodolfo

Rogerius
Rogeri
Rogero

Rolandus
Rolandi
Rolando

Romanus
Roman i
Romano

Rupertus
Ruperti
Ruperto

Roger

Rudiger

Rutger

Roland
Roland
Roeland

Remain
Roman ( us )
Romanus

Roger

Roland

Remain

Rupert Rupert
Rupprecht ( Rupert )
Rupert (us)

Ruggero
Rogelio

Orlando
Rolando

Romano
Roman

Ruperto
Ruperto

247

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Samuel

Samuelis

Samuel
Samuel

Samuel

Samuele
Samuel

Sebastianus
Sebastian!
Sebastini

Sebastian
Sebastian
Sebastiaan

Sebastien
(Bastian)
(Bastiaan)

Sebastiano
Sebastian

Sigefridus
Sigefridi
Sigefrido

Siegfried
Siegfried
Sigfrid

Sigfrido
Sigfrido

Sigismundus
Sigismundi
Sigismundo

Sigmund

Siegmund

Siegmond

Sigismond

Sigismondo
Segismundo

Silvester
Silvestri
Silvestro

Silvester
Silvester
Silvester

Silvestre

Silvestro
Silvestre

Simon

Simonis
Simone

Simon
Simon
Simon

Simon

Simone
Simon

Stephanus
Stephctni
Setphano

Stephan(en

Stefan

Stephanus

) Etienne

Stef anno
Esteban

Thaddaeus
Thaddaei
Thaddaeo

Thaddeus

Thaddaeus

Thaddeus

Thaddee
(Tadie)

Taddeo
Tadeo

Theobaldus
Theobaldi
Theobaldo

Theobald
Theobald
Dietbald

Thibaud(ult)

Tebaldo
Teobaldo

Theodoricus
Theodorici
Theodorico

Theodric(k
Theoderich
Theodorik

) Thierry
(Dietrich)

Teodorico
Teodorico

Theodorus
Theodori
Theodoro

Theodore
Theodor
Theodoor ( '

Theodore

Theo)

Teodoro
Teodoro

Thomas
Thomae
Thoma

Thomas
Thomas
Thomas

Thomas

Tomaso
Tomas

Timotheus
Timothei
Timotheo

Timothy

Timotheus

Timothee

Timoteo
Timoteo

248

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Udalricus
Udalrici
Udalrico

Ulrich
Ulrich
Uldrik

Ulric

Ulderico
Ulderico

Urbanus
Urban i
Urbano

Urban Urbain

Urban

Urbanus (Urbaan)

Urbano

Valdemarus
Valdemari
Valdemaro

Waldemar
Waldemar
Waldemar

Valdemaro
Valdemaro

Valentinus
Valentini
Valentino

Valentine

Valentin

Valentinus

Valentin
(Valentijn)

Valentino
Valentin

Valerianus
Valeriani
Valeriano

Valerian

Valerianus

Valerien

Valeriano
Valeriano

Venceslaus
Venceslai
Venceslao

Wenceslas Venceslas

Wenzeslaus

Wencelas (Wencelaus)

Venceslao
Venceslao

Vergil ius
Vergilii
Vergil io

Virgil
Virgil (ius)
Virgilius

Virgile

Virgilio
Virgilio

Victor
Victoris
Victore
( Victorius )

Victor
Viktor
Victor

Victor

Vittore(io)
Victor

Vido

Vidonis
Vidone

Guy

Guido

Gui

Guy(i)

Guido
Guido

Vilfridus
Vilfridi
Vilfrido
(Wilfridus)

Wilfred

Wilfried

Wilfrid

Wilfrido
Wilfrido

Vincentius
Vincent ii
Vincentio

Vincent
Vinzenz
Vincentius

Vincent
(Vincent, Sent)

Vincenzo
Vincente

Walterus
Walteri
Waltero

Walter Gautier

Walter

Walter (Gualterus)

Gualtiero
Gualterio

249

Latin

Wilhelmus
Wilhelmi
Wilelmo
(Wilelmus,
Guilelmus)

English

German

Dutch

William
Wilhelm
Willem

Guillaume

Italian
Spanish

Guglielmo
Guillermo

Xianus (see Christianus)

Xoforus (see Christophorus )

Female Names (Genitive and Ablative included, e.g.,

Anna: Anna [nom. ] , Annae: of Anna [gen.]
Anna: by, with, from, etc. Anna [abl.])

English

German

Italian

Latin

Dutch

French

Spanish

Ada

Adae

Ada

Adelaidis

Adelaide

Adelaidis

Adelheid

Adelaida

Adelaide

Adelheid

Adriana (see Hadriana]

Aemilia
Aemiliae
Aemilia
(Emilia)

Agatha
Agathae
Agatha

Agnes
Agnetis
Agnete

Alexia
Alexiae
Alexia
(Alicia)

Aloisia
Aloisiae
Aloisia

Emily Emilie

Emilia

Aemilia

Agatha Agathe

Agatha

Agatha ( Aag j e )

Agnes Agnes

Agnes (e)

Agnes (Agnesia)

Alice Alice

Alexia

Louise Louise
Luise (Aloisia)
Aloisia

Emilia
Emilia

Agata
Agueda

Agnese
Ines

Alessia
Alicia

Luisa
Luisa

250

Latin

Camillia
Camilliae
Camillia

English

German

Dutch

Camille
Camille
Camiele

French
Camille

Italian
Spanish

Camilla
Camila

Carol a
Carolae
Carola

Carol

(Charlotte)
Karla (Carola)
Carola

Charlotte

Carla
Carlota

Cassandra
Cassandrae
Cassandra

Catharina
Catharinae
Catharina

Caecilia
Caeciliae
Caecilia

Clara
Clarae
Clara

Claudia
Claudiae
Claudia

Clementina
Clementinae
Clementina

Constcintia
Constantiae
Constantia

Christina
Christinae
Christina

Dominica
Dominicae
Dominica

Cassandra

C(K)assandra

Cassandra

Cassandre

Catherine

Catherine
Katharina
Catharina (Katrien)

Cecilia Cecile

Caecilia

Cecilia (Cieltje)

Clara Claire

Klara

Klara (Klaartje)

Claudia
Claudia
Claudia

Clementine
Clementine
dementia

Claudine

Clementine

Constance Constance

Konstanze

Constantia (tina)

Christine Christine

Christine

Christina (Christiana)

Dominica
Dominika
Dominica

Dominique

Cassandra
Casandra

Caterina
Catalina

Cecilia
Cecilia

Chiara
Clara

Claudia
Claudia

Clementina
Clementina

Costanza

Contancia

(Constanza)

Cristina
Cristina

Dominica
Dominga

Dorothea
Dorotheae
Dorothea

Dorothy

Dorothea

Dorothee

Dorotea
Dorotea

252

Latin

English

German

Dutch

Amalia Amelia

Amaliae Amelie

Amalia Amalia

(see also Aemilia)

French
Amelie

Italian
Spanish

Amalia
Amalia

Anastasia
Anastasiae
Anastasia

Anastasia
(Anstace)
Anastasia
Anastasia

Anastasie

Anastasia
Anastasia

Angela
Angel ae
Angela

Angela
Angela
Angela

Angele

Angela
Angela

Angelica
Angel icae
Angelica

Angelica
Angelika
Angelica (

Angelique
Gelika, Lika)

Angelica
Ange'lica

Anna
Annae
Anna

Ann ( Anne ,
Anna)
Anna
Anna

Anne

Anna
Ana

Beata
Beatae
Beata

Beata
Beate
Beata

Beate

Beata
Beata

Beatrix
Beatricis
Beatrice

Beatrice

Beatrix

Beatrijs

Beatrice

Beatrice
Beatriz

Benedicta
Benedictae
Benedicta

Benedicta
Benedikta
Benedicta

Benoite

Benedetta
Benita

Berenice
Berenicis
Berenice

Bernice

Berenice

Berenike

Berenice

Berenice
Berenice

Berta
Bertae
Berta

Bertha

Berta

Bertha

Berthe

Berta
Berta

Blanca
Blancae
Blanca

Blanche

Blanka

Blanca

Blanche

Bianca
Blanca

Brigida
Brigidae
Brigida

Bridget

Brigitte

Brigiet

Brigitte

Brigida
Brigida

251

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Edith
Edithae
Editha

Edith
Edith
Edith(a)

Edith

Editta
Edita

Eleemora
Eleanorae
Eleanora

Eleanor

Eleonore

Eleanora

Eleonare

Eleonora
Eleonor
( Leonor )

Elisabetha
Elisabethae
Elisabetha

Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Elisabet(h)

Elisabeth

Elisabetta
Elisabet

Emma
Emmae
Emma

Emma
Emma
Emma ( Hemma )

Emma

Emma
Ema

Ermina
Erminae
Ermina

Hermine
Hermine
Ermina

Hermine

Erminia
Herminia

Esther

(not declined)

Esther

Esther (Ester)

Esther

Ester (ina)
Ester

Eva
Evae
Eva

Eva ( Eve )

Eva

Eve
(Eva)

Eva
Eva

Felicitas
Felicitatis
Felicitate

Felicity
Felicitas
Felicitas (Fel

Felicite
icia)

Felicita

Felicidad

(Felicitas)

Flora
Florae
Flora

Flora
Flora
Flora

Fleur
(Fleurie)

Flora
Flora

Francisca
Franciscae
Francisca

Frances

Franziska

Francisca

Francoise

Francesca
Francisca
(Francesca)

Gabriela
Gabrielae
Gabriela

Gabriella

Gabriele

Gabriella

Gabrielle

Gabriella
Gabriela

Gertrudis
Gertrudis
Gertrude

Gertrude

Gertrud

Gertruda

Gertrude

Geltrude
Gertrudis

253

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Gisela
Giselae
Gisela

Gisela
Gisela
Gisela

Gisele

Gisella
Gisela

Gloria
Gloriae
Gloria

Gloria
Gloria
Gloria

Gloria

Gloria
Gloria

Gratia
Gratiae
Gratia

Grace

Gratia

Grace

Grazia
Gracia

Hadriana
Hadrianae
Hadriana

Adrian Adrienne
Adriana (Adriane)
Adriaantje

Adriana
Adriana

Helena
Helenae
Helena

Helen

Helena

Helene

Elena
Elena

Henrica
Henricae
Henrica

Henriette

Henrike

Hendrika

Henriette

Enrica
Enriqueta

Hilda
Hildae
Hilda

Hilda

Hilda(e)

Hilda

Hilde

Ilda
Hilda

Hildegardis
Hildegardis
Hildegarde

Hildegarde
Hildegard
Hildegard (Hi

Hilegarde
Idgard)

Ildegarda
Hildegarda

Ida
Idae
Ida
(Itta)

Ida

Ida (Itte)

Ida

Ida
Ida

Irene
Irenis
Irene

Irene
Irene
Irene

Irene

Irene
Irene

Isolda
Isoldae
Isolda

Isolda(e)

Isolde

Iseult

Isotta
Isolda

Johanna
Johannae
Johanna
( Joanna ,
loanna)

Johanna

( JoAnn , Jane )

Johanna

Jo ( h ) anna

Jeanne

Giovanna
Juana

254

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Josepha
Josephae
Josepha

Josephine
Josef ine
Josephina

Josephine
( Josina)

Giuseppina
Josef a

Juditha
Judithae
Juditha

Judith (Judy)

Judith

Judith(a)

Judith

Giuditta
Judit

Julia
Juliae
Julia

Julie(a)

Julie

Julia

Julie

Giula
Julia

Juliana
Julianae
Juliana

Juliana
Juliana
Juliana

Julienne

Giuliana
Juliana

Justina
Justinae
Justina

Justina
Justine
Justina (Justa

Justine
)

Giustina
Justina

Katharina (see Gather ina)

Laura

Laure

Laura

Laurae

Laura

Lina

Line

Lina

Linae

Lina

Lina (Lien)

(Carolina)

Lucretia

Lucrece

Lucrezia

Lucre tiae

Lukretia

Lucrecia

Lucretia

Magdalena

Madeleine

Maddalena

Magdalenae

Magdalena(e)

Magdalena

( Magdalene ,

Magdalenis ,

Magdalene )

Margareta

Margaret

Marguerite

Margherita

Margaretae

Margareta

Margarita

Margareta

Margreta

( Margarita )

Maria

Mary (Maria)

Marie

Maria

Mariae

Maria

Maryke

255

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Maria Anna
Mariae Annae
Maria Anna

Marianne
(Mary Ann)
Marianna
Marianna

Marianne

Marianna
Mariana

Martha
Marthae
Martha

Martha
Martha
Martha

Marthe

Marta
Marta

Mathildis
Mathildis
Mathilde

Mathilda
Mathilde
Mathilda

Mathilde

Mathilde
Mathilde

Monica
Monicae
Monica

Monica
Monika
Monica

Monique

Monica

Monica (Monia)

Nora (see Eleonora)

Norma
Norma

Odilia
Odiliae
Odilia

Odile Odile
Odielie (Ottilie)
Odilia

Odilia
Odilia

Paula
Paulae
Paula

Paula
Paula
Paula

Paule

Paola
Paula

Paulina
Paulinae
Paulina

Pauline
Pauline
Paulina

Paulette

Paolina
Paulina
(Paulette)

Petronella
Petronellae
Petronella
(Petronilla)

Petronella
Petronilla
Petronilla

Petronille
(Pieternella)

Petronilla
Petronilla

Priscilla
Priscillae
Priscilla

Priscilla
Priszilla
Priscilla

Priscilla
Priscila

Rachel
Rachel is
Rachele

Rachel
Rachel
Rachel

Rachel

Rachele
Raquel

Regina
Reginae
Regina

Regina
Regina
Regina

Regme
(Regina)

Regina
Regina

256

Latin

English

German

Dutch

French

Italian
Spanish

Rosa
Rosae
Rosa

Rose
Rosa
Rosa (Roos)

Rose

Rosa
Rosa

Rosalia
Rosaliae
Rosalia

Rosalie
Rosalie
Rosalia

Rosalie

Rosalia
Rosalia

Rosalinda
Rosalindae
Rosalinda

Rosalind
Rosalinda
Rosalinde (]

Roselientje)

Rosalinda
Rosalinda

Rosamimda
Rosamundae
Bosamunda

Rosamund

Rosamunde

Rosamunda

Rosemonde

Rosmunda
Rosamunda

Sabina
Sabinae
Sabina

Sabina
Sabina
Sabina (Sab:

Savine
iana)

Sabina
Sabina

Silvia
Silviae
Silva

Silvia
Silvia
Silvia

Sylvie

Silvia
Silvia

Sophia
Sophiae
Sophia

Sophia
(Sophy)
Sophie
Sophia

Sophie

Sofia
Sofia

Stephania
Stephaniae
Stephania

Stephany
Stephanie
Stef ania

Stephanie

Stef ania
Estefania

Teres i a
Teres iae
Teres i a

Teresa

Theresia

Therese

Teresa
Teresa

Ursala
Ursalae
Ursala

Ursula
Ursula
Ursula

Ursule

Orsola
Ursula

Valentina
Valentinae
Valentina

Valentina
(Valentine)
Valentine
Valentina

Valentine

Valentina
Valentina

Veronica
Veronicae
Veronica

Veronica Veronique

Veronika

Veronica (Verona)

Veronica
Veronica

257

English

German

Italian

Latin

Dutch

French

Spanish

Viola

Violet

Violle

Viola

Violae

Viola

Victoria

Victoire

Vittoria

Victoriae

Victoria

Fictoria

Zenobia

Zenobie

Zenobia

Zenobiae

Zenobia

Cenobia

Zenobia

This list was compiled from the following sources:

Dauzat, Albert. Dictionaire Etymologique des Noms de Famille
et Prenoms de France. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1951.

Drosdowski , Guenther. Duden Lexicon der Vomamen.

Mannheim/Zuerich: Bibliographische Institute, 1972.

Dupaquier, Jacques, et al. Le Temps des Jules: Les prenoms
en France au XIXe siecle. Paris: C.N.R.S., n.d.

Egger, Carl. Lexicon Nominum Virorvim et Mulierum.

Rome: Societas Libraria "Studium," 1963.

Maijers, J. A. and Luitingh, J. C. Onze Voomamen.
Amsterdam: Moussault's Uitgeverij NV, 1966.

Tibon, Gutierre. Diccionario Etimologico Comparado de Nombres
Propios de Persona. Mexico: Union Tipografica Editorial
Hispano Americana, 1956.

Wasserzieher , Ernst. Hems und Crete: 1500 Vomamen Erklaert.

18th Ed. Bonn: Ferdinand Duemmlers Verlag, 1972.

258

APPENDIX C

Fixed and Movable Feast Days

The Christian ecclesiastical calendar, utilized by Roman
Catholics and many Protestants, is based upon various highlights
in the life of Jesus Christ and certain events in Christian
church history. It is organized around a series of fixed and
movable feast days, and includes periods prior to or after the
celebration of these festivals, periods of preparation for their
celebration, and the feast days themselves.

Fixed feast days , as the name suggests , occurred on the same
day each year, whereas the dates of movable feast days varied
from year to year. The latter were, generally, based upon their
proximity to Christmas, Epiphany, or Easter, the three most
important religious festivals in the Christian calendar.

The calendar year actually began with the period immediately
prior to Christmas, the four Sundays of Advent--or the four
Sundays prior to Christmas. The date of December 25 was appar-
ently selected to celebrate the birth of Christ because of its
proximity to the Roman Saturnalia, or the winter solstice festi-
val, and the birth date of Mithras, a Middle Eastern deity popu-
lar in the later Roman Empire. It also coincided with Celtic and
Nordic mid-winter festivals.

Epiphany commemorated the arrival of the Magi at the stable
in Bethlehem to present gifts to the infant Jesus. It was cele-
brated on January 6 .

Easter was the final, and most important, event in the
Christian calendar. Just as the celebration of Christmas
occurred only after a period of four Sundays of penance, so
Easter was also preceded by a time of penance, in this case forty
days rather than four Sundays .

Easter was established as a movable feast day, which was to
be celebrated after the first full moon of spring. Since the
first day of spring was, traditionally, March 21, the celebration
of Easter varied from March 22 to April 25. The remainder of
the calendar was adjusted to this time period every year. The
Easter season officially began with Septuagesima (70th) Sunday,
and lasted until Trinity Sunday, which occurred eight weeks after
Easter. The total length of the Easter season, including Lent,
the penitential period lasting forty days, and the eight weeks
after Easter Sunday, was fixed at 123 days.

259

The remainder of the ecclesiastical calendar was, therefore,
adjusted to maintain this interval each year. Since there were,
for example, four Sundays prior to December 25, in the Advent
season, the time period of Epiphany and Trinity had to be changed
annually.

Eventually, additional feast and saints' days were added to
the ecclesiastical calendar, many of which were fixed rather than
movable. The names of a number of these feast days were taken
from religious sermons, sayings, verses of the Vulgate, etc.
Thus, for example, the fourth Sunday of Advent was called Rorate
Coeli Desuper (Drop down ye heavens from above . . . Isaiah 45:8
[King James Translation] ) .

Common fixed and movable feast days are given below. The
dates of fixed feast days are included here. For the calculation
of a particular movable feast day, using either the Julian or
Gregorian calendar, consult such reference works as A. Giry.
Manuel de Diplomatique, 1896, reprint ed. , New York: Burt Frank-
lin, 1965, Reginald L. Poole. Studies in Chronology and History.
Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1934; reprint ed. , 1969, R. Dean
Ware, "Medieval Chronology," in James M. Powell, ed.. Medieval
Studies: An Introduction (New York: Syracuse University Press,
1976), pp. 127-221, or others listed in the selected
bibliography .

Fixed Feast Days

Date
1 January

6 January

13 January
22 January
25 January
27 January

Latin

Circumcisio Domini

Octava Nativitatis Christi

Regum Trium
Epiphania

Baptismus Christi
Deponsatio Mariae
Conversio Pauli
Septem Gaudia(ae) Mariae

2 February Ptirificatio B.M.V.

(or the Sunday following)

2 February

Obviatio Simeonis Justi

English

Circumcision of the

Lord

Eight Days after the

Birth of Christ

(Feast) of the Three

Kings

Epiphany

Baptism of Christ

Engagement of Mary

Conversion of Paul

The Seven Joys of Mary

The Purification of
the Blessed Virgin
Mary

Meeting (with) Simeon
the Just

260

Date
2 February

20 February
20 February

1 March

18 March

19 March

March

May

June

July

August

Latin

Presentatio Domini Nostri
in Templo

Eucharias*

Incathedratio Petri

Conversio Mariae Magdalenae

Gabrielis Archangeli

Josephi Mutricii Domini,
Sponsi B.M.V.

Annunciatio Domini ad Mariam

Conceptio Domini

Crucis Inventio

Michaelis Archangeli
Apparitio

Johannis Baptistae Nativitas

Visitatio Mariae
Divisio Apostolorum

Inventio Protomartyris
Stephani

Transfiguratio Domini in
Monte Tabor

Ascensio (Assumtio) Mariae

Decollatio Johannis
Baptistae

English

Presentation of our
Lord in the Temple

Eucharias

Creation of the See
of Peter

Conversion of Mary
Magdalene

(Feast) of the
Archangel Gabriel

(Feast) of Joseph
earthly father of the
Lord, husband of the
Blessed Virgin Mary

Annunciation of
the Lord to Mary

Conception of the
Lord

Discovery of the Cross

Appearance of the
Archangel Michael

Birth of John the
Baptist

Visitation of Mary

Division of the
Apostles

Discovery of (the
bones of) St. Stephen,
the First Martyr

Transfiguration of
the Lord on Mount
Tabor

Ascension of Mary

Beheading of John the
Baptist

*also (Festum) Eucarii episcopi (Feast of Bishop Eucarius;

261

Date

1 September
14 September

23 September

24 September

29 September

1 November

2 November
8 November

25 December

26 December

Latin

Duodecim Fratrum
Crucis Exaltatio
Gaudia Mariae
Conceptio Johannis

Festtun Angelonim

( Conunemoratio ) Omnium
Sanctomm

( Commemoratio ) Animarum

Conceptio Mariae

Nativitas Christi

Stephani Protomartyris*

English

The Twelve Brothers

Elevation of the Cross

Rejoicing of Mary

Conception of John
(the Baptist)

Feast of Angels

All Saints Day

All Souls Day

Conception of Mary

The Birth of Christ
(Christmas)

(Feast) of St. Stephen
the First Martyr

*Be careful to avoid confusing this feast day with the
celebration of the discovery of the bones of St. Stephen
on August third.

Movable Feast Days
Latin
I post November Annum

I post Epiphaniam

II post Epiphaniam

III post Epiphaniam

IV post Epiphaniam

V post Epiphaniam

VI post Epiphaniam

Septuages ima

( Circumdederunt me gemitus
mortis, Psalmi 17:5
[Vulgate] )

English

First Sunday after the New Year

First Sunday after Epiphany

Second Sunday after Epiphany

Third Sunday after Epiphany

Fourth Sunday after Epiphany

Fifth Sunday after Epiphany

Sixth Sunday after Epiphany

Ninth Sunday before Easter

(70th Day)

(The sorrows of hell

compassed me about,

Psalms 18:5 [KJV] )

262

Latin
Sexagesima

(Exsurge, quare obdormis,

Psalmi 43: 23 [Vulgate])

Quinquages ima

(Esto mihi [in lapidem
fortissimum] Psalmi 30:3
[Vulgate] )

Quadr ages ima

Invocavit ( me )

(Invocabit me et exaudiam eum,

Psalmi 90:15 [Vulgate])

Reminiscere

( reminiscere miserationum

tuarum Domine, Psalmi 24:6

[Vulgate] )

Oculi

(Oculi mei semper ad dominum,

Psalmi 24:15 [Vulgate])

Laetare

(Laetare Jerusalem [laetamini
cum Jerusalem et exultate in ea
omnes qui diligitis earn] ,

Isaias 66:10 [Vulgate])

Judica

(Judica me Deus et disceme
causam meam a gente non sancta,

Psalmi 42:1 [Vulgate])

Palmarum

(Domine, ne longe facias
[tu autem Domine ne longe fias

fortitude mea in auxilium meum

festina] , Psalmi 21:20

[Vulgate] )

Dies Viridium

English

Eighth Sunday before Easter

(60th Day)

(Awake, why sleepest thou

[O Lord]?, Psalms 44:23 [KJV] )

Psalms 44:23 [KJV] )

Seventh Sunday before Easter
(50th Day)

(be thou my strong rock,
Psalms 31:2 [KJV] )

Sixth Sunday before Easter

First Sunday in Lent

(He shall call upon me, and I

will answer him: Psalms 91:15

[KJV])

Fifth Sunday before Easter
(Remember, O Lord, thy tender
mercies ... Psalms 25:6 [KJV])

Fourth Sunday before Easter
(Mine eyes are ever toward
the Lord; Psalms 25:15 [KJV])

Third Sunday before Easter
(Rejoice ye with Jerusalem, and
be glad with her, all ye that
love her: Psalms 66:10 [KJV])

Second Sunday before Easter
(Judge me, O God, and plead my
cause against an ungodly
nation: Psalms 43:1 [KJV])

Palm Sunday

(But be not thou far from me,
O Lord: O my strength, haste
thee to help me. Psalms 22:19
[KJV])

Maundy Thursday

(Thursday before Easter; from
mandatum meum, the first words
of the washing of the feet
ceremony which occurs on
this day. )

263

Latin

Dies Adorationis

Pascha

Quasimodogeniti

(Quasi modo geniti infantes

[sicut modo geniti infantes

rationale sine dolo lac

concupiscite ut in eo

crescatis in salutem] ,

Epistula Petrii 1:2 [Vulgate])

Misericordia

( misericordia Domini plena

est terra, Psalmi 32:5

[Vulgate] )

Jubilate

(Jubilate Deo omnis terra
cantate gloriam nomini eius,

Psalmi 65:1-2 [Vulgate])

Cantate

(Cantate domino canticum novum,

Psalmi 97:1 [Vulgate])

Rogate

(Rogate Vocem Jucunditatis ,

Isaias 28:20 [Vulgate])

Exaudi

(Exaudi, domine, vocem meam
[audi Domine vocem meeim
invocantis miserere mei et
exaudi me], Psalmi 26:7
[Vulgate] )

Ascenscio

Pentecostae
( Pentecoste )

Trinitatis

I post Trinitatem

II post Trinitatem

III post Trinitatem

English

Good Friday

Easter

Sunday after Easter

(As newborn babes, desire the

sincere milk of the word, that

they may grow thereby:

I Peter 1:2 [KJV] )

Second Sunday after Easter
(the earth is full of the

goodness of the Lord.

Psalms 33:5 [KJV] )

Third Sunday after Easter
(Make a joyful noise unto God,

all ye lands: Sing forth the

honor of his name:

Psalms 66:1-2 [KJV])

Fourth Sunday after Easter
(0 sing unto the Lord a new
song; Psalms 98:1 [KJV])

Fifth Sunday after Easter
(Ask [with] a voice of pleasure,
Isaiah 28:20 [KJV] )

Sixth Sunday after Easter
(Hear, 0 Lord, when I cry with
my voice: have mercy also upon
me and answer me. Psalms 27:7
Psalms 27:7 [KJV] )

Day of Ascension

(40 days after Easter)

(Day of) Pentecost

(Feast of) Trinity Sunday
First Sunday after Trinity
Second Sxinday after Trinity
Third Sunday after Trinity

264

Latin

IV post

V post

VI post

VII post

VIII post

IX post

X post

XI post

XII post

XIII post

XIV post

XV post

XVI post

XVII post

Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem
Trinitatem

XVIII post Trinitatem

XIX post Trinitatem

XX post Trinitatem

XXI post Trinitatem

XXII post Trinitatem

XXIII post Trinitatem

XXIV post Trinitatem

XXV post Trinitatem

XXVI post Trinitatem

English

Fourth Sunday after Trinity

Fifth Sunday after Trinity

Sixth Sunday after Trinity

Seventh Sunday after Trinity

Eighth Sunday after Trinity

Ninth Sunday after Trinity

Tenth Sunday after Trinity

Eleventh Sunday after Trinity

Twelfth Sunday after Trinity

Thirteenth Sunday after Trinity

Fourteenth Sunday after Trinity

Fifteenth Sunday after Trinity

Sixteenth Sunday after Trinity

Seventeenth Sunday after
Trinity

Eighteenth Sunday after Trinity

Nineteenth Sunday after Trinity

Twentieth Sunday after Trinity

Twenty-First Sunday after
Trinity

Twenty-Second Sunday after
Trinity

Twenty-Third Sunday after
Trinity

Twenty-Fourth Sunday after
Trinity

Twenty-Fifth Sunday after
Trinity

Twenty-Sixth Sunday after
Trinity

265

Latin

XXVII post Trinitatem

Adventus

(Ad te levavi [Ad te Domine
cLnimam meam levabo] ,

Psalmi 24:1 [Vulgate])

II post Adventum
(Populus Sion, Isaias 3 0
[Vulgate] )

III post Adventum
(gaudete in Domino semper

itenun dico gaudete,

Epistola ad Philippenses 4:4
[Vulgate] )

IV post Adventum

(Rorate coeli desuper [rorate
caeli desuper et nubes pluant
iustum] , Isaias 45:8 [Vulgate])

English

Twenty-Seventh Sunday after
Trinity

Advent Sunday (fourth Sunday befor
before Christmas — Unto thee,
O Lord, do I lift up my soul.
Psalms 25: 1 [KJV] )

Second Sunday after Advent
(Sunday) (People of Zion:
Isaiah 30:30 [KJV] )

Third Sunday after Advent
(Sunday) (Rejoice in the Lord
always: and again I say.
Rejoice. Philippians 4:4
[KJV])

Fourth Sunday after Advent
(Sunday) (Drop down, ye heavens,

from above and let the skies

pour down righteousness :

Isaiah 45:8 [KJV] )

266

APPENDIX D

Sample Parish Register Entries

Included below are three parish register entries. The
handwritten copy is first, then a Latin transliteration, then an
English translation.

It is recommended that each document be read in the origi-
nal, then compared first with the Latin transliteration and,
finally, with the English translation. In this way, additional
facility in the study and translation of register entries may be
obtained, particularly those in which at least some Gothic
letters are found.

Parish Registers: Document #1: A Birth Entry from Germany

2 \rpt4,n~d*-r%^'Ary»^/

14
IS

O-n-^-n

'/^-

./t/K\

267

Latin Transliteration: Document #1

1) Proles anonyma Matthiae Schuster/ : Krammertippl/ :

2) nxindinatoris , et Maria Evae Leyrerinn

3) conjugum, filius legitimus, ob primogenitus , ob

4) peirtus difficultatem 2 dies integros durantem, ma-

5) tvire in utero ob obstetrice hujate primum, dein

6) securitatis causa eib obstetrice Weilheimensi, in arte

7 ) sua longe peritissima signum vitae advertente ba-

8) ptizatur h: 3 matut: 22 Jul: statim obiit, eodemque

9) die h:5 ta vesp: translatus ad tumulum et sepultus est

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Proles anonymae Joeuiis Georgii Nebl/:Zach:/villae nostrae

duae operarii, et Meiriae Bellandinn conjugiim

per abortum terrore caussatum natae, queiriua

una f aeminea , ab ipsa matre pridie eib obstetrice hujate

ad casum quo,/: heu! jam bina vice factum!:/ instructa

baptizata est; altera autem mascula nullum omnino

vitae signum edidit; heme obstretix in aedicula peir-

vulorum sine baptismate dedecentium, illam vero utpote

baptizatam, licet 4 vel 5 poliices longam, sesqviipedali tamen

loculo inclusam ritu consueto sepelivit eodem die h. 4 vesp:

30 Julii

N.B. Krammertippl and Zach are locality names.

Weilheimensis is Latinized fonn of Weilheim, a
place name. Note that h: = hora, 5ta = quinta,
matut. = matutina, and vesp: = vespertina. Note also
that the first words of lines 10 & 11 are actually
in the margin, i.e., proles duae, even though
they are included with these lines for illustrative
purposes. Translate this phrase with line 10,
e.g., proles duae Joanis ... etc.

268

English Translation: Document #1

An anonymous child (or, the anonymous offspring) of Matthew
Schuster, from Krammertippl

a merchant trading at fairs , and Maria Eva Leyrer

married couple, son legitimate firstborn, because of

a difficult birth lasting two entire days,

promptly in the womb by the midwife of this place, first
then

for the sake of safety, by the midwife in Weilheim in art

her for a long time most skilled, a sign of life perceiving

is baptized at the third hour of the morning on the 22nd of
July: (the child) died immediately (thereafter), and on the
same

day at the fifth hour of the evening (it) was carried to the
tomb and buried.

Two anonymous children (offspring) of John George Nebl from
Zach of our village

a worker (manual laborer), and Maria Beland married couple,

born through a miscarriage caused by fear, of which

one (was) a female, by the mother herself the day before by o

the midwife of this place ^

>- ^
tr uj CO

for the case, for which — whew! now two instead made — < _j ^

instructed S^ '^ <

was baptized; the other (child) (was) however male, no >. *~ »
entirely CC co H

O UJ rr
of life a sign gave out; this (child) the midwife in the [j^ ^
mortuary (literally: the little house) t^ I v^

f- <
of the deceased children (of the small ones) without bap-Q^jH
it (the child) truly as if 2 2 !j

< m ^
baptized, only four or five inches long, nevertheless in^^ *"
foot and a half (long) "^

coffin shut (placed) according to the customary rite
buried on the same day at the fourth hour of the evening.

on the 30th of July.

269

(An unnamed child, the legitimate first-born son of Matthew
Schuster, a merchant trading at fairs, from Kramertippl
[living at Kramertippl] and [of] Maria Eva Leyrer, married
couple, because of a difficult birth lasting two entire
days, promptly by the local midwife, first, then, for
safety's sake, by the midwife of Weilheim, who is most
skilled in her art, after perceiving a sign of life, is
baptized at the third hour of the morning on July 2 2nd;
the child died immediately [after the baptism] and on the
same day at the fifth hour of the evening it was carried to
the tomb and buried. )

(Two unnamed children of John George Nebl, from Zach [living
at Zach], a manual laborer of our village, and Maria Beland,
married couple, born due to a miscarriage caused by fear,
of whom one [was] female, [and] was baptized by the mother
herself, who was instructed yesterday by the local midwife
for this situation — whew! now two came out instead of one —
the other, however, [was] a male, [but] he gave out no sign
of life whatsoever; that child was brought to the mortuary
for deceased children without baptism; it was, however,
treated as if it had been baptized, and, even though it
was only four or five inches long, it was placed in a
coffin about one and one-half feet long, and buried on the
same day, according to the customary rite, at the fourth
hour of the evening on July 3 0th. )

Note that proles is a feminine noun. For this reason,
mascula, illam, baptizatam, longam, and
inclusam all agree with it in gender, and case (The
singular is inferred because each child is treated
separately in the entry.) even though the second child
who died was a male.

270

Parish Registers: Document #2: A marriage from France

■^Pi

r-c^

12
• 13

14 ->*^ /

■^■^

)Att;*25t- ^^^J**- M^M^^/fun^ fi&i^HaA*'***^**^^

'>ir ^i

«'

271

Latin Transliteration: Document #2
Anno millesimo septingentesimo nonagesimo

die decimo quinto mensis februarii rite antea in hanc (sic)
nostra ecclesia parochiali factis tribus denxinciationibxis ,
guarum prima die trigesimo Januarii secunda septimo
hujus tertia die decimo quarto/ nulloque detecto impedi-
mento obtento eorum quorum interest consensu matri-
monii vinculo conjuncti sunt Franciscus Josephus
Strohmeyer Adolphi Strohmeyer civis in hoc loco
Bumhaupt inferiori et defunctae Mariae Annae Bilsch
f ilius legit imus natus viginti octo annos et quatuor
circiter menses et Jacobe Bilsch Michaelis Bilsch civis
hujus loci et defunctae Annae Mariae Muller filia legi-
tima nata triginta unum annos et duos menses a
me Francisco Josepho Hinck parocho hujus dicti
loci et presentibus testibus Adolpho Strohmeyer
supra nominato sponsi patre et Michaele Bilsch
supra dicto sponsae patre, Petro Bilsch praefati
Michaelis Bilsch f ilio legitime et Ludovico Vogeleisen
scholae magistro et organista hujus parochiae, qui
quatuor una cum sponso et sponsa mecum subscrip-
serunt.
N.B. Bumhaupt inferior: Burnhaupt-le-bas

272

English Translation: Document #2

In the year one thousand seven hundred ninety

on the fifteenth day of the month of February formerly in
the customary manner in this

our parish church, three banns having been made,

of which the first (was) on the 30th of January, the second
on the seventh

of this (month) (and) the third on the fourteenth day, and
no having been uncovered hindr-
ance, having been obtained of those of whom it concerns
consent, of marri-
age by the bond were joined Francis Joseph
Strohmeyer, of Adolph Strohmeyer citizen in this place
(of) Burnhaupt-le-bas and of the deceased Maria Anna Bilsch
son legitimate born 28 years and four

approximately months and Jacobe Bilsch of Michael Bilsch
citizen

of this place and of the deceased Anna Maria Mueller daughter
legi-
timate born 31 years and 2 months by
me Francis Joseph Hinck parish priest of this said

place and the witnesses present (or the present witnesses)
were Adolph Strohmeyer

above named of the groom father and Michael Bilsch
above said of the bride father, Peter Bilsch of the aforesaid
Michael Bilsch son legitimate and Louis Vogeleisen
school master and organist of this parish, which
four together with the groom and bride with me under-
signed.

273

(In the year one thousand seven hundred ninety [and] on the
fifteenth day of the month of February, earlier [and]
in the proper manner, in this our parish church, after the
posting of three marriage banns, the first of which was
on the 3 0th day of January, the second on the 7th of this
month, [and] the third on the 14th [of this month] , and
since no hindrance was uncovered, [and] with the obtained
consent of those involved, Francis Joseph Strohmeyer,
legitimate son of Adolph Strohmeyer, citzen in this place
of Burnhaupt-le-bas , and [son] of the deceased Maria Anna
Bilsch, born 28 years and about 4 months ago, and Jacobe
Bilsch, legitimate daughter of Michael Bilsch, citizen
of this place, and [daughter] of the deceased Anna Maria
Mueller, born 31 years and 2 months ago, were joined in the
bond[s] of holy matrimony by me Francis Joseph Hinck,
parish priest of this said place, and the witnesses present
were: Adolph Strohmeyer, above-named father of the groom,
and Michael Bilsch, above-said father of the bride, Peter
Bilsch, the legitimate son of the aforesaid Michael Bilsch,
and Louis Vogeleisen, school teacher and organist of this
parish, the four of whom, together with the groom and
bride, signed below with me.)

274

Parish Registers: Document #3: A Death Entry from Germany

13 nitm

14
15
16
17

275

Latin Transliteration: Document #3

Josephus Held viduus. Per plures annos homo vere miser et
miserabilis, leproso proximus, seine

plurima contemptum. Pauperitatem, famen, sitim, frigus et
aestum

magnosque corporis concreti et debilium membrorxun cruciatus
patientissime

velut alter Job sustinuit. Quotidie, permittente calami tate,
in nostra

ecclesia tremendis missae sacrificiis interfuit, devotissime
oreins. Vir ergo

minime fucato virtutis et magnae pietatis fuit. Tcindein in via,
beurona (place name)

domtun redux, pluvia madef actus, digito primum minimo, dein
toto brachio

intumescere coepit. Sanie mox fluente, et digito putredine
consumto

mirum est, quantos dolores pertulerit, per integras septem
hebdomades uno

vilissimi lectuli spatio affixus. At nunquam conquestus,
nunquam impatienter

locutus fuit, in tribulatione patienticun maximum Thesaurum,
impatientiam

vero maximum damnum esse dictitcuis. Quondam consolatori sue
commiserati-

onem ostendenti heroice respondit, miseratione dignum non
esse, quem Deus

tot malis percusserit. Ergo bis ss. ecclesiae morientium
sacramentis refectus

post durum certamen optime ad j ter ( iter ) aetemitatis
dispositus et resignatus

me presente misereim vitam cum meliori et beata, ut pie opto
et credo

permutavit. R. J. (I.) P. vixit elemosynis beuronensi (a town)

Right hand margin: sepultus obiit 2do Octobris 1785 aetatis
sexagesimo primo. sepultus in Imdorff 3 Octobris.

276

English Translation: Document #3

1) Joseph Heid widower. Through many years a man truly poor and
miserable, by leprosy next, indeed

2) many things, condemned: poverty, hunger, thirst, cold and
heat

3) and great of the stiffened body and of weak limbs torments
most patiently

4) just as another Job endured. Daily, calamity permitting,
in our

5) church with tremendous sacrifices at the mass he was present,
most devoutly praying. A man, therefore,

6) least in simulation of virtue and of great piety he was.
Finally on the road from Beurona

7) he returned home, by the rain made wet, first with the
smallest finger, then with the whole arm

8) to swell up he began. Soon with pus flowing, and a putrid
finger consumed

9) it is a marvel, how many pains he suffered, through seven
entire weeks for a

10) of most vile bed space he was affixed. But never a
complaint, never impatiently

11) he spoke, in suffering, patience, the greatest treasure,
(and) impatience

12) truly the greatest loss is, repeating, to his former
consoler

13) pity showing, he answered heroically (that) he was not
worthy of pity whom God

14) will have struck with so many evil things. Therefore,
twice with the holy sacraments of the church of the dying
refreshed

15) after a hard struggle most favorably to the journey of
eternity disposed and resigned

16) in my presence a poor life with a better and blessed, as
piously I desire and believe,

17) he exchanged. May he rest in peace! He lived from the
charity of Beuron(a)

277

died 2nd October 1785 61 years of age; buried in Irndorf
3rd October

(Joseph Heid widower. For many years [this] truly unfortunate
and miserable man was cursed by leprosy [and] indeed many
[other] things: poverty, hunger, thirst, cold, and heat,
and he endured most patiently great torments of [from] his
stiffened body and weak limbs, just as another Job. He was
present daily, when his illness allowed, at great sacrifice,
in our church [and] he prayed most devotedly. He was a man,
therefore, of great piety, who least simulated virtue.
Finally, however, on the road from Beurona, as he returned
home, soaked by the rain, first his little finger, then
his whole arm began to swell up. Soon, with flowing pus
and consumed by a putrid finger, he was confined to a most
vile bed for a space of seven whole weeks. The amount of
pain he suffered is unbelievable. Yet he never uttered a
complaint or spoke impatiently, repeating that patience
in tribulation is the greatest treasure and impatience
the greatest loss. To his former consoler [i.e., the
parish priest] he confided heroically that he whom God
will have struck with so much evil is not worthy of pity.
Twice, therefore, refreshed by the holy sacraments of the
church for the dying, [and] after a hard struggle, most
most favorably disposed and resigned to the eternal journey
he exchanged a poor life for one better and blessed, as I
piously hope and believe. May he rest in peace! He lived
from the charity of Beuron[a]. He died on the second
of October 1785 at the age of 61. He was buried in Irndorf
on the third of October. )

278

KEY TO THE GRAMMAR AND TRANSLATION EXERCISES

Chapter I

A. Grammar

Singular

Norn . f emina

Gen . f eminae

Dat . f eminae

Ace . f eminam

Abl . f emina

Plural

Nom. filii

Gen. filioriim

Dat. filiis

Ace. filios

Abl. filiis

aurxga

aurigae

aurigam

auriga

Nom.

feminae

aurigae

Gen.

feminarum

aurigarum

Dat.

feminis

aurigis

Ace.

feminas

aurigas

Abl.

feminis

aurigis

Singular

Nom.

f ilius

puer

signum

Gen.

filii

pueri

signi

Dat.

filio

puero

signo

Ace.

f ilium

puerum

signum

Abl.

filio

puero

signo

pueri
puerorum
puer is
pueros
puer is

sxgna

signorum

signis

signa

signis

C. Latin to English

She is my godmother.

the will of the aunt

She is a widow.

of/from the driver
to/for the driver
the drivers

He/she has a grandmother,

the baptism of a/the son

(or: My godmother is.)

279

to/for the pupils (disciples)

by/with/f rom, etc. the pupils (disciples)

in the year of the (our) Lord

He/she made a will.

of/from Catherine
to/for Catherine

E. English to Latin

filia consobrinae

nautae

Marita mea est.

sepulturae

Matrinam habet. (Patrineun habet is also possible.)

servorum

coemeterio

matrimonium magistri

baptismo

Stephani

E. Parish Registers

Document # 1

13 September

Clasina

Father Henricus (Henry) van der Mortel

Mother Susanna de Visscher

Godmother Joanna Dekers

born on the same day after noon about 4:30 (about the hour
four and one-half)

280

Document # 2

This baptism book (was) begun by the right reverend lord
Peter Kaufman by me Dominic Wei land of the same immediate
successor was continued (and) in the same place pastor in
the year one thousand seven hundred twenty-one to the
greater of God and of the Blessed Virgin glory.

(This baptismal book [was] begun by the right reverend lord
Peter Kaufman [and] continued by me Dominic Wei land,
immediate successor of the same [i.e., Peter Kaufman]
[and] pastor in the same place in the year one thousand
seven hundred twenty-one to the greater glory of God
and of the Blessed Virgin.)

Nom.
Gen,
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Chapter II
A. Grammar

Singular

Masc.

bonus

boni

bono

bontun

bono

Fern.

bona

bonae

bonam

bona

Neut.

bonum

boni

bono

bonum

bono

Masc.

liber
liber i
libero
liberum
libero

Fem.

libera
liber ae
liber ae
liber am
libera

Neut.

liberum
liber i
libero
liberum
libero

Plural

Nom.

boni

bonae

bona

Gen.

bonorum

bonarum

bonorum

Dat.

bonis

Ace.

bonos

bonas

bona

Abl.

bonis

liberi liberae libera
libero rum liber arxun liberorum
liberis liberis liberis
liberos liberas libera
liberis liberis liberis

C. Latin to English

The sailor is large.

the book (or register) of the baptized children, of the
married and deceased (persons)

the church of the Blessed Saint Peter

He/she has one son.

My son is small.

281

D. English to Latin

liber ecclesiae Sancti Petri

Hones tus Thomas Mattingly et pudica Anna Barbara Wilcox
copulati siint.

Hodie Martinus, filius illegitimus Mathildae Stieger,
oriundae ex Rottweiller, mortuus est.

parochia Beatae Sanctae Mariae

filia abortiva

E. Parish Registers

Document # 1

Today the thirteenth of August 1703 died Joseph,
illegitimate son of Joseph Burger citizen of Rotenwiller,
and (of) Anna Lemena of Frieburg im Uechtland, of age
about 8 months and he was buried in the cemetery beyond
the gate. The witnesses present were Laurence Weber,
sexton of the cathedral church of Strasbourg, and Anna
Teusch(in) wife of John (Johann) Jacob Henny, citizen of
this city. (directly below: buried P. Dourne [i.e.,
P. Dourne, the priest, buried the child])

Document # 2

On the same day (in) 1833 according to the sacrament were
married the upright young man Jacob Marxer and the upright
virgin Maria Agatha Meyer, in the presence of the witnesses
Jacob Matt and John (Johann) Meyer.

(On the same day in 1833, the honorable [upright] young
man Jacob Marxer and the honorable [upright] virgin Maria
Agatha Meyer were married, according to the sacrament
[of the church] , in the presence of the witnesses Jacob
Matt and John Meyer. )

Chapter III

A. Grammar

Present Indicative Active

Singular

baptizo doceo svun

baptizas doces es

baptizat docet est

282

Plural

baptizamus
baptizatis
baptlzan-t

docemus
docetis
docent:

Future Indicatve Active
Singular

baptizabo

baptizabis

baptizabit

Plural

bapti zabimus
baptizabitis
bapti zabunt

docebo

docebis

docebit

docebimus
docebitis
docebunt

Imperfect Indicative Active
Singular

bapti zabam
baptizabas
bapti zabat

Plural

bapt i z abmus
baptizabatis
bapti zabant

docebam
docebas
docebat

docebamus
docebatis
docebant

sumus
estis
sunt

ero

eris

erit

erimus
eritis
erunt

eram
eras
erat

eramus
eratis
erant

C. Latin to English

He will baptize my child.

He/she is a sailor. (There is a sailor; The sailor is.)

They are grandmothers. (The grandmothers are; There are

grandmothers . )

The uncles approve the marriage of their daughters.

The sons (nom. pi.) of the uncle (gen. sing.) sons (nom.
pi.) of the brother are.

(The sons of the uncle are sons of the brother. )

The cousin used to relate stories.

283

D. English to Latin
Nautae sunt .
Testes sunt:

Filiae meae in villa laborabant.

Hodie Johannes Merz, filius legitimus Thomae Merz et Mariae
Gather inae Belcher, baptizatus est.

E. Parish Registers
Document # 1

In the Year 163 5

This year furious was, indeed in it Mars with Libitina
celebrated, i.e., the wrath of God the lands with spear,
war and plague, with similarities, so oppressed, that
of Darmstadt from the court, within (under) whose roof
hunger and walking about Bellona the inhabitants very many
forced, by means (of) with the same cart more than 50 from
(of) the dead were carried out. (This) is seen (in) the
register ecclesiastical (of) Darmstadt under the year 1635.

(In the year 1635

This year was indeed furious ; in it Mars celebrated with
Libitina, i.e., the wrath of God so oppressed the lands with
spear, war, and plague, which was similar to Mars celebrating
with Libitina, that more than 50 of the dead were carried
out to be buried, in the same cart, from the court of
Darmstadt, under whose roof [protection] hunger and war
forced a great many inhabitants. This event is seen
[recorded] in the ecclesiastical register of Darmstadt
under the year 1635.)

Document # 2

Children

Maria Catharina
born (on) the 19th

Parents

Godparents

Nicolaus Heimburger John Peter Oberrieder

resident of Colmar
and vine dresser
Anna Maria
Appollonia Rocs
from Doplischirand
originating

citizen of Colmar
and of the representative
of the magistrate of
Colmar the third son
Maria Catherina Schidyn
citizen of Colmar and of
a weaver the daughter,
chaste virgin

284

(Godparents)

(John Peter Oberrieder citizen of Colmar
and the third son of the representative of the
magistrate of Colmar

Maria Catharina Schidyn, citizen of Colmar and
the daughter of a weaver. chaste virgin)

Nom,
Gen,
Dat,
Ace.
Abl,

Chapter

Singular

aetas

fons

nomen

civis

aetatis

fontis

nominis

civis

aetati

fonti

nomini

civi

aetatem

fontem

nomen

civem

aetata

fonte

nomine

cive

Plural

Nom • aetates

Gen . aetatum

Dat . aetatibus

Ace . aetates

Abl . aetatibus

fontes

fontum

fontibus

fontes

fontibus

nomina

nominum

nominibus

nomina

nominibus

Gives

civium

civibus

cives

civibus

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Singular

Masc. & Fem.

felix

felicis

felici

felicem

felici

Neuter

felix

felicis

felici

felix

felici

Masc. & Fem.

omnis

omni

omnem

omni

Neuter

omne

omnis

omni

omne

omni

Nom,
Gen.
Dat,
Ace.
Abl.

Plural

felices

felicium

felicibus

felices

felicibus

Masc.

Nom. celer

Gen. celeris

Dat . celeri

Ace . celerem

Abl • celeri

Fem.

felicia

felicium

felicibus

felicia

felicibus

omnes

omnium

omnibus

omnes

omnibus

omnia

omnium

omnibus

omnia

omnibus

celeris

celeri

celerem

celeri

Neuter

celere

celeris

celeri

celere

celeri

285

Plural

Masc. Fem. Neuter

Nom.

celeres

celeria

Gen.

celerium

Dat.

celeribus

Ace.

celeres

celeria

Abl.

celeribus

Singular
Masc. & Fem.

celeribus

Neuter

celeribus

Noiti.

vetus

Michael is

Mathildis

Gen.

veteris

Michaelis

Mathildis

Dat.

veteri

Michael i

Mathidli

Ace.

veterem

vetus

Michaelem

Mathildem

Abl.

vetere

Michaele

Mathilde

Plural

Nom.

veteres

Gen.

veterum

Dat.

veteribus

Ace.

veteres

Abl.

veteribus

Vetera

veterxim

veteribus

Vetera

veteribus

C. Latin to English

In this roll (record) the names of the baptized children and
of the godparents are contained.

The witnesses of this birth were: Michael Worthington,
esquire, and Matthew Foss , knight.

John, son of Charles, royal chancellor, married (i.e., led
into [marriage]) Mathilda, daughter of the most illustrious
Thomas .

Here are the names of all those (those all) who in the parish
church of the Blessed Saint Paul in the cemetery beyond
the gate were buried.

(Here are the names of all those who were buried in the
parish church of the Blessed St. Paul in the cemetery beyond
the gate . )

Yesterday in marriage holy were joined the bachelor Jacob
Walder, legitimate son of John Walder and Mathilda Vorwand,
and the chaste virgin Maria Anna Rueckstaetter , legitimate
daughter of William Rueckstaetter and Margareta Oberbauer.

286

(Yesterday the bachelor Jacob Walder, legitimate son of
John Walder and Mathilda Vorwand, and the chaste virgin
Anna Maria Rueckstaetter , legitimate daughter of William
Rueckstaetter and Margaretha Oberbauer, were joined in
holy matrimony. )

D. English to Latin

Levantes (or Patrini, or Susceptores) fuerunt Thomas Brown
et Mathilda Westover.

In hoc rotulo, nomina omnium baptizatorum puerorum et
susceptorum (patrinoirum, levantum) continentur.

Testes huius matrimonii fuerunt: Martinus Vineaux, agricola
et civis huius loci, Petrus Waldeck, caupo et civis huius
loci, et Johannes Paulus Giron, faber et civis Sancti
Martialis.

Labor omnium civitatem aedificavit.

Omnibus fidelibus in Christo, salutationes !

E. Parish Registers
Document # 1
Children Parents

John

Jacob

born (on the) 24th

Laurence Mentzer

citizen and tanner

Anna Maria

Tantz originating

from Turckheim

of a citizen daughter

and of an innkeeper

(Laurence Mentzer
citizen and tanner
Anna Maria
Tantz originating
from Turckheim
daughter of a
citizen and innkeeper)

Godparents

John George Mentzer
citizen and butcher
Maria Elisabetha
Brucher, Tantz (in)
born, of John Paul
Brucher citizen and
saddle maker wife

(John George Mentzer
citizen and butcher
Maria Elisabetha
Brucher, born Tantz,
wife of John Paul
Brucher, citizen and
saddle maker)

287

Document # 2

Right Margin

Carolo (Carolus) Yesterday at approximately the fifth
Antonio (Antonius) (hour) in the afternoon was born a little
Maria child from (of)

Micherolli the legitimate married couple Antonio of the

late Antonio Micherolli and Maria Antonia,
daughter of Josepho Siva, both of (from) the
place of Lostalli (Lostallo), who because of
danger (of death) bapti-
zed was at home by me Francisca as above

(Yesterday at about the fifth hour of the after noon [5:00
p.m.] a little child, Antonio, was born, from the
legitimately married couple the late Antonio Micherolli,
and Maria Antonia, daughter of Josepho Siva, both from the
place of Lostallo, who [i.e. the child] because of danger
of death was baptized at home by me, Francisca [the midwife]
as above )

Chapter V

A . Grammar

Present Indicative Active
Singular

contraho

contrahis

contrahit

venio

capio

venis

capit

venit

capit

Plural

contrahimus
contrahitis
contrahimt

venimus
venitis
veniunt

capimus
capitis
capiunt

Future Indicative Active
Singular

contraham
contrahes
contrahet

veniam
venies
veniet

capxam
capies
capiet

Plural

contrahemus
contrahetis
contrahent

veniemus
venietis
venient

capiemus
capietis
capient

288

Imperfect Indicative Active
Singular

contrahebam
contrahebas
contrahebat

Plural

contrahebamus
contrahebatis
contrahebant

C. Latin to English

veniebam
veniebas
veniebat

veniebamus
veniebatis
veniebant

capiebam
capiebas
capiebat

capiebamus
capiebatis
capiebant

The book moreover to read we promise.
(We promise, morever, to read the book.)

William de Leye, junior, and Rosalinda Ralston a marriage
will contract.

(William de Leye, junior, and Rosalinda Ralston will contract
a marriage. )

We grant freely and quietly to Stephen Winckmeier land in
perpetuity to be possessed.

(We grant land, freely and quietly, to Stephen Winckmeier
to be possessed. )

I will that Jacob Hofbauer the register of this parish from
the month of January to the month of December in the year
one thousand seven hundred twenty-six shall take down
(record) .

(I will that Jacob Hofbauer shall take down [record] the
register of this parish from the month of January
the month of December in the year 1726.)

D. Latin to English

Georgius Wilson et Sophia Graham matrimoniim contrahent.

In parochiam veniebat, Martham, famulam et orbam, sub
promitto matrimonii impraegnabat , et fugiebat.

Epistulam etiam scribere promittimus.

Mater gemellos gignebat, quibus nomina Fredericus et Thomas
imposita sunt. Propter imminens periculum mortis, ambo
eorum ab me (a me) Stephania Leguinne, obstetrice,
baptizati sunt.

In civitatem (urbem) veniam.

289

E. Parish Registers

Documents #1 and #2

Begins here the book (register) of burials of the church
parish of St. Stephen within Strasbourg
consisting of two hundred and eighty-seven pages.
Given at Strasbourg on the day twenty-eighth of the month
of June in the year one thousand seven hundred forty-
five

(Here begins the book [register] of burials of the parish
church of St. Stephen within Strasbourg, consisting of
two hundred and eighty-seven pages. Given at Strasbourg
on the twenty-eighth day of the month of June in the year
1745. )

Ends here the book (register) of the dead (deceased) of the
parish of St. Stephen within Strasbourg. Given at Strasbourg
in the palace episcopal on the day twenty-seventh in the year
one thousand seven hundred nineteen.

(Here ends the book [register] of the deceased of the parish
of St. Stephen within Strasbourg. Given at Strasbourg in
the episcopal palace on the twenty-seventh day of June in
the year 1719. )

Document # 3

Catalog of the deceased in the old hospital

royal located beyond the gate commonly Lahiens called in the

year 1704
On the day 12th of September died Peter des Vaisseaux of the
light-armed (cavalry) citizen of Benj , cavalry soldier with all
of the church sacraments provided of age
his about 3 2 years, and he was buried in the cemetery of the royal

hospital
private; the witnesses assisting (were) Philippe Forbet, called

Argentcourt, hospital orderly
of the aforesaid hospital and Claude Verdun also an orderly.

(Catalog of the deceased in the old royal hospital located beyond
the gate commonly called Lahiens in the year 1704.
On the 12th day of September Peter des Vaisseaux of the light-
armed [cavalry], citizen of Benj [and a] cavalry soldier, died,
provided with all of the sacraments of the church; he was about
3 2 years of age, and he was buried in the private cemetery of
the royal hospital. The witnesses assisting were: Philippe
Forbet, called Argentcourt, an orderly of the aforesaid hospital,
and Claude Verdun, also an orderly. )

290

On the day 14th of September died in the hospital old royal lord
N. the head of the police constables of Bourgogne , with

all of the church sacraments
provided, and of his age 3 6 about years, and he was buried
in the cemetery. The above-signed witnesses (were) assisting.

(On the 14th day of September, lord N. the head of the police
constables of Bourgogne, died in the old royal hospital, provided
with all of the sacraments of the church; he was about 36 years
of age, and he was buried in the cemetery. The witnesses, who
signed above, assisted.)

Chapter VI

A. Grammar

Perfect Indicative Active

Singular

habitavi

tenui

vendidi

veni

cepi

habitavisti

tenuisti

vendidisti

venisti

cepisti

habitavit

tenuit

vendidit

venit

cepit

Plural

habitavimus

habitavistis

habitaverunt

tenuimus

tenuistis

tenuemnt

vendidimus

vendidistis

vendidenxnt

Pluperfect Indicative Active
Singular

habitaveram
habitaveras
habitaverat

Plural

tenueram
tenueras
tenuerat

habitaveramus tenueramus
habitaveratis tenueratis
habitaverant tenuerant

vendideretm
vendideras
vendiderat

vendideramus
vendideratis
vendiderant

Future Perfect Indicative Active
Singular

habitavero

habitaveris

habitaverit

tenuero

tenueris

tenuerit

vendidero

vendideris

vendiderit

venimus cepimus
venistis cepistis
venerunt ceperunt

veneram ceperam
veneras ceperas
venerat ceperat

veneramus ceperamus
veneratis ceperatis
venerant ceperant

venero cepero
veneris ceperis
venerit ceperit

291

Plural

habitaverimus tenuerimus vendiderimus venerimus ceperimus
habitaveritis tenueritis vendideritis veneritis ceperitis
habitaverint tenuerint vendiderint venerint ceperint

C. Latin to English

In the pains of childbirth died Agnes de Groot while living
the wife of William Sloet, commonly called Gerrit, citizen
and brewer of this place, on the ninth day of the month of
June in the year of our Lord 1680.

We, priests of this parish of the Blessed Saints Peter and
Paul, Abner Roth and Eleanor Murphy married.
(We, the priests of this parish of the Blessed Saints Peter
and Paul, married Abner Roth and Eleanor Murphy.)

Yesterday, I, Stephen Rotgermann, deacon, a little old lady,
name unknown, who into village our wandered and from a
disease unknown next to the market place died, in the
cemetery of the potters buried.

(Yesterday I, Stephen Rotgermann, deacon, buried a little old
lady, name unknown, who wandered into our village, and died
next to the market place from an unknown disease, in the
potters' cemetery.)

(On the) 23 (rd) of July breathed out her soul, Johanna
Jakobina Seidt after a long illness, widow of Michael
Johannes Nethe, with all the sacraments of the church
provided, and on the following day she was buried.

(On the 2 3rd of July, Johanna Jakobina Seidt, widow of John
Nethe, breathed out her soul after a long illness,
provided by all of the sacraments of the church, and was
buried on the following day. )

Agnes Nebl , a woman, a pauper, a worker, pious toward God,

after more than nine months in stomach her so had worked

that foods scarcely not all, which she had taken, again to vomj

up she was compelled, danger of death sensing, the sacrament

she sought, and to the divine will most resigned after

many days in agony she expired 15 December 1777 in the

year of age (her) 54 and on the same day she was buried.

(Agnes Nebl, a poor working woman, who was pious toward God,
after more than nine months of being compelled to vomit up
her food again shortly after she ate it, and sensing that
death was near, asked for the last rites and expired,
being very resigned to the divine will, after many [more]
days in agony, on 15 December 1777, in her 54th year, and
was buried on the same day. )

292

D. English to Latin

Testes huius baptismi fuerunt: Thomas Plumboldt, mercator
et civis huius loci, et Wilfredus Crom, aurifaber et civis
Snodlondi .

Medicus operationem fecit et infantem sexus feminei ex
utero matris eius removit. Ego Francisca Capelli obstetrix
hunc infantem baptizavi, propter periculum mortis (decessus)
et ei nomen Mariam Angelicam dedi.

Paulus Bitrand servus (famulus) fidelis per multos aimos in

pharmacopolio nostro hydropse intumuit et, omnibus sacramentis

provisus, in agone (agonem) duodecimo Augusti 1765 anno
aetatis suae 40 obiit.

Hodie ego Walterus Grund, parochus parochiae Sancti Victoris
honestum juvenem Rudolf um Schmelzer, fabrum et civem
Oppenheimensis , f ilium legitimum Frederici Schmelzer agricolae
et civis Oppenheimensis et Mariae Annae Duersch, uxoris
eius et pudicam virginem Appolloniam Barbaram Wuerth, filiam
legitimam defuncti Nicolai Wuerth, dum vivens lignarii et
civis ex Oberkatzenbachense , et Marthae Evae Moench uxoris
eius copulavi (in matrimonium conjunxi, etc.). Testes
huius matrimonii fuerunt: Jospehus Wund, agricola ex
Oppenheimense , et Adamus Winck, faber ex Oberkatzenbachense.

Heri Johannem ( Joannem) , f ilium illegitimum Joannae
(Johannae) Montreaux in coemeterio figulorum extra portam
villae nostrae (vici nostri) sepelivi. Paucis diebus post
mortem huius infantis, mater etiam obiit et ab patre suo
sepelienda in tumulo familiae suae delata est.

E. Parish Registers
Document # 1

Right Margin: Maria Dominica Gobba (+ = died)

In the year of (our) Lord 1756 on the day 25 (th) of August
I John Albert a Lauda, Capuchin missionary and parish priest
baptized a little child in the preceding night born from John
Gobba and
Maria Domnica Porta his legitimate wife, upon whom the name

I placed Maria
Dominica. The godparents were lord judge Joseph Amabilis

Paravisius
and Maria Rosa Pizzetta, both from Lostallo, and these (things)

all in the church of Saint
Nicolaus Gabrioli (were done).

(In the year of our Lord 1756, on the 25th day of August, I John
Albert a Lauda, Capuchin missionary and parish priest, baptized a
little child born in the preceding night to [from] John Gobba

293

and Maria Dominica Porta his legitimate wife, upon whom I placed
the name [to whom I gave the name] Maria Dominica. The godparents
were lord judge Joseph Amabilis Paravisius and Maria Rosa Pizzeta,
both from Lostallo, and all these things [were done] in the church
of St. Nicolaus Gabrioli.)

Document # 2

Right Hand Margin: Joseph Maria Fidelis Micharolus

In the year of (our) Lord 17 34, on the day 26 (th) of June
Flew away to the fellowship of the angels, the soul of a certain

little child born from Antonio
Maria Micharolus and Dominica Jacomella, married couple, of months

four about and its
body was buried by me John Aloysius, Capuchin preacher and

missionary
in the cemetery of the children in the church of St. Nicolaus

Gabrioli .

(In the year of our Lord 1734, on the 26th day of June
the soul of a certain child flew away to the fellowship of the
angels, born to [from] Antonio Maria Micharolus and Dominica
Jacomella, married couple; [the child was] about four months
[old] and its body was buried by me John Aloysius, Capuchin
preacher and missionary, in the cemetery of the children in the
church of St. Nicholaus Gabrioli.)

Document # 3

1787

Andreas Potinger was a man 3 2 of years, of wood (a thing

wooden) and water
a magistrate, a man vigorous and robust, to whom strength of

body
unshaken health and life long to promise
seemed; ; but against of all expectation already
by the month of October, to be badly off he began. The

man robust
gradually kept on failing (i.e., became weaker) and from his

strength exhausted, duty his no
longer to perform he was able. Soon by the holy sacraments

fortified by the disease
which was pneumonia, being oppressed, and to the last

(things) led
31 January (at) 7 (in the) evening the soul he breathed out,

agonizing, being comforted
and body lifeless 1 February (to the) tomb being carried.

(Andreas Potinger was a 3 2-year old man, a magistrate of
wood and water, a vigorous and robust man to whom the
strength of [his] body seemed to promise unshaken health
and long life. But against every expectation, already by

294

the month of October he began to be sick. The robust man
gradually declined in health and became so exhausted that
he could no longer perform his duty. Soon thereafter,
fortified by the last rites, and oppressed by the disease,
which was pneumonia, and led to the last things, on the
31st of January at 7 in the evening, he breathed out [his]
soul, being comforted [by the last rites], and [his]
lifeless body was carried to the tomb [and] buried on the
the 1st of February. )

Document #4

The Year of the Lord 1815

Haurytki

In the year of (our) Lord one thousand eight hundred fifteen

on the day 31 of January, after the publication of marriage banns

on three consecutive Sundays
of which the first was on Sunday the second, the second on Sunday

the third and the (third was on Sunday) the fourth
after Epiphany, (and) no hindrance canonical having been uncovered

and (being) previously
examined of (their own) free consent and the remaining

(information) to be announced, I Caspar
Godleviski , vicar of the church of Bochoviensis the worker Gregory

Sobotowski , a young man

and Bogumila Vrolewna virgin, (being) parishioners of (the parish

of) Bochoviensis
I questioned about their mutual consent above freely with them

to be contracted, by will
examined in marriage I joined, and them according to the rite

of the holy mother church
I blessed. The witnesses present (were) the workers John
Rogowoski and Thomas Chudrinski .

(In the year of our Lord 1815, on the 31st day of January, after
the publication of marriage banns on three consecutive Sundays,
the first of which was on the second Sunday after Epiphany, the
second of which was on the third Sunday after Epiphany, and the
third of which was on the fourth Sunday after Epiphany, and no
canonical hindrance having been uncovered, and having been
previously examined of their own free consent, and the remaining
information to be announced, I Caspar Codleviski, vicar of the
church of Bochoviensis, joined the worker Gregory Sobotowski,
a young man, and Bogumila Vrolewna, a virgin, parishioners of
of the parish of Bochoviensis, in marriage, after
I questioned them regarding their mutual consent, freely given,
to be married [to each other] , and I blessed them according to
the rite of the holy mother church. The witnesses present were
the workers John Rogowoski and Thomas Chudrinski . )

295

Wiercienie and Haurytki

In the year of (our) Lord one thousand eight hundred fifteen,

on the day 15
of the month of February, after the publication of marriage banns

on three consecutive Sundays
of which one (the first) was on Sunday the fourth, the second on

Sunday the fifth, the third on Sunday the seventh after Epiphany
(and) no hindrance canonical having been uncovered and (being)

previously examined of (their) free
consent and the remaining (information) to be announced, I Caspar

Godleviski vicar of the
church of Bochoviensis the noble George Wiercienski , a young man,

and
the noble Rosalia Wiercienska, virgin, (being) parishioners of

Bochoviensis and
I questioned (them) about their mutual consent above freely (given)

with them to be
contracted by will examined in marriage I joined and them according

to the rite
of the holy mother church I blessed. The witnesses present

(were) the nobles
Adalbert Wiercienski and Adalbert ? (the surname is partially

cut off in this entry)

(In the year of our Lord, 1815, on the 15th day of the month of
February, after the publication of marriage banns on three
consecutive Sundays [which was apparently not the case here] the
first of which was on the fourth Sunday after Epiphany, the second
of which was on the fifth Sunday after Epiphany, and the third of
which was on the seventh Sunday after Epiphany, and no canonical
hindrance having been uncovered, and having been previously
examined of their own free will, and the remaining information
to be announced, I Caspar Godleviski, vicar of the
church of Bochoviensis, joined the noble Ceorge Wiercienski, a
young man, and the noble Rosalia Wiercienska, virgin, parishioners
of Bochoviensis, in marriage, after I questioned them regarding
their mutual consent, freely given, to be married [to each
other] , and I blessed them according to the rite of the holy
mother church. The witnesses present were the nobles Adalbert
Wiercienski and Adalbert ? . )

Chapter VII

A. Grammar

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

unus

una

unum

duo

duae

duo

Cen.

unius

duorxun

duorrxm

duarum

Dat.

uni

duobus

duabus

duobus

Ace.

tinum

unam

uniun

duos

duas

duo

Abl.

uno

una

uno

duobus

duabus

duobus

296

Masc.

Fein.

Neuter

Nom.

tres

tria

Nom.

milia

Gen.

trium

Gen.

milium

Dat.

tribus

Dat.

milibus

Ace.

tres

tria

Ace.

milia

Abl.

tribus

Abl.

milibus

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Singular

Plural

Nom.

primus

prima

primum

primi

primae

prima

Gen.

primi

primae

primi

primorum

primarum

primorum

Dat.

primo

primae

primo

primis

Ace.

primum

primam

primiim

primos

primas

prima

Abl.

primo

prima

primo

primis

C. Latin to English

In the year of Christ one thousand five hundred ninety-five
and on the third day of the month of December . . .

6 January (Epiphany) one thousand eight hundred forty-six
were baptized twins, legitimate sons of Joseph Conrad and
Susanna Magdalena Meyer, married couple from Boxwiller.

Here are the names and surnames of the baptized (children)
in our parish church of Saint Martha together with the names
and surnames of the parents and the godparents also from the
year 1764.

In the year of the Lord 1774 (on the feast day of), the
Circumcision of the Lord (1 January), contracted marriage
Henry Bierdreger and Catherine Germesen, both from Deventer;
the priest was Jan Classen.

(The year of the Lord 1774, on the feast day of the
Circumcision of the Lord, January 1, Henry Bierdreger and
Catherine Germesen, both from Deventer, contracted
contracted marriage; the priest was Jan Classen. )

Given at Hereford 28 March in the year of our Lord 1241.

D. English to Latin

Anno millesimo septingentesimo septuagesimo secundo et die
decimo quinto mensis 8bris (or Vlllbris), Georgius Walker
et Maria Catharina Spelt copulati sunt.

Anno gratiae millesimo quingentesimo tricesimo quinto,
die vices imo Martii, vetus Johannes Brenner, viduus Mathildae
Steinheim, mortuus est et die vices imo secundo Martii
sepultus est.

297

Die Inventionis Sancti Stephani Protomartyris ( tertio August! )
MDCXXXIV, infans (puer) Margareta, filia legitima Wilhelmi
(Guilelmi, etc.) Smith et Barbarae Annae Wheeler nata est et
tres dominicae ( or , 3 dominicae ) post idem f estum
baptizata est.

Datum decimo Jcuiucirii millesimo octingentesimo secundo.

Actum in pontificatu sanctissmi patris et domini nostri
dominorum Urbanis, divina providentia papa.

E. Parish Registers

Document # 1

Chrostkowo

In the Right Margin: 1818

On the day eighth of the month of November, I Fulgentius

Petrykowski

priest of Honne, baptized a child by the name (of) Martin born

on day third of the same month, in the hour seventh of the
evening son

of the upright Catherine Murawski , a servant, of unknown
father. The godparents

were the upright Melchior Hawieki , married, and Nerienna

Jankowfka, virgin, both from Krentowo , all Catholic.

(On the eighth day of the month of November, I Fulgentius
Petrykowski, priest of Honne, baptized a child by the
name of Martin, born on the third day of the same month,
in the seventh hour of the evening, son of the upright
Catherine Murawski, a servant; the father of the child was
unknown. The godparents were the upright Melchior Hawieki,
a married man, and Nerienna Jankowfka, virgin, both from
Krentowo, all Catholic.)

Document # 2

On the Ides of Januarii (13th of January) died Maria
Margareta del Tombe, orphan, John de Sentis, pastor.

On eighteen Kalends of February (15 January), from life
departed Thomas del Salle, orphan. John de
Sentis, priest.

On five Kalends of February (28 January), from the station
of life departed Arnulphus Waresguelle, widower. John de
de Sentis, curate.

On pridie Kalends of February (31 January), from life
departed John de Flandre, a youth. John de Sentis, priest.

On four Ides of February (10 February), from life departed

298

Julian del Salle, orphan. John de Sentis, curate

On three Ides of February (11 February) from life departed
Peter Cola widower, John de Sentis, priest.

Chapter VIII

A. Grammar

Present Indicative Passive

Singular

baptizor

baptizaris

baptizatur

Plural

baptizamur

baptizamini

baptizantur

teneor

teneris

tenetur

tenemur

tenemini

tenentur

vendor

venderis

venditur

vendimur

vendimini

venduntur

Future Indicative Passive
Singular

baptizabor

baptizaberis

baptizabitur

Plural

tenebor

teneberis

tenebitur

vendar

venderis

vendetur

baptizabimur tenebimur vendemur
baptizabimini tenebimini vendemini
baptizabuntur tenebuntur vendentur

Imperfect Indicative Passive

Singular

baptizabar

baptizabaris

baptizabatur

Plural

tenebar

tenebaris

tenebatur

vendebar

vendebaris

vendebatur

baptizabamur tenebamur vendebamur
baptizabamini tenebamini vendebamini
baptizcibantur tenebantur vendebantur

venior

veniris

venitur

venimur

venimini

veniuntur

veniar

venieris

venietur

veniemiir

veniemini

venientur

veniebar

veniebaris

veniebatur

veniebamur

veniebamini

veniebantur

fugior

fugeris

fugitur

fugimur

fugimini

fugiuntur

fugiar

fugieris

fugietur

fugiemur

fugiemini

fugientur

fugiebar

fugiebaris

fugiebatur

fugiebamur

fugiebamini

fugiebantur

299

C. Latin to English

Yesterday, on the seventh day of the month of September, the

soul of a child, name unknown, who by (from)
mother its was abandoned, to Almighty God returned.

(Yesterday, on the seventh day of the month of September,
the soul of a child, who was abandoned by its mother,
returned to Almighty God. )

(There is, unfortunately, no exact way to determine the sex
of the child from the information provided. Infans can be
either masculine or feminine in gender. In this entry, it
appears to be masculine. Consequently, qui, a relative
pronoun whose antecedent is infans, simply agrees with the
latter in gender and number. )

On the fourth Sunday (after) Epiphany, in the year of our
Lord 1684, Mathilda Reichwald legitimate daughter of
Matthew Reichwald and Agnes Meinert will be baptized.

Is buried in the cemetery the upright man George Meyering.
(The upright man George Meyering is buried in the cemetery. )

In the year of Grace 1779, Francisca, illegitimate daughter
of Maria Louisa Franchon, will be confirmed.

In this register, the names of the deceased in this parish
are contained.

(The names of the deceased in this parish are contained in
this register. )

D. English to Latin

Eodem die honestus juvenis Henricus Longue ex Hammwiller
(Hammwillerense) et pudica virgo Maria Jacobina Battler
copulabantur .

Vices imo tertio Junii millesimo sescentesimo octogesimo
quinto sepelitior gallus mendicus, qui in xenodochio obiit.

Post brevem morbum, anima sua Deo omnipotenti reddebatxir.

Infans (puer) in ecclesia parochiali a me Mairtino Forcellini
parocho parochiae Sanctae Agnetis baptizabitur.

Silvam diocesi donabimus.

E. Parish Registers

Document # 1

(Anniversaries established in the parish of Rossbrunn —
the heading missing in the excerpt)

300

6th (anniversary) established 1737 for (in behalf of) John
George Wildt is celebrated on the 8th of November; donated

(for this purpose) are (sic) the chief (capital) sum (of)
20 Florins, of which (from which) yearly it is necessary
to be paid (Note that this is the third person singular,
present indicative passive of solvere, but is perhaps
best translated here as a passive infinitive.)

to the parish priest 30, to the teacher (school master) 10,
to the poor six, and to the church 14 Kreutzer.

(The 6th anniversary established in 1737 for John George
Wildt, is celebrated the 8th of November; the chief sum
of 20 Florins is donated for this purpose, from which it
is necessary to pay, yearly, the following amounts: 3 0
Kreutzer to the parish priest, 10 Kreutzer to the
schoolmaster, 6 Kreutzer to the poor, and 14 Kreutzer
to the church. )

Document #2

November

25. Is buried in the new cemetery here

the upright widow Ursula Krysserin (who) died

without the sacraments from (because of) the negligence

of the servants.

On the same day is buried the upright man Hanss
Cronhart Zinde, former citizen from here.

30. Is buried the upright widow Ursula

Zoboltin (commonly [called] the old Witschger)
from here.

December

13. Is buried the upright man George

Oetterlin, former citizen from here.

17. Is buried the upright widow Anna

Meyer from here (who) died without extreme

unction from (because of) the negligence of the servants,

23. Is buried Hans Michel Braunrissen
former citizen from here.

301

Chapter IX

A. Grammar

Perfect Indicative Passive

Singular

laudatus, -a, -urn sum
laudatus, -a, -um es
laudatus, -a, -um est

tentus, -a, -um sum
tentus, -a, -um es
tentus, -a, -um est

venditus, -a, -um sum
venditus, -a, -um es
venditus, -a, -um est

auditus, -a, -um sum
auditus, -a, -um es
auditus, -a, -um est

fugitus, -a, -um sum
fugitus, -a, -um es
fugitus, -a, -um est

Plural

laudati, -ae, -a sumus
laudati, -ae, -a estis
laudati, -ae, -a sunt

tenti, -ae, -a sumus
tenti, -ae, -a estis
tenti, -ae, -a sunt

venditi, -ae, -a sumus
venditi , -ae , -a estis
venditi, -ae, -a sunt

auditi, -ae, -a sumus
auditi, -ae, -a estis
auditi, -ae, -a sunt

fugiti, -ae, -a sumus
fugiti, -ae, -a estis
fugiti, -ae, -a sunt

N.B. The perfect tense of sum may also be used for the

perfect indicative passive, e.g., baptizatus, -a, -um
fui, fuisti, fuit, baptizati, -ae, -a fuimus, fuistis,
f uerunt , etc .

Pluperfect Indicative Passive

Singular

laudatus, -a, -um eram
laudatus, -a, -um eras
laudatus, -a, -um erat

tentus, -a, -um eram
tentus, -a, -um eras
tentus, -a, -um erat

venditus, -a, -um eram
venditus, -a, -um eras
venditus, -a, -um erat

auditus, -a, -um eram
auditus, -a, -vim eras
auditus, -a, -um erat

Plural

laudati, -ae, -a eramus
laudati, -ae, -a eratis
laudati, -ae, -a erant

tenti, -ae, -a eramus
tenti, -ae, -a eratis
tenti, -ae, -a erant

venditi, -ae, -a eramus
venditi, -ae, -a eratis
venditi, -ae, -a erant

auditi, -ae, -a eramus
auditi, -ae, -a eratis
auditi, -ae, -a erant

302

fugitus, -a, -um eram
fugitus, -a, -vim eras
fugitus, -a, -um erat

fugiti, -ae, -a eramus
fugiti, -ae, -a eratis
fugiti , -ae , -a ereint

Future Perfect Indicative Passive

Singular

laudatus, -a, -um ero
laudatus, -a, -um eris
laudatus, -a, -um erit

tentus, -a, -um ero
tentus, -a, -um eris
tentus, -a, -um erit

venditus, -a, -ixm ero
venditus, -a, -um eris
venditus, -a, -um erit

auditus, -a, -um ero
auditus, -a, -um eris
auditus, -a, -um erit

fugitus, -a, -um ero
fugitus, -a, -um eris
fugitus, -a, -um erit

C. Latin to English

Plural

laudati, -ae, -a erimus
laudati, -ae, -a eritis
laudati, -ae, -a erunt

tenti, -ae, -a erimus
tenti, -ae, -a eritis
tenti, -ae, -a erunt

venditi , -ae , -a erimus
venditi , -ae , -a eritis
venditi, -ae, -a erunt

auditi, -ae, -a erimus
auditi, -ae, -a eritis
auditi, -ae, -a erunt

fugiti, -ae, -a erimus
fugiti, -ae, -a eritis
fugiti , -ae , -a erunt

On the 25th of April piously in the Lord died Anna Maria
Lorentz citizen from Katzenheim, wife of John Ancel , tailor
and citizen of this village, extreme unction having been

provided, she was buried
in our cemetery.

(On the 25th of April, Anna Maria Lorentz, citizen of [from]
Katzenheim, wife of John Ancel, tailor and citizen of [from]
this village, died piously in the Lord, having been provided
with the last rites [extreme unction] ; she was buried in
our cemetery. )

In this month also died, a servant certain Swiss

who under the wheel of a cart, having been loaded with wine,

fell and through the middle
of the (his) body crushed; although a foreigner he was, in

cemetery our
16th of June to the tomb he was carried away.

(In this month, a certain Swiss servant also died, who
fell under the wheel of a cart loaded with wine, and was
crushed through the middle of his body; although he was
a foreigner, he was carried to the tomb in our cemetery
on the 16th of June.)

303

On the twenty-ninth of March in the year of our Lord 1697,

Anna Margaretha
Gascon, mother most famous of the priest of this place,

Francis
Charles Gascon, by (with) all (of) the sacraments fortified,

piously in Lord
our Jesus Christ slept away. May she rest in holy peace!

(On the twenty-ninth of March, in the year of our Lord 1697,
Anna Margaretha Gascon, most famous mother of the parish
priest of this place, Francis Charles Gascon, slept away
piously in our Lord Jesus Christ, fortified by [with] all
of the sacraments of the church. May she rest in holy
peace! )

Today was baptized Martin, legitimate son of Peter Borck
and Maria Magdalena Reeker, married couple; born yesterday
in the home of his grandfather. The godfather was: George
van de Heet, merchant and citizen of Delft; the godmother
was: Gretjde Sleet wife of Martin van der Lubbe, notary and
citizen of this place.

On the day thirtieth of the month of May one thousand seven
hundred ten, three marriage banns having been made, were
married the upright Caspar Ott, legitimate son of Henry Ott
and Mathilda Forster, married couple in this place, and the
chaste virgin Catharina Baum, legitimate daughter of John
Baum and Magdalena Gartner, married couple from Altersheim.

(On the thirtieth day of the month of May [in the year] one
thousand seven hundred ten, after the publication of three
marriage banns, the upright Caspar Ott, legitimate son of
Henry Ott and Mathilda Forster, married couple in this
place, and the chaste virgin Catharina Baum, legitimate
daughter of John Baum and Magdalena Gartner, married couple
from Altersheim, were married. )

D. English to Latin

Hodie, vicesimo septimo Decembris (Xbris, lObris) , vetus
(senex) Anna, vidua Caroli Martin et mater duorum puerorum
defimctorum (decessorum) mortua est (obiit). Die
sequent! in coemeterio nostro sepulta est. Requiescat in pace

Anno domini millesimo septingentesimo sexagesimo nono, tribus
denunciationibus factis, copulati sunt honestus juvenis
Georgius Monteverdi, filius Frederici Monteverdi, agricolae,
et Angelae Tibaldi, et pudica virgo Maria Magdalena Fareti,
filia legitima Matthaei Fareti et Renatae Rimabanno.

304

Septimo Octobris (Vlllbris, 8bris) baptizata est Theresia,
filia legitima Simonis Schell, sartoris, et Ursulae natae
Krantz. Propter imminens periculum mortis (decessus) , infeins
(puer) baptizatus est a me Margaretha Schoher, obstetrice.
Post baptismum infans per tres horas vixit et eodem die ad
horeun sextam vespertinam mortuus est (obiit).

In hac matricula (hoc libro) ecclesiae parochialis
Frauenbergensis , nomina omnium qui in sacro fonte baptismi
abluti sunt, qui in sacramento legit imo matrimonii conjuncti
sunt, et qui ex hac vita ad aetemitatem decessi sunt,
scripta sunt.

Duodecimo Novembris (9bris, IXbris) millesimo sescentesimo
quinquagesimo primo, extraneus in parochiam nostram venit
et pascua ma j oris nostri per sex menses usus est. Post hoc
tempus, parochiam reliquit et famulam ex villa Sittardensis
copulavit.

E. Parish Registers

Document # 1

Left Hand Margin: Josephus Cast

In the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred seventy-
three on the day fifteenth of the month of February, died
Joseph (being) three about years, son of George Gast day
laborer and Margaritha Fischer, married couple and citizens in

Gombrechts-
hoffen living; and on the day sixteenth of the same
month and year by me the below written priest in Gonders-
hoffen and suburbs was buried in the cemetery of the church
daughter in Gombrechtshof f en; the witnesses present (were)
the said George Gast of the child the father, and Joseph

Michael
schoolmaster, who with me signed below.

(In the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred seventy-
three on the fifteenth day of the month of February, Joseph
[a child] , about three years old, son of George Gast
day laborer and Margaritha Fischer, married couple and
citizens living in Gombrechtshof fen, died, and was buried
on the sixteenth day of the same month by me the undersigned
parish priest in Gondershof fen and suburbs in the cemetery
of the daughter church in Gumbrechtshof en. The witnesses
present were: the said George Gast, father of the child,
and Joseph Michael, schoolmaster, who [together], with me,
signed below. )

305

Document # 2

Left Hand Margin: Cunzini Anna Maria

In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred ninety-six,
on the day truly fourteenth, of the month of December, at the

hour sixth
after noon, Anna Maria (of) the late Joseph Cravella daughter
from the place of Plani and this parish of Saint Bernard Campo

di Maggia, of age her
the year seventy making, in home her own, in
the community of the holy Mother Church (her) soul to God

returned ,
whose body on the day following was buried in the cemetery

near
the church of St. Bernard, to me Archangel (o) Giumini

confessor
approved she confessed on the day eleventh of the same month

(and) (by means of) the most holy
Communion refreshed, on the day same and of holy oil by

anointing strengthened
through me on the day thirteenth of the same month, and

by other prayers (and)
rituals (she) was comforted.

(In the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred ninety-six
on the fourteenth day of the month of December, at 6 p.m. ,
Anna Maria [Cunzini], daughter of the late Joseph Cravella
from Plani and this parish of St. Bernard Campo
di Maggia, returned her soul to God in the fellowship of
the holy mother church, in her seventieth year. Her body
was buried on the following day in the cemetery near the
church of St. Bernard. She confessed to me Archangelo
Giumini, approved confessor, on the eleventh day of the
same month and, having been refreshed by the most holy
communion, on the same day, and strengthened by the
anointing of holy oil, by [through] me, on the thirteenth
day of the same month, she was also comforted by other
prayers and rituals.)

Chapter X
A. Grammar
Singular

Nom . obitus

Gen . obitus

Dat . obitui

Ace . obitirm

Abl . obitu

fades
faciei
faciei
faciem
facie

306

Plural

Nom. obitus facies

Gen. obituiun faciertun

Dat. obitibus (ubus) faciebus

Ace . obitus facies

Abl. obitibus (ubus) faciebus

C. Latin to English
She died in childbirth.

Jacob Pistor, carpenter was buried at noon.

In this text (document, record), the names, ages, and sexes
of the deceased children in the parish of St. John have been
recorded.

The parents were: Peter Fortner and Magdalena Bauer, both
from Hochheim.

For three days at home he/she remained.
(He/she remained at home for three days.)

D. English to Latin

Nomen infantis, cuius mater in partu obiit, Martinus fuit
( erat ) .

Post decessum matris, operatic facta est et infans, sexus
masculini, n.n. (nomen nescio) , ex utero eius extractus
fuit.

Copulatio delata est propter consanguinitatem in tertio
gradu.

Banna coram facie ecclesiae parochialis lecta sunt.
In villa (vico) per duos annos vixit.

E. Parish Registers
Document #1

(The parish register)

of the parish church of Saint Martin of the bishopric

of Tongrensis (Tongres) and of Saint Veronica beyond and near

the walls of the city of Liege.

307

Document # 2

In the name most sacred
of the Trinity, father and son
and holy spirit
amen.

The names of the baptized and of those
who the baptized from the baptism
raised according to the decree
of the Council of Trent.

(In the most sacred name of the Trinity: Father, and Son,
and Holy Spirit Amen. The names of the baptized [children]
and of those who raised the baptized [children] from the
baptism according to the decree of the Council of Trent.)

In the year of our Lord 169 3

of January on the day
5 . Joanna daughter of Bertrand Ghire
and Catharina Gregory his wife
was baptized by me Giles
Masuyr, pastor, the godfather (being)
Gerard LeRoy and the godmother (being)
Heyde Devitte.

(In the year of our Lord 1693, on the 5th day of January,
Joanna, daughter of Bertrand Ghire and Catharina Gregory
his wife, was baptized by me Giles Masuyr, pastor. The
godfather was Gerard LeRoy and the godmother [was] Heyde
Devitte. )

Chapter XI
A. Grammar

Nom . ego

Gen . mei

Dat . mihi

Ace . me

Abl . me

nos

nostri (nostrum)

nobis

nos

nobis

Singular
Masc. Fern.

Neuter

Masc,

Fem.

Neuter

Nom. hie
Gen . huius
Dat . huic
Ace . hiinc
Abl . hoc

haec

huius

huic

hanc

hac

hoc

huius

huic

hoc

ille

illius

illi

ilium

illo

ilia illud

illius illius

illi illi

illam illud

ilia

illo

308

Plural

Nom.

hae

haec

Gen.

horum

harum

horum

Dat.

his

Ace.

hos

has

haec

Abl.

his

Singular

his

Masc.

Fem.

Neute]

Nom.

Gen.

eius

Dat.

Ace.

eum

earn

Abl.

illi

illae

ilia

illorum

illarum

illorum

illis

illos

illas

ilia

illis

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

qui

quae

quod

cuius

cui

quem

quam

quod

quo

qua

quo

Plural

Nom. ei (ii) eae

Gen . eorum earum

Dat. eis (iis) eis

Ace . eos eas

Abl. eis eis

qui

quae

eorum

quorum

quarum

quorum

eis

quibus

quos

quas

quae

eis

quibus

Singular

Masc.

Nom . noster

Gen . nostri

Dat . nostro

Ace . nostrum

Abl . nostro

Plural

Fem.

nostra

nostrae

nostram

nostra

Neuter

nostrum

nostri

nostro

nostrum

nostro

Masc,

Fem.

Neuter

quis

quid

cuius

cui

quem

quid

quo

(The plural of quis, quid
is exactly the same as
qui , quae , quod above . )

Nom nostri nostrae nostra

Gen. nostrorum nostrarum nostrorum

Dat. nostris nostris nostris

Ace. nostros nostras nostra

Abl . nostris nostris nostris

beatus, beatior, beatius, beatissimus, -a, -urn

309

Singular

Mase.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

fortior

fortius

Gen.

fortioris

Dat.

fortiori

Ace.

fortiorem

fortius

Abl.

fortiore

Plural

fortiore

Nom.

fortiores

fortiora

Gen.

fortionim

fortiorum

fortiorxim

Dat.

fortioribus

Ace.

fortiorem

fortiora

Abl.

fortioribus

C. Latin to English

The child, upon whom the name Magdalena was placed, was
baptized at home.

Maria Magdalena Sehulz, non-Catholic, daughter of John
Michael Sehulz citizen of this place and tailor, who
(i.e., Maria Magdalena Sehulz) declared pregnancy before
me, the priest of this parish, and accused Francis Entz ,
also a non-Catholic, who was punished by (through) the
sentence of the magistrate today the second of October.

On the same day, in the same month, and in the same year,
Anna Praetor, wife of the deceased Henry Hinck, teacher
in this place, was buried.

The godparents were: the most famous, most experienced, and
right honorable lord John Chrysostum Mueller, senator and
procurator (proxy lawyer) , and the most famous and noble
lady Margaret Freye, wife of the most famous, most learned
and noble lord Francis Geiger, a town councillor.

In the year of Grace one thousand seven hundred twenty-six
and on the thirtieth day of the month of March, a child
baptized because of danger of death at home by me Anna
Catherina Klein, midwife, immediately died — and the girl
was anonymous (i.e., she died before she could be given a
name ) .

D. English to Latin

Die nono mensis Augusti, ego Andreas Binck, parochus huius
loci, baptizavi infantem (puerum) sexus masculini cui nomen
Carolvun imposui.

310

23 July 1775 (Vicesimo tertio Julii millesimo septingentesimo
septuageslmo quinto) gemelli baptizati sunt, pater quorum
juvenis n.n. (nomen nescio, nomen ignotum) erat, qui matrem
Susannam Knipps sub promitto matrimonii impraegnavit .

Eodem die, eodem mense et eodem anno, Franciscus Walter,
qui agricola ex Newton erat, quondam maritus defunctae
Agnetis Terry et civis huius villae (vici), mortuus est.

Parochus consobrinam suam sed non neptem eius baptizavit.

Patrina clarissima, doctissima, praenobilis domina Maria de
Villefort fuit (erat).

E. Parish Registers

Document # 1

On the thirtieth of November died Augustinus
Scheffler, by a prostitute certain (driven) insane and
in madness his years fifteen and months six very
miserably and restlessly (he lived), life giving up at the
home of in-law his Christopher Zwieknet. May he rest in
holy peace!

(On the thirtieth of November, Augustinus Scheffler died,
after being driven insane by a certain prostitute. He
lived in his madness very miserably and restlessly for
fifteen years and six months at the home of his in-law
Christopher Zwieknet and gave up his life there also.
May he rest in holy peace!)

Document # 2

On the 18th day of January of life day closed

last Christina wife

of John Michael Pfuettelin citizen of

Ingersheim all she received sacraments of the church

she was buried on the day following

(On the 18th day of January Christina, wife of John
Michael Pfuettelin citizen of Ingersheim closed the
last day of [her] life; she received all of the sacraments
of the church; she was buried on the following day. )

On the 16th day of January breathed out the soul
John Jacob Fleidt, a young man, after a long
illness, with all properly provided of the church
sacraments and he was buried on the day following

(On the 16th day of January John Jacob Fleidt, a young man,
breathed out his soul after a long illness; he was properly
provided with all of the sacraments of the church, and was
buried on the following day. )

311

26 departed from this mortal to immortal

life a little old lady, a woman foreign, by the name (of)

Anna Maria Nathe with all fortified

the sacraments in the hospital when she died.

This (woman) bequeathed to the church 10 R. (Rhinegulden,

Rappen, etc.) by promissory note
debts from John Blaisy a citizen of Ratzental
to pay back.

(On the 26th [of January] a little old lady, and a foreigner,
by the name of Anna Maria Nathe departed from this life to
immortal life, fortified with all of the sacraments in the
hospital where she died. This woman bequeathed 10 R.
[Rhinegulden, Rappen, etc.] to the church by promissory
note, to pay back debts [incurred by] John Blaisy, a
citizen of Ratzental.)

Chapter XII
A . Grammar

Present Subjunctive Active

laudem

laudes

laudet

laudemus

laudetis

laudent

videam

videas

videat

videamus

videatis

videant

con j ungam
con j iingas
con j ungat
con j ungamus
con j ungat is
conjungant

audiam
audi as
audiat
audiamus
audi at is
audiant

capiam

capias

capiat

capiamus

capiatis

capiant

Imperfect Subjunctive Active

laudarem

laudares

laudaret

laudaremus

laudaretis

laudarent

viderem

videres

videret

videremus

videretis

viderent

con j ungerem
con j ungeres
con j ungeret
con j ungeremus
con j ungeret is
con j ungerent

audirem

audires

audiret

audiremus

audiretis

audirent

caperem

caperes

caperet

caperemus

caperetis

caper ent

Perfect Subjunctive Active

laudaverim

laudaveris

laudaverit

1 audaver imus

laudaveritis

laudaverint

viderim

videris

viderit

viderimus

videritis

viderint

conjunxerim
conjimxeris
conjunxerit
con j unxer imus
con j vinxer itis
con j unxer int

audiverim

audiveris

audiverit

audiverimus

audiveritis

audiverint

ceperim

ceperis

ceperit

ceperimus

ceperitis

cerperint

312

Pluperfect Subjunctive Active

laudavissem vidissem
laudavisses vidisses
laudavisset vidisset
laudavissemus vidissemus
laudavissetis vidissetis
laudavissent vidissent

con j unxissem
con j unxisses
con j unxisset
con j unx i ssemus
con j unxissetis
con j unxissent

Present Subjunctive Passive

lauder

lauderis

laudetur

laudemur

laudemini

laudentur

videar

videaris

videatur

videamur

videeunini

con j ungar
con j ungar is
con j ungatur
con j ungamur
con j ungamini

videantur con j ungeintur

Imperfect Subjunctive Passive

laudarer
laudareris
laudaretur
laudaremur
1 audar emin i
1 audar en tur

viderer

videreris

videretur

videremur

videremini

viderentur

con j ungerer
con j ungereris
con j ungeretur
con j xmgeremur
con j ungeremini
con j ungerentur

audivissem

audivisses

audivisset

audivissemus

audivissetis

audivissent

audiar

audiaris

audiatur

audiamxur

audiamini

audicintur

audirer

audireris

audiretur

audiremur

audiremini

audirentur

cepissem

cepisses

cepisset

cepissemus

cepissetis

cepissent

capxar

capiaris

capiatur

capiamur

capiamini

capiantur

caperer

capereris

caperetur

caperemur

caperemini

caperentur

Perfect Subjunctive Passive

laudatus* sim visus sim
laudatus sis visus sis
laudatus sit visus sit
laudati* simus visi simus
laudati sitis visi sitis
laudati sint visi sint

con j unctus s im
conjunctus sis
con j unctus sit
conjuncti simus
conjuncti sitis
conjuncti sint

auditus sim
auditus sis
auditus sit
auditi simus
auditi sitis
auditi sint

captus sim
c apt us sis
captus sit
capti simus
capti sitis
capti sint

*laudatus, laudata, laudatum, etc. sim; laudati, laudatae,
laudata, etc. simus, etc.

Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive

laudatus essem
laudatus esses
laudatus esset
laudati essemus
laudati essetis
laudati assent

visi essem conjunctus essem
visi esses conjunctus esses
visi esset conjunctus esset
visi essemus conjuncti essemus
visi essetis conjuncti essetis
visi essent conjuncti essent

auditus essem
auditus esses
auditus esset
auditi essemus
auditi essetis
auditi essent

captus essem
captus esses
captus esset
capti essemus
capti essetis
capti essent

313

C. Latin to English

And answering Jesus to them said: not this have your read what
did David when was hungry he (himself) and those who with

him were,
how he entered (into) the house of God and the shewbread took
and ate and gave to those who with him (himself) were . . .

(And answering Jesus said to them: have you not read what
David did when he was hungry and those who were with him;
how he entered into the house of God and took the shewbread
and ate [it] and gave [it] to those who were with him ...)

It should be noted that a new church parish in the parish
of Saint Veronica to the glory greater of God and of the

Blessed Mary
Virgin and of all of the Saints was built.

(It should be noted that a new parish church was built in the
parish of St. Veronica to the greater glory of God and the
Blessed Virgin Mary, and all the Saints.)

As, with accustomed his persuasion, to the end of this

marriage
celebration he concluded his speech, John Michael Rauch,
schoolmaster, said, great with rejoicing and many
tears, that many years in marriage to live he wished and
many golden wedding anniversaries also they should see.

(As, with his accustomed persuasion, he reached the end of
his speech about this golden wedding celebration, John
Michael Rauch, schoolmaster, said, with great rejoicing
and many tears, that he wished [the married couple] to live
many [more] years in marriage, and that they should
see [many] more golden wedding anniversaries.)

Although an operation was made (performed) , and the child
from the womb of the mother was removed, both the mother
and the child died.

He asked (repeatedly) why his father impregnated his mother
and wandered from his (own) parish.

D. English to Latin

Notandum sit: novum altare in nostra ecclesia parochiali
aedif icatum est ad gloriam Dei , Beatae Mariae Virginis , et
omnium sanctorum.

Rogavit (rogabat) quare parochus diocesem abisset.

314

Anno domini millesimo sescentesimo quinquagesimo quinto,
die vicesimo tertio mensis Aprilis, clarus et illustris
major villae (vici, pagi) nostrae mortuus est, et die
sequenti sepultus est. Major fuit (erat) huius villae per
viginti annos et fideliter et bene laboravit. Cum uxor eius
in partu mortua sit, teimen pater unius filii fuit (erat),
qui nunc advocatus in curia regia est. Requiescat in seincta
pace!

Si hodie veniat, bonum sit. or:
Si hodie veniret, bonum esset.

Parochiani pecuniam donaverunt (donabant) ut parochum juvent,
qui ecclesiam parochialem renovabat.

(N.B. The imperfect is preferable here, since the process of
renovation was ongoing [the priest was renovating, rather than
renovated] . )

E. Parish Registers

Document # 1

First Letter of the Name

Month and Day of Death

Day of Burial

Age of the Deceased

Name, Surname and Condition (status, occupation) of the

Deceased (if it is a child, the name and surname of the

parents and their status)
Place of Residence

Whether he/she was provided (with the last rites)?
Burying (i.e., place of burial)
Remarks

Document # 2

Let it be noted likewise (that)

this is the ordinary form (forum) of to be inscribed

and if anything extraordinary should happen,

it also to the superiors ought to be written

e.g. , if banns any, or

all from the permission of the bishop or the vicar should be

omitted after the marriage they (the banns) should be made

good ;
or if with a dispensation of an impediment
diriment should be contracted, in which case the de-
gree ought expressed to be: Or if another
of the spouses from another parish (so as to become
absent) in his/her own also parish it announced
should be.

315

(Let it be noted likewise
that this is the ordinary form of writing; and if anything
extraordinary should occur, it should also be written to
the superiors, e.g., if any or all marriage banns should be
omitted by [from] the permission of the bishop or vicar,
yet after the marriage, the omission of the banns should
be made good, or if [a couple] should contract marriage
with a dispensation [because] of a diriment impediment,
in such a case, the degree [of the impediment] should be
indicated: Or, if one of the spouses should be from another
parish [so as to be absent from his/her own parish] , then
[the marriage] should be announced in his/her own parish
also. )

Chapter XIII

A. Grammar

Active

Present

humans

( humantis , etc . )

tenens

( tenentis , etc . )

vivens
(viventis, etc. )

sepeliens

( sepelientis , etc . )

faciens

( f acientis , etc . )

Future

humaturus , humatura , humaturum
tentujrus , tentura , tenturxun
victurus , victura , victurum
sepulturus , sepultura , sepeltttrum
f acturus , f actura , f acturum

Passive

Perfect

humatus , humata , hiimatvim
tentus , tenta , tentum
victus , victa , victum
sepultus , sepulta , sepultum
f actus , facta , factum

316

Future

humandus , humanda , humcuiduin
tenendus , tenenda , tenendum
vivendus , vivenda , vivendum
sepeliendus, sepelienda, sepeliendum
f aclendus , f acienda , faciendum

Singular
Masc. & Fem.

Neuter

Nom. baptizans

Gen. baptizantis

Dat. baptizanti

Ace. baptizantem

Abl . baptizante ( i )

baptizans
baptizantis
baptizanti
baptizans
baptizante (i)

Plural

Nom. baptizantes

Gen. baptizatium

Dat . baptizantibus

Ace. baptizantes

Abl. baptizantibus

baptizantia

baptizantium

baptizantibus

baptizcintia

baptizantibus

Active

Present
Perfect
Future

mar i tare
maritavisse
mariturus esse

videre
vidisse
viditurus esse

P""''

Present promittere
Perfect promississe
Future promiturus esse

r':>.

Present
Perfect
Future

venxre
venisse
venturus esse

Present
Perfect
Future

capere
cepisse
capturus esse

Passive

Present
Perfect
Future

maritari
maritus esse
maritum iri

317

Present videri
Perfect visus esse
Future visum iri

Present promitti
Perfect promissus esse
Future promissum iri

Present veniri
Perfect ventus esse
Future ventum iri

Present capi
Perfect captus esse
Future captum iri

C. Latin to English

4th of May 1768, having been supplied a dispensation in

three banns
and dimissorial letters (or a diitiisscrial letter) from the

reverend lord priest marriage
contracted, Quirinus Laumen and Anna Cornelia Heyen.
The witnesses present truly were Christian Rodegast and Reiner
Fleischer.

(On the fourth of May 1768, after a dispensation was supplied,
with [the posting of] three banns and dimissorial letters
[or a dimissorial letter] from the reverend lord priest,
Quirinus Laumen and Anna Cornelia Heyen contracted marriage.
The witnesses present were [truly] Christian Rodegast and
and Reiner Fleischer.)

In the year one thousand seven hundred eighty-eight on the

day
tenth of the month of October at the hour tenth after

after noon, in the womb
maternal by the midwife lawful Maria Catherina Hirt, wife
(of) Theobold Hirt citizen and cooper in this place,

because of imminent
of death danger and because of necessity evident, baptized
was a child, the legitimate daughter of Joseph Bringel,

citizen and
farmer and for the time (being, i.e., temporarily) a town

councillor, and Magdalena
Frick, married couple upon whom was placed by the midwife

the name
Susanna, who, afterward, the baptism having been finished,

died.
The witnesses present were: the father above-named and the

midwife.

318

who both together with me Rudolf Krietscher, priest of this

place,
signed below.

(In the year one thousand seven hundred eighty-eight, on the
tenth day of the month of October, at the tenth hour
after noon, a child, the legitimate daughter of Joseph
Bringel, citizen and farmer, and temporarily a town
councillor, and Magdalena Frick, married couple, was
baptized in the maternal womb by the lawful midwife Maria
Catherina Hirt, wife of Theobald Hirt, citizen and cooper
in this place, because of imminent danger of death and
because of evident necessity, to whom the name Susanna
was given [upon whom the name was place Susanna] by the
midwife, who died immediately after the baptism was
finished. The witnesses present were: the above-named
father and the midwife, both of whom, together
with me, Rudolf Krietscher, the priest of this place,
signed below. )

In the year one thousand six hundred ninety and on the day

fifteenth
of the month of February in this our church parish having

been made
three banns of which the first, on the day thirty-first
of January, the second, on the seventh of this month, and

the third, on the day
fourteenth, and no having been uncovered hindrance, and with

the consent
of those of whom it is a concern having been obtained, in

the bonds of holy marriage
were joined Stephen Francis Heyer, of Jacob Heyer
citizen in this place and of the deceased Catharina Anna

Bilsch
son legitimate born twenty-four years and eight
approximately months [ago] , and Philippina Drossel of George

Drossel
citizen of this place and Maria Philippina Schmitt daughter
legitimate born twenty-one years and four months ( ago ) , by

me
Paul Joseph Heralt, priest of this said place.
The (witnesses) present were Adolph Braun, schoolmaster

together with the father
of the groom and the father of the bride. Adolph Braun

signed below,
but the father of the groom and the father of the bride said

that to write
they did not know (how) and thus marks their they made.

319

(In the year one thousand six hundred ninety and on the
fifteenth day of the month of February, in this our parish
church, after three marriage banns were posted, the first
of which [was posted] on the thirty-first day of January, the
second [of which was posted] on the seventh [day] of this
month, and the third [of which was posted] on the fourteenth
of this month and since no hindrance was uncovered, and
since the consent of those [of] whom it concerns was
obtained, Stephan Francis Heyer, legitimate son
of Jacob Heyer, citizen in this place, and of the deceased
Catherine Anna Bilsch, born twenty-four years and about four
months [ago], and Philippina Drossel , legitimate daughter of
George Drossel, citizen of this place, and Maria Philippina
Schmitt, born twenty-one years and fours months [ago] , were
joined in the bonds of holy matrimony by me Paul Joseph
Heralt, parish priest of this said place. The witnesses
present were Adolph Braun, schoolmaster, together with the
father of the groom and the father of the bride, Adolph
Braun signed below, but the father of the groom and the
father of the bride said that they did not know how to
write, and so they made their marks.)

1805 May, Martin of Caspar Eislinger, farmer (settler, etc.)

of this (place) and
of Elisabeth Kangger, married couple, son legitimate was born
on the 9th of May at the hour 6th in the evening. The child

(boy) in the church parish
of Saint Vite at the hour 8th in the evening by the priest

was baptized.
The godparent (godmother) was Maria Westerin, commonly

(called) Meyer, wife of Michael
Wester farmer in Oberholzer.

(May 1805, Martin, legitimate son of Caspar Eislinger,
farmer of this [place] and Elisabeth Kangger, married
couple, was born on the ninth of May at the sixth hour
of the evening. The child was baptized in the parish church
of St. Vite at the eighth hour of the evening by the priest.
The godmother was Maria Wester, commonly called Meier,
wife of Michael Wester, a farmer in Oberholzer.)

Child (issue, offspring) anonymous of Matthew Nebl ,

blacksmith from village our and of Eva
Gertrude Goldhofer, married couple, son legitimate and
first born because of a difficulty of birth 2 days lasting

in the womb
by the midwife, in art her for a long time very skilled,

a sign of life
perceiving, was baptized about the hour third before noon
on the twenty-second (day) of the month of July, immediately

died and on the same day
about the hour fifth carried to the tomb and was buried.

320

(An anonymous child: The legitimate and first born son of
Matthew Nebl , blacksmith, from our village, and Eva Gertrude
Goldhofer, married couple, because of the difficulty of the
birth, lasting two days, was baptized about 9:00 a.m. [the
third hour before noon] on the twenty-second [day] of the
month of July in the womb by the midwife who [was] very
skilled in her art for a long time and perceived [perceiving]
a sign of life; it [the child] died immediately [after
the baptism] and was carried to the tomb and buried on the
same day about 5:00 p.m. [the fifth hour after noon].)

D. English to Latin

Die tertio mensis Octobris (8bris, Vlllbris) ad quintam
horam vespertinam, filia legitima Martini Margolin et Mariae
Evae Faubert nata est, et, ob imminens periculum mortis,
ab obstretice baptizata est.

Tribus denunciationibus factis, prima, decimo quarto Junii,
secunda, vicesimo primo Junii, et tertia, vicesimo octo
Junii, nulloque impedimento detecto, consensu mutuo eorum
quorum interest obtento, Augustus Grenz, laborator (labororius)
et civis Rankweilensis (ex Rankweilense) , filius legitimus
Willelmi (Guillelmi) Thomae Grenz etiam laborator et civis
Rankweilensis (ex Rankweilense) , et uxoris eius Reginae
Margarethae Eberhardt, et Penelopea Mathilda Siedler, filia
legitima Thomae Jacobi Siedler, dolarii et civis villae
nostrae, et uxoris eius Ottiliae Gertrudae Falk, in vinculis
sancti matrimonii conjuncti sunt a me Casparo Kratz, parocho
huius parochiae. Praesentibus testibus: Johanne Frederico
Wann, lignario et cive villae nostrae, Thoma Michaele
Wolfenstein, fcibro et cive ex Grenzweil (Grenzweilense) ,
et Gerhardo Martino Grenz fratre sponsi, agricola et cive
Rankweilensis (ex Rankweilense). Omnes tres testium dixerunt
quod scribere nescirent et sic signa eorum fecerunt.

Infante (puero) examinato, obstetrix, in arte sua peritissima,
crevit eum vixisse et eum baptizavit. Post baptismum, infans
(puer) statim obiit (mortuus est) et ad coemeterium eodem die
ablatus et sepultus est.

Die tricesimo Decembris (Xbris, 10 bris) , anno domini
millesimo sescentesimo vicesimo quinto, honesta et fidelis
Maria Gather ina Ostwald, vidua ma j oris domini Roberti
Sigmundi Regenkampf , dum vivens civis illustrissimus
(perillustris) civitatis Bordenheimensis ,

pie in domino nostro Jesu Christo, unctione extrema recepta,
obiit (mortua est) .

Episcopus iter facturus, duos parochos ordinabit.

321

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Document # 1

In the left margin: Caspar Schmitt from Rueveren and
Anna Maria Gensheimer( in) born March 20, 1729

In the year of our Lord 1763, on the day 17th of May banns

having been published three, and the 1st
indeed on the Sunday 5th after Easter, the 2nd, in the

Feast of the Ascension of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the

3rd on the Sunday 6th
after Easter: which was the 15th of May, having been made,

and no legitimate hindrance having been uncovered,
having been taken moreover on the part of the groom an oath

concerning the penance of whatsoever hindrance, and
having been obtained because of heavy causes permission from

the most reverend vicarate (vicar) of Speyer, to the

solemnities of the Mass
I the below written priest of the church of Offenbach the

upright Caspar Schmitt from
Rueveren of the archdiocese of Trier, and in the monastery

of Satinpia, of Mayenfeld in the village
of Matthew Schmitt of blessed memory citizen in the same

place and Anna Maria born Oster(in) married couple son,
and also the upright Anna Maria Gensheimer( in) , of John

Hermann Gensheimer,
citizen in Offenbach, and Anna Elisabeth born Weber(in)

married couple legitimate daughter
I questioned, and with mutual their consent in the presence

of me established, and sworn solemnly through (by)
the words concerning the present, in marriage I joined,

the witnesses present noted were: Andrew Vogler
shoemaker, and John Sturm, citizens (of) Offenbach. In faith.

Offenbach, as above

(In the year of our Lord 1763, on the 17th of May, after the
publication of three marriage banns, and indeed the first
[bann] [was read] on the 5th Sunday after Easter, the 2nd
[bann] [was read] in the Feast of the Ascension of our Lord
Jesus Christ, and the third [bann] [was read] on the 6th
Sunday after Easter, which was the 15th of May, and since
no legitimate hindrance was uncovered, moreover, an oath
was taken on the part of the groom regarding the penance
of any hindrance whatsoever [or, an oath was taken by the
groom that he had done penance for any kind of impediment
from his past] , and since permission was obtained from the
most reverend vicarate [vicar] of Speyer due to very
very important causes, in [between] the solemnities of the
mass, I, the undersigned parish priest of the church of
Offenbach, questioned the upright Caspar Schmitt, from
Rueveren in the Archdiocese of Trier, and in [near] the
monastery of Satinpia, in the village of Maienfeld, son
of the deceased Matthew Schmitt, citizen of the same place.

322

and Anna Maria born Oster, married couple, and the upright
Anna Maria Gensheimer, legitimate daughter of John Hermann
Gensheimer, citizen in Offenbach, and Anna Elisabeth, born
born Weber, and with their mutual consent, given in my
presence, and with their solemn oath [administered] by
the present priest, I joined [them] in marriage. The
witnesses present were Andrew Vogler, shoemaker, and John
Sturm, citizens in Offenbach. In Faith

[at] Offenbach, as [indicated] above)

Document # 2

In the year one thousand seven hundred ninety

on the day seventeenth of May properly before in the

churches
respective between the solemnities of the masses, having

been made three, the first
on the day ninth, the second on the day thirteenth, the

third on the day
sixteenth of this month banns and of this future
marriage having been obtained of those of whom it is a

concern, and having been received
mutual of the groom as well as the bride consent and no
having been uncovered hindrance in marriage were joined

Sebastian
Bringel, of Sebastian Bringel and Anna Maria Stoffel
married couple and citizens in Gallfingen son legitimate born
twenty-five years and 4 about months (ago) and
Theresia Huerster, of the deceased Conrad Huerster and
Catharina Bilsch married couple while they lived and citizens
in this place daughter legitimate born thirty-eight about
years (ago) by me Francis Joseph Hinck, priest in this
place (of) Burnhaupt-le-bas and the witnesses present were

Joseph
Bringel, citizen in the aforesaid Galfingen, Anton Huerster,
John Huetter, and Louis Vogeleisen, organist,
(all) three citizens of this place, who together with me

signed below.
The groom however and the bride duly by me called that
they should sign below declared that they (themselves) to

write did not know (how) wherefore
the accustomed marks they made.

(In the year one thousand seven hundred ninety, on the
seventeenth day of May, after three marriage banns had
been previously and properly published in the respective
churches, between the solemnities of the masses; the first of
[these banns] was published on the ninth day, the second
on the thirteenth day, and the third on the sixteenth day
of this month, after the consent to (of) this future marriage
had been obtained from those involved, from the groom as well
as the bride, and since no hindrance was uncovered, Sebastian
Bringel, legitimate son of Sebastian Bringel and Anna Maria

323

Stoffel, married couple and citzens in Gallfingen, [who was]
born about twenty-five years and 4 months ago, and Theresia
Huerster, legitimate daughter of the deceased Conrad Huerster
and Catharina Bilsch, married couple, while they lived, and
citizens in this place, [who was] born about thirty-eight
years [ago] , were joined in marriage by me Francis Joseph
Hinck, priest in this place of Burnhaupt-le-bas . The
witnesses present were Joseph Bringel, citizen in the
aforesaid Galfingen, Anton Huerster, John Huetter, and
Louis Vogeleisen, organist, all three citizens of this
place, who, together with me, signed below. However, the
groom and the bride, duly called to sign below by me, stated
that they did not know how to write, wherefore, they made
their customary marks.)

Chapter XIV
A . Grammar

Gen. copulandi docendi vivendi audiendi capiendi

Dat. copulando docendo vivendo audiendo capiendo

Ace . copulandum docendvun vivendum audiendum capiendum

Abl . copulando docendo vivendo audiendo capiendo

C. Latin to English

In the year one thousand seven hundred seventy-eight, on the

day
truly the twenty-seventh of April, after the publication of

three banns
about the future marriage, between the solemnities of the

masses , and no
having been uncovered hindrance neither canonical nor civil

except
in the third and fourth of consanguinity degree, however,

from the bishop
a dispensation was given and with the consent mutual of

whom it concerns ,
by me the below-written priest in marriage joined were,
the upright young man Stephen Taunis and the chaste virgin

Petronella Kramer.

(In the year one thousand seven hundred seventy-eight, on the
twenty-seventh day, truly, of April, after the publication,
between the solemnities of the masses, of three marriage
banns concerning the future marriage, and since no hindrance,
neither canonical nor civil, was uncovered, with the
exception of consanguinity in the third and fourth degree,
[for which] however a dispensation was given by the bishop,
and the with mutual consent of those concerned, the upright
young man Stephen Taunis and the chaste virgin Petronella
Kramer were joined in marriage by me the undersigned priest. )

324

I, Matthew Hinckel, bishop in the diocese of Hochwiller
give to you, Michael Furton, farmer in the parish of St.
Vite, four acres of plow land for three years to have and
to hold.

The vineyard in the place called wood beautiful to Frederick
Torinaldi for selling was given.

(The vineyard in the place called beautiful wood was given
to Frederick Torinaldi to sell. Venendo is a gerund, since
the vineyard was given to Frederick Torinaldi for [the
purpose of] selling.)

In the year one thousand six hundred eighty-four and on the

day last
of the month of December, at the hour sixth in the morning,

in the cemetery our of this
place was buried the body of Valentine Martin, glass maker in
the village our and husband of the deceased Elisabeth

Margareth
born Grapeaux, in the year of his age fifty-eight and
about ten months , who yesterday at the third hour in the

the morning piously
in the Lord died properly before (i.e., he received the

sacraments before he died) the sacraments of penance,
the eucharist, and unction extreme at home administered by
me Theodore Reich priest of this parish. The present
witnesses were: Louis Bichantz , barber, and Jacob Hunger,
locksmith, both of this place, who together with me signed

below.

(In the year one thousand six hundred eighty-four, and on
the last day of the month of December, at the sixth hour
of [in] the morning, the body of Valentine Martin, glass
maker in our village, and husband of the deceased Elisabeth
Margaret born Grapeaux, in the year of his age fifty-eight
and about ten months, was buried. Yesterday at the
third hour of [in] the morning, he died piously in the
Lord after he had received the sacraments of penance, the
eucharist, and extreme unction, [which were] administered
at home by me Theodore Reich, priest of this parish.
The witnesses present were: Louis Bichantz, barber, and
Jacob Bunger, locksmith, both of this place, who, together
with me, signed below.)

Yesterday Thomas Little into the court ecclesiastical our

entered
a fine for the purpose of paying.

(Yesterday Thomas Little entered into our ecclesiastical court
in order to pay a fine. Ad solvendum: a gerund used with
ad to express purpose.)

325

D. English to Latin

Maria Martha Brosis ecclesiam ad copulandiun iniit, sed
copulare non quivit propter rite paenitentiam facere noluit.

Die decimo Augusti, anno millesimo sescentesimo quadragesimo
quinto factis tribus denunciationibus , et cum impedimento
in tertio gradu, per quod autem dispensatio data est, cum
mutuo consensu eorum quorum interest, Conradus Breit, viduus
et lignarius huius villae (vici, pagi) Breckenbachensis,
et Justina Leopoldina Lauer, filia legitima Hilarii Lauer et
defunctae Magdalenae Rosalindae Pfort, ambo parochiae Sancti
Leopoldi ( Leopoldis ) , copulati sunt.

Hodie hora decima matutina, corpus Emerentianae Staller
ad coemeterium ad sepeliendum delatum est. Heri hora sexta
matutina obiit (mortua est) . Circiter triginta annorum,
et ancilla in domo decani nostri per duodecim annos erat
(fuit). Sacramenta paenitentiae , eucharistae et unctionis
extremae recepit, postquam pie in domino obiit (mortua est) .
Requiescat in pace! (in pacem) .

Necesse est quod Josephus Blackwell ad curicim ecclesiasticeun
veniret (veniat) , finem ad solvendum (gerund).

Cum Hermannus Wild confessus sit, et paenitentictm facerit,
parochus ei ignovit.

E. Parish Registers

Document #1

Note: On the day of All Souls, the highest

sacred (thing) for all the faithful

for the deceased celebrates the deacon, on the highest

altar, and at the same time will celebrate

the pastor on the altar parish, and the canons

with the rest come to the offering

on both altar (s). From where

it is evident at once (that) since more there are

Catholics, all to the offering

to have come. This custom ought revoked

to be. To which end, ought to be noted

all the dead, and ought to be made

of them the commemoration in the cathedral .

(Note: On All Souls Day, the deacon celebrates a most solemn
feast day for all the faithful for the dead at the highest
altar, and, at the same time, the pastor will celebrate at
the parish altar, and the canons come with the rest to the
offering on both altars. From where it is immediately
apparent [that], since there were more Catholics, everyone
came to the offering. This custom should be revoked. To
which end [to avoid further congestion by revoking the

326

custom of having so many people at the altars], the dead
ought to be honored, and [but] their commemoration ought to
be made in the cathedral.)

Document # 2

(to be) noted, that a new altar in

the church at Holthausen to the glory of God, the Blessed Mary

always a Virgin honor, in the year 1654, 3 August

in the Feast of the Discovery (of the bones of) St. Stephen,

the first martyr
and his comrades erected was . Those present were the Right
Reverend Lord John Thier of Transaquensis (Ueberwasser) church

deacon,
the Reverend Lord Everwin Wermelings, for the Upright Lord
John Heymann, civic official at Transaquensis, concerning

which
praise (be) to Almighty God Amen.

(To be noted, that a new altar in the church at Holthausen
was erected to the glory of God, [and] the honor of the
Blessed Virgin Mary, in the year 1654, [on the] 3rd of
August in the Feast of the Discovery of the Bones of St.
Stephen, the First Martyr and his Comrades; those present
were the Right Reverend Lord John Thier deacon of the church
of Transaquensis [Ueberwasser] , the Reverend Lord Everwin
Wermelings, in behalf of the Upright Lord John Heymann,
civic official at Transaquensis, concerning which praise
be to Almighty God, Amen.)

Document # 3

In the year one thousand seven hundred eighty-eight on the

day tenth
of the month of October at the hour tenth after noon in the

pains of childbirth
in the womb maternal by the midwife lawful Anna Maria Bilsch
wife of Theobald Wolff citizen and cooper in this place Burn-
haupt-le-bas because of imminent of death danger in obvious
need baptized was a child, son legitimate of Jacob
Kirscher citizen, farmer, and for the time deputy municipal
and Magdalena Kirscher, married couple, upon whom placed
was by the midwife the name Caspar, who afterwards having

been under-
taken the baptism dead born was; present (was) the father

above-
named and the midwife, who both together with me Francis
Joseph Hinck, priest of this place above-said undersigned.

327

(In the year one thousand seven hundred eighty-eight, on
the tenth day of the month of October, at the tenth hour
after noon, a child was baptized because of imminent danger
of death, [and] in obvious need, in the pains of child-
birth, [and] in the maternal womb, by the lawful midwife
Anna Maria Bilsch, wife of Theobald Wolff, citizen and
cooper in this place [of] Burnhaupt-le-bas , the legitimate
son of Jacob Kirscher, citizen, farmer, and temporarily
town councillor, and Magdalena Kirscher, married couple,
upon whom the name Caspar was placed by the midwife, who
after the baptism was finished, was born dead; present was
the above-named father and the midwife, both of whom,
together with me Francis Joseph Hinck, priest of this
above-said place, signed below.)

328

SYNOPSIS OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION

Declension
Nouns

First Declension
(ecclesia, f.: church)

Second Declension
(parochus, m. : priest)

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.

ecclesia

ecclesiae

parochus

parochi

Gen.

ecclesiae

ecclesianun

parochi

parochorum

Dat.

ecclesiae

ecclesiis

parocho

parochis

Ace.

ecclesiam

ecclesias

parochum

parochos

Abl.

ecclesia

ecclesiis

parocho

parochis

Voc.

paroche*

(If the stem ends in -i, another -i is added for the
vocative, second declension masculine. Note, however,
that the two i's contract to one, e.g., fill: O son!)

Second Declension
(magister, m. : teacher)

Second Declension
(matrimonium, n. : marriage)

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.

magister

magistri

matrimonium

matrimonia

Gen.

magistri

magistrorum

matrimonii

matrimoniorum

Dat.

magistro

magistris

matrimonio

matrimoniis

Ace.

magistrum

magistros

matrimonivun

matrimonia

Abl.

magistro

magistris

matrimonio

matrimoniis

Third Declension

(dxix, m. : duke, leader)

Singular

Plural

Singular

Nom.

dux

duces

consanguinitas

Gen.

due is

ducum

consanguinitatis

Dat.

duci

ducibus

consanguinitati

Ace.

ducem

duces

consanguinitatem

Abl.

duce

ducibus

consanguinitate

Third Declension
( consanguinitas , f ,

relationship )

Plural

blood

consanguinitates

consanguinitatum

consanguinitatibus

consanguinitates

consanguinitatibus

329

Third Declension
(corpus, n. : body)

Third Declension I-Stem
(civis, m. : citizen)

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.

corpus

corpora

civis

cives

Gen.

corporis

corporum

civis

civium

Dat.

corpori

corporibus

civi

civibus

Ace.

corpus

corpora

civem

cives

Abl.

corpora

corporibus

cive

civibus

Third Declension I-Stem
(mare, n. : sea)

Fourth Declension

(partus, m. : birth, childbirth)

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.

mare

mari a

partus

Gen.

maris

marium

partus

partuum

Dat.

mari

maribus

partui

partibus ( ubus )

Ace.

mare

mari a

partus

Abl.

mari

maribus

partu

partibus ( ubus )

Fourth Declension
( genu , n . : knee )

Fifth Declension
(dies, m. or f.: day)

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.

genu

genua

dies

Gen.

genus

genuum

diei

dierum

Dat.

genu

genibus

diei

diebus

Ace.

genu

genua

diem

dies

Abl.

genu

genibus

die

diebus

2. Adjectives

First and Second Declension Adjectives

bonus, bona, bonum: good

Singular

Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

bonus

bona

bonum

boni

bonae

bona

Gen.

boni

bonae

boni

bonorum

bonanim

bonorum

Dat.

bono

bonae

bono

bonis

Ace.

bonum

bonam

bonum

bonos

bonas

bona

Abl.

bono

bona

bono

bonis

330

Irregular First and Second Declension Adjectives
totus, tota, totum (whole, entire)
Singular Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc ,

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

totus

tota

totum

Gen.

totius

Dat.

toti

Ace.

totum

totam

totum

Abl.

toto

tota

toto

Abl,

toti totae tota

totomim totarum totorum

totis totis totis

totos totas tota

totis totis totis

N.B. The declension of numbers, most of which are declined
like adjectives of the first and second declension,
was considered in Chapter 7 and will not be repeated
here.

Third Declension Adjectives

(same nominative singular ending for all three genders;
compos, compotis: having control of, having possession of)

Singular
Masc. Fem.

Nom . compos

compos

Neuter

compos

Plural

Masc.

compotes

Fem.

Neuter

compotes compotia

Gen. compotis compotis compotis compotium compotium compotium

Dat. compoti compoti compoti
Ace. compotem compotem compos
compoti compoti compoti

compotibus compotibus compotibus
compotes compotes compotia
compotibus compotibus compotibus

Third Declension Adjectives

(same ending for masculine and feminine nominative singular,
different ending for neuter; similis, similis, simile: like)

Singular

Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

similis

simile

similes

similia

Gen.

similis

similium

Dat.

simili

simili bus

similibus

Ace.

similem

simile

similes

similia

Abl.

simili

similibus

331

Third Declension Adjectives

(different ending for masculine, feminine, and neuter
nominative singular, acer, acris, acre: sharp, keen)

Singular

Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

fem.

Neut(

Norn.

acer

acris

acre

acres

acria

Gen.

acris

acrinm

acrium

Dat.

acri

acribus

Ace.

acrem

acre

acres

acria

Abl.

acri

acribus

Third Declension Adjectives

(consonant stem; one ending for all three genders in the
nominative singular, vetus, veteris: old)

Singular
Masc. Fem.

Neuter

Plural
Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom . vetus

Gen . veteris

Dat . veteri

Ace . veterem

Abl . vetere

vetus vetus veteres veteres vetera

veteris veteris veterum veterum veterum

veteri veteri veteribus veteribus veteribus

veterem vetus veteres veteres vetera

vetere vetere veteribus veteribus veteribus

Comparison of Adjectives: First and Second Declension

Adjectives

Regular (sanctus: holy)
Positive Comparative

Masc. & Fem. Neuter

sanctus

(holy)

sanctior

(more holy)

sanctius

(more holy)

Superlative

sanctissimus, -a, -um

(most holy, holiest)

Irregular (peirvus: small)
Positive Comparative

Masc. & Fem. Neuter

Superlative

parvus

(small)

minor

(smaller)

minius

(smaller)

minimus, -a, -um

(smallest)

332

Comparison of Adjectives: Third Declension Adjectives
felix (happy)

Positive

felix

(happy)

Comparative
Masc. & Fern.

felicior

(happier)

Neuter

felicius

(happier)

Superlative

felicissimus, -a, -urn

(happiest)

First and Second and Third Declension Adjectives with
the Masculine Nominative Singular ending -er or -lis

Positive

Masc. Fem. Neuter

aeger , aegra , aegrum

(sick)

facilis, facilis, facile

(easy)

Superlative

Comparative
Masc. & Fem.

aegrior

(sicker)
facilior
(easier)

Neuter

agegrius

(sicker)
f acilius

(easier)

aegerrimus, -a, -um

(sickest)
facillimus, -a, -um

(easiest)

Declension of Adjectives in the Comparative Degree

Singular

Masc. & Fem.

Nom. sanctior

Gen. sanctioris

Dat. sanctiori

Ace . sanctiorem

Abl . Scinctiore

Neuter

sanctius

Scinctioris

sanctiori

sanctius

sanctiore

Plural

Masc. & Fem.

sanctiores

sanctiorum

sanctioribus

sanctiores

sanctioribus

Neuter

sanctiora

sanctiorum

sanctioribus

sanctiora

Scinctioribus

Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives of all three Declensions

bonus ( good )
facilis (easy)
similis (like)

bene (well)

facile (easily)

similiter (likely, similarly)

333

Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlative

optime

(most well)

facillime

(most easily)

similiterrime

(most similarly)

N.B. Although adverbs are not declined for gender, number,
and case, and, therefore, are not technically part of
the process of declension, the formation of adverbs in
the positive, comparative and superlative degrees is
included here for reference.

bene

melius

(well)

(more well)

facile

facilius

(easily)

(more easily)

similiter

s imi 1 i ter ius

(similarly)

(more similarly)

Nom,
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

3 . Pronouns

Personal (ego:

First

Singular

ego

mei

mihi

I, nos: we, tu: you, vos: you [all])

Second First Second

Plural

tu nos vos

tui nostri (nostrum) vestri (vestrum)

tibi nobis vobis

te nos vos

te nobis vobis

Third (is, ea, id: he, she it; ei, eae, ea: they; also the
demonstrative pronoun: this, that

Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. Neuter Masc. Fern. Neuter

Nom.

Gen.

eius

Dat.

Ace.

eum

earn

Abl.

ei (ii)

eae

eorum

earum

eomm

eis

eos

eas

eis

334

Possessive (meus: my; noster: our; tuus: your; vester:
your [pi.]; suus: his/her/its [own]; their
[own] )

Singular

Plural

Masc,

Fem.

Neuter

Masc,

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

meus

me a

meum

mei

meae

mea

Gen.

mei

meae

mei

meorxim

mearum

meorum

Dat.

meo

meae

meo

meis

Ace.

meum

meam

meum

meos

meas

mea

Abl.

meo

mea

meo

meis

Voc.

Singular

Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

noster

nostra

nostrum

nostri

nostrae

nostra

Gen.

nostri

nostrae

nostri

nostrorum

nostrarum

nostrorum

Dat.

nostro

nostrae

nostro

nostris

Ace.

nostrum

nostram

nostrum

nostros

nostras

nostra

Abl.

nostro

Singular

nostra

nostro

nostris

Plural

nostris

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

tuus

tua

tuum

tui

tuae

tua

Gen.

tui

tuae

tui

tuorum

tuarum

tuorum

Dat.

tuo

tuae

tuo

tuis

Ace.

tuum

tuam

tuum

tuos

tuas

tua

Abl.

tuo

Singular

tua

tuo

tuis

Plural

tuis

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

vester

vestra

vestrum

vestri

vestrae

vestra

Gen.

vestri

vestrae

vestri

vestrorum

vestrarum

vestrorum

Dat.

vestro

vestrae

vestro

vestris

Ace.

vestrum

vestretm

vestrum

vestros

vestras

vestra

Abl.

vestro

Singular

vestra

vestro

vestris

Plural

vestris

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

suus

sua

suum

sui

suae

sua

Gen.

sui

suae

sui

suorum

suarum

suorum

Dat.

suo

suae

suo

suis

Ace.

suum

suam

suum

suos

suas

sua

Abl.

suo

sua

suo

suis

335

Demonstrative

hie, haec, hoc (this, the latter)
Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. Neuter Masc.

Fem.

ille, ilia, illud (that, the latter)
Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. Neuter Masc.

Fem,

iste, ista, istud (that, that of yours)
Masc. Fem. Neuter Masc. Fem.

idem, eadem, idem (the same)

Neuter

Nom.

hie

haee

hoc

hae

haec

Gen.

huius

horum

harum

horum

Dat.

huic

his

Ace.

hvmc

hanc

hoc

hos

has

haec

Abl.

hoc

hac

hoc

his

Neuter

Nom.

ille

ilia

illud

illi

illae

ilia

Gen.

illius

illorum

illarum

illorum

Dat.

illi

illis

Ace.

ilium

illam

illud

illos

illas

ilia

Abl.

illo

ilia

illo

illis

Neuter

Nom.

iste

ista

istud

isti

istae

ista

Gen.

istius

istorum

istarum

istorum

Dat.

isti

istis

Ace.

istum

istam

istum

istos

istas

ista

Abl.

isto

ista

isto

istis

Singular

Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

idem

eadem

idem

eidem

eaedem

eadem

Gen.

eiusdem

eorundem

earundem

eorundem

Dat.

eidem

eisdem

Ace.

eundem

eandem

idem

eosdem

easdem

eadem

Abl.

eodem

eadem

eodem

eisdem

336

Reflexive

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

mei
mihi
me
me

Singular

nostri
nobis
nos
nobis

Plural

tui
tibi
te
te

vestri
vobis
vos
vobis

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

sui
sibi
se
se

Reflexive

Posses ives: meus,

, tuus , suus

(see above)

Intensive

(ipse, ipsa, ipsum: myself, yourself,
herself /itself , themselves)

himself/

Singular

Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

ipse

ipsius

ipsi

ipsum

ipso

ipsa

ipsius

ipsi

ipsam

ipsa

ipsum

ipsius

ipsi

ipsum

ipso

ipsi

ipsorum

ipsis

ipsos

ipsis

ipsae

ipsarum

ipsis

ipsas

ipsis

ipsa

ipsorum

ipsis

ipsa

ipsis

Relative

( qui , quae

, quod:

who, who, what [which])

Singular

Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

qui

cuius

cui

quem

quo

quae

cuius

cui

quam

qua

quod

cuius

cui

quod

quo

qui

quorum

quibus

quos

quibus

quae

quarum

quibus

quas

quibus

quae

quorum

quibus

quae

quibus

337

Interrogative (quis, quid: who? what?)

Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. Neuter Masc. Fein,

Neuter

Nom,

quis

quid

qui

quae

Gen.

cuius

quorum

quarum

quorum

Dat.

cui

quibus

Ace.

quern

quem

quid

quos

quas

quae

Abl.

quo

Indef ini

quo

quibus

The following indefinite pronouns are declined, with some
exceptions, either like quis, quid or qui, quae, quod:

aliquia aliqua

quidam quaedam

quilibet quaelibet

quispiam quaepiam

quisquam quaequam

quisque quaequae

quivis quaevis

4. Participles

aliquid (aliquod)
quiddam ( quoddam )
quidl ibet ( quodl ibet )
quidpiam (quodpictm)
quidquam (quicquam)
quidque ( quodque )
quidvis (quodvis)

some , some one

a certain person/thing

any one you please

some , some one

any one

every one , every

any one you please

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Present Indicative Active

First Conjugation (baptizans: baptizing)

Singular Plural

Masc. & Fem. Neuter Masc. & Fem.

baptizans baptizans baptizeintes

baptizantis baptizantis baptizantium

baptizanti baptizanti baptizantibus

baptizantem baptizans baptizantes

baptizante (i) baptizante (i) baptizantibus

Second Conjugation (docens: teaching)

Singular

Masc. & Fem.

Nom . docens

Gen . docentis

Dat . docenti

Ace . docentem

Abl . docente ( i )

Neuter

docens
docentis
docenti
docens
docente ( i )

Plural

Masc. & Fem.

docentes

docentium

docentibus

docentes

docentibus

Neuter

baptizantia
bapti zantivun
baptizantibus
baptizantia
baptizantibus

Neuter

docentia

docentium

docentibus

docentia

docentibus

338

Third Conjugation (promittens: promising)

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Singular

Masc. & Fern.

promittens
pr omi t ten t i s
promittenti
pr omi tten tem

Neuter

promittens
pr omi tten t i s
promittenti
promittens

Plural
Masc. & Fem.

Neuter

promittentes promittentia

promittentium promittentium

promittentibus promittentibus

promittentes promittentia

promittente ( i ) promittente ( i ) promittentibus promittentibus

Fourth Conjugation (sepeliens: burying)

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Singular

Masc. & Fem.

sepeliens
sepelientis
sepelienti
sepelientem
sepeliente ( i )

Neuter

sepeliens
sepelientis
sepelienti
sepeliens
sepeliente ( i )

Plural

Masc. & Fem.

sepelientes

sepelientium

sepelientibus

sepelientes

sepelientibus

Neuter

sepelientia
sepel lent ium
sepelientibus
sepelientia
sepel lent ibus

Third Conjugation lO-Verbs (faciens: doing, making)

Singular

Masc. & Fem.

faciens
facientis
f acienti
facientem
f aciente ( i )

Neuter

faciens

facientis

facienti

faciens

f aciente ( i )

Plural

Masc. & Fem.

f acientes

facientium

facientibus

facientes

facientibus

Neuter

f acientia
facientium
facientibus
f acientia
facientibus

Future Indicative Active

First Conjugation (baptizaturus: going to baptize, about

to baptize)

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

baptizaturus

baptizatura

bapt i z aturum

Gen.

baptizaturi

baptizaturae

baptizaturi

Dat.

baptizaturo

baptizaturae

baptizaturo

Ace.

bapt i z aturum

bapt i z atur cim

baptizaturum

Abl.

baptizaturo

baptizatura

baptizaturo

339

Plural

Nom. baptizaturi

Gen. baptizaturorvun

Dat. baptizatiiris

Ace. baptizaturos

Abl. baptizaturis

bapti zaturae
bapt i z atiir arum
baptizaturis
bapti zaturas
baptizaturis

bapt i z atur a
bapt i z a tur orum
bapti z atur i s
bapti z atur a
bapt i z atur i s

Second Conjugation (docturus: about to teach, going

to teach)

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

docturus

doctura

docturum

Gen.

doc tur i

docturae

docturi

Dat.

docturo

docturae

docturo

Ace.

docturxun

docturam

docturum

Abl.

docturo

Plural

doctura

docturo

Nom.

docturi

docturae

doctura

Gen.

docturorum

docturarum

docturorum

Dat.

doc tur is

docturis

Ace.

docturos

docturas

doctura

Abl.

doc tur is

docturis

Third Conjugation ( promitturus : about to promise, going
to promise)

Singular

Masc.

Nom . promitturus

Gen . promitturi

Dat . promitturo

Ace . promitturum

Abl . promitturo

Plural

Masc.

Nom . promitturi

Gen . promitturorum

Dat . promitturis

Ace . promitturos

Abl . promitturis

Fem.

promittura

promitturae

promitturam

promittura

Fem.

promitturae

promitturarvun

promitturis

promitturas

promitturis

Neuter

pr omi tturum
promitturi
promitturo
pr omi tturum
promitturo

Neuter

promittura

promitturorum

promitturis

promittura

promitturis

340

Fourth Conjugation (sepulturus: about to bury, going

to bury)

Singular

Mase.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

sepultvirus

sepulturi

sepulture

sepulturum

sepultiiro

Plural

sepultura

sepulturae

sepultiirae

sepulturam

sepultura

sepulturum

sepulturi

sepulture

sepulturum

sepulture

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

sepulturi

sepulturonrm

sepulturis

sepultures

sepulturis

sepulturae

sepulturarum

sepulturis

sepulturas

sepulturis

sepultura

sepulturervun

sepulturis

sepultura

sepulturis

Third Conjugation lO-Verbs (facturus: about to make, going

to make)

Singular

Mase. Fem. Neuter

Nom. facturus factura facturum

Gen. facturi facturae facturi

Dat. facture facturae facture

Ace. facturum facturam facturum

Abl . facture f actiira f actiare

Plural

Nom. facturi facturae factura

Gen. facturerum facturarum facturorum

Dat. facturis facturis facturis

Ace. facturos facturas factura

Abl. facturis facturis facturis

341

Perfect Indicative Passive

First Conjugation (baptizatus: [having been] baptized)

Singular

Masc. Fem. Neuter

Norn.

baptizatus

bapti zata

baptizatum

Gen.

baptizati

bapti zatae

baptizati

Dat.

baptizato

bapti zatae

baptizato

Ace.

baptizatiim

baptizatam

bapti zatum

Abl.

baptizato

Plural

bapti zata

baptizato

Nom.

baptizati

bapti zatae

baptizata

Gen.

bapti zatorum

bapt i z a tarxun

bapt i z a torum

Dat.

baptizatis

Ace.

bapti zatos

bapti zatas

baptizata

Abl.

baptizatis

Second Conjugation

( doctus : [ having

been] taught, le;

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

doctus

docta

doctum

Gen.

docti

doctae

docti

Dat.

docto

doctae

docto

Ace.

doctum

doctam

doctum

Abl.

docto

Plural

docta

docto

Nom.

docti

doctae

docta

Gen.

doctorum

doctarum

doctorum

Dat.

doctis

Ace.

doctos

doctas

docta

Abl.

doctis

Third Conjugation (promissus: [having been] promised)

Singular

Masc. Fem. Neuter

Nom . promissus

Gen . promissi

Dat . promisso

Ace . promissum

Abl . promisso

promissa

promissae

promissam

promissa

promissum

promissi

promisso

promissum

promisso

342

Plural

Masc.

Nom. promissi

Gen . promissorum

Dat. promissis

Ace . promissos

Abl . promissis

Fem.

promissae
pr omi s s arum
promissis
promissas
promissis

Neuter

promissa

promissorum

promissis

promissa

promissis

Fourth Conjugation (sepultus: [having been] buried)
Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

sepultus

sepulta

sepultum

Gen.

sepulti

sepultae

sepulti

Dat.

sepulto

sepultae

sepulto

Ace.

sepultum

sepultam

sepultum

Abl.

sepulto

Plural

sepulta

sepulto

Nom.

sepulti

sepultae

sepulta

Gen.

sepultorum

sepultamm

sepultorum

Dat.

sepultis

Ace.

sepultos

sepultas

sepulta

Abl.

sepultis

Third Conjugation

lO-Verbs ( f actus :

[having been] i

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

f actus

facta

factum

Gen.

facti

factae

facti

Dat.

facto

factae

facto

Ace.

factum

factam

factum

Abl.

facto

Plural

facta

facto

Nom.

facti

factae

facta

Gen.

facto rum

factariim

facto rum

Dat.

factis

Ace.

factos

factas

facta

Abl.

factis

343

Future Indicative Passive

First Conjugation ( baptizandus : about to be baptized)

Singular

Masc. Fem. Neuter

Nom.

baptizandus

bapti zanda

bapti zandum

Gen.

baptizandi

bapti zandae

baptizandi

Dat.

baptizando

baptizandae

baptizando

Ace.

baptizandixm

bapti zandam

baptizandum

Abl.

baptizando

Plural

bapti zanda

baptizando

Nom.

baptizandi

baptizandae

bapti zanda

Gen.

bapti zctndorum

bapti zandamun

baptizandorum

Dat.

baptizandis

Ace.

bapti zandos

bapti zandas

baptizanda

Abl.

baptizandis

Second Conjugation

(docendus: about to be taught)

Singular

Masc,

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

docendus

docenda

docendum

Gen.

docendi

docendae

docendi

Dat.

docendo

docendae

docendo

Ace.

docendixm

docendam

docendum

Abl.

docendo

Plural

docenda

docendo

Nom.

docendi

docendae

docenda

Gen.

docendorum

docendarum

docendorum

Dat.

docendis

Ace.

docendos

docendas

docenda

Abl.

docendis

Third Conjugation ( promittendus : about to be promised)
Singular

Fem.

Masc,

Nom.

promittendus

promittenda

Gen.

promittendi

promittendae

Dat.

promittendo

promittendae

Ace.

promittendum

promittendam

Abl.

promittendo

promittenda

Neuter

pr omi ttendum
promittendi
pr omi t tendo
pr omi ttendum
promittendo

344

Plural

Masc.

Nom . promittendi

Gen . promittendonim

Dat . promittendis

Ace . promittendos

Abl . promittendis

Fourth Conjugation

Singular

Masc.

Nom. sepeliendus

Gen. sepeliendi

Dat. sepeliendo

Ace. sepeliendum

Abl . sepeliendo

Plural

Nom. sepeliendi

Gen. sepeliendomm

Dat . sepeliendis

Ace. sepeliendos

Abl . sepeliendis

Fem.

pr omi ttendae
promittendarum
promittendis
promittendas
pr omi t tend i s

Neuter

pr omi t tenda
promittendorum
pr omi t tend i s
promittenda
promittendis

(sepeliendus: about to be buried)

Fem.

sepelienda

sepeliendae

sepeliendam

sepelienda

sepeliendae

sepeliendarum

sepeliendis

sepeliendas

sepeliendis

Neuter

sepeliendum

sepeliendi

sepeliendo

sepeliendum

sepeliendo

sepelienda
sepe 1 iendorum
sepeliendis
sepelienda
sepeliendis

Third Conjugation lO-Verbs (faciendus: about to make, do)

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neuter

Nom.

faciendus

facienda

faciendum

Gen.

faciendi

faciendae

faciendi

Dat.

faciendo

faciendae

faciendo

Ace.

faciendum

faciendam

faciendum

Abl.

faciendo

Plural

facienda

faciendo

Nom.

faciendi

faciendae

facienda

Gen.

faciendorum

faciendarum

faciendorum

Dat.

faciendis

Ace.

faciendos

faciendas

facienda

Abl.

faciendis

345

5. Gerund (declined in the neuter singular only)

First Conjugation
(baptizandi, etc.;
of baptizing)

Nom.

Gen. baptizandi

Dat. baptizando

Ac c . bapt i z andum

Abl . baptizando

Second Conjugation Third Conjugation

( docendi , etc ,

of teaching)

docendi
docendo
docendum
docendo

( promittendi , etc . :

of promising)

promittendi
promittendo
promittendum
promittendo

Fourth Conjugation Third Conjugation lO-Verbs
( sepeliendi , etc . : ( f aciendi , etc . :

of burying) of making, doing)

Nom.

Gen. sepeliendi

Dat. sepeliendo

Ace. sepeliendum

Abl . sepeliendo

f aciendi
faciendo
faciendum
faciendo

B. Conjugation of Regular Verbs (all four conjugations)

copulare

docere

promittere

sepelire

facere

(marry

( teach

(promise

(bury

(make, do

1st conj . )

2nd conj .

) 3rd conj . )

4th conj . )

3rd-io)

1. Present Indicative Active

copulo

doceo

promitto

sepelio

facio

copulas

doces

promittis

sepelis

facis

copulat

docet

promittit

sepelit

facit

copulamus

docemus

promittimus

sepelimus

facimus

copulat is

docet is

promittitis

sepelitis

facitis

copulant

docent

promittunt

sepeliunt

faciunt

2 . Future

Indicative

Active

copulabo

docebo

promittam

sepeliam

faciam

copulabis

docebis

promittes

sepelies

facies

copulabit

docebit

promittet

sepeliet

faciet

copulabimus

docebimus

promittemus

sepeliemus

faciemus

copulabitis

docebitis

promittetis

sepelietis

facietis

copulabunt

docebunt

promittent

sepelient

facient

3 . Imperfect Indicat

ive Active

copulabcim

docebam

promittebam

sepeliebam

faciebam

copulabas

docebas

promittebas

sepeliebas

faciebas

copulabat

docebat

promittebat

sepeliebat

faciebat

copulabamus

docebconus

pr omi ttebamus

sepe 1 iebamus

fac iebamus

copulabatis

docebatis

promittebat i s

sepeliebatis

faciebatis

copulabant

docebant

promittebant

sepeliebant

faciebant

346

4. Perfect Indicative Active

copulavi

copulavisti

copulavit

copulavimus

copulavistis

copul avemnt

( copulavere )

docui

docuisti

docuit

docuimus

docuistis

docuerunt

( docuere )

promissi

promissisti

promissit

promissimus

promissistis

promisserunt

( promissere )

5. Pluperfect Indicative Active

copul aver am
copul averas
copul aver at
copul aver amus
copulaveratis
copulaverant

docueram promisseram
docueras promisseras
docuerat promisserat
docueramus promissercunus
docueratis promisseratis
docuerant promisserant

6. Future Perfect Indicative Active

copul aver o

copulaveris

copulaverit

copulaverimus

copulaveritis

copulaverint

docuero

docueris

docuerit

docuerimus

docueritis

docuerint

promissero

promisseris

promisserit

promisserimus

promisseritis

promisserint

7. Present Indicative Passive

copulor

copularis

copulatvir

copulamur

copulamini

copulantur

doceor

doceris

docetur

docemur

docemini

docentur

promittor

promitteris

promittitur

promittimur

promittimini

promittuntur

sepelivi

sepelivisti

sepelivit

sepelivimus

sepelivistis

sepeliverunt

(sepelivere)

sepeliveram

sepeliveras

sepe liver at

sepeliveretmus

sepeliveratis

sepeliverant

sepelivero

sepeliveris

sepeliverit

sepeliverimus

sepeliveritis

sepeliverint

sepelior

sepeliris

sepelitur

sepelimur

sepelimini

sepeliuntur

feci

fecisti

fecit

fecimus

fecistis

fecerunt

( f ecere )

feceram

feceras

fecerat

feceramus

feceratis

fecerant

fecero

feceris

fecerit

fecerimus

feceritis

fecerint

facior

faceris

facitur

facimur

facimini

faciuntur

8. Future Indicative Passive

copulabor

copulaberis

copulabitur

copulabimur

copulabimini

copulabuntur

docebor

doceberis

docebitur

docebimur

docebimini

docebuntur

promittar

promitteris

promittetur

promittemur

promittemini

promittentur

9. Imperfect Indicative Passive

copul abar docebar

copulabaris docebaris

copulabatur docebatur

copulabctmur docebamur

copulabamini docebamini

copul abantur docebantur

pr omi ttebar

promittebaris

promittebatur

promittebamur

promittebamini

promittebantur

sepeliar

sepelieris

sepelietur

sepeliemur

sepeliemini

sepelientur

sepeliebar

sepeliebaris

sepeliebatur

sepeliebamur

sepeliebamini

sepel iebantur

f aciar
f acieris
f acietur
faciemur
faciemini
facientur

f aciebar
f aciebaris
f aciebatur
faciebamur
faciebamini
faciebantur

347

10. Perfect Indicative Passive

copulatus sum*
copulatus es
copulatus est
copuJati sumus
copulati estis
copulati sunt

doctus sum
doctus es
doctus est
docti sumus
docti estis
docti sunt

promissus sum
promissus es
promissus est
promissi sumus
promissi estis
promissi sunt

sepultus sum
sepultus es
sepultus est
sepulti sumus
sepulti estis
sepulti sunt

factus sum
factus es
factus est
facti sumus
facti estis
facti sunt

*The full declension of the perfect passive participle,
which is part of the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect indicative passive tenses, is not provided here.
In the paradigms, copulatus, copulata, copulatum
is understood for the singular, and copulati, copulatae,
copulata for the plural .

11. Pluperfect Indicative Passive

copulatus eram
copulatus eras
copulatus erat
copulati eramus
copulati eratis
copulati erant

factus eram
factus eras
factus erat
facti eramus
facti eratis
facti erant

doctus eram
doctus eras
doctus erat
docti eramus
docti eratis
docti erant

promissus eram
promissus eras
promissus erat
promissi eramus
promissi eratis
promissi erant

sepultus eram
sepultus eras
sepultus erat
sepulti eramus
sepulti eratis
sepulti ereuit

12. Future Perfect Indicative Passive

copulatus ero
copulatus eris
copulatus erit
copulati erimus
copulati eritis
copulati erunt

factus ero
factus eris
factus erit
facti erimus
facti eritis
facti erunt

doctus ero
doctus eris
doctus erit
docti erimus
docti eritis
docti erunt

promissus ero
promissus eris
promissus erit
promissi erimus
promissi eritis
promissi erunt

sepultus ero
sepultus eris
sepultus erit
sepulti erimus
sepulti eritis
sepulti eriint

348

13. Present Subjunctive Active

copulem

copules

copulet

copulemus

copuletis

copulent

doceam

doceas

doceat

doceamus

doceatis

doceant

promittam

promittas

promittat

promittamus

promittatis

promittant

14. Imperfect Subjunctive Active

copularem
copulares
copularet
copul aremus
copularetis
copul arent

docerem

doceres

doceret

doceremus

doceretis

docerent

promitterem

promitteres

promitteret

promitteremus

promitteretis

promitterent

15. Perfect Subjunctive Active

copulaverim docuerim promisserim

copulaveris docueris promisseris

copulaverit docuerit promisserit

copulaverimus docuerimus promisserimus

copulaveritis docueritis promisseritis

copulaverint docuerint promisserint

16. Pluperfect Subjunctive Active

copulavissem docuissem promississem
copulavisses docuisses promississes
copulavisset docuisset promississet
copulavissemus docuissemus promississemus
copulavissetis docuissetis promississet is
copulavissent docuissent promississent

17. Present Subjunctive Passive

sepelicun

sepelias

sepeliat

sepeliamus

sepeliatis

sepeliant

sepelirem

sepelires

sepeliret

sepeliremus

sepeliretis

sepelirent

sepeliverim

sepeliveris

sepeliverit

sepel iver imus

sepeliveritis

sepeliverint

sepel ivissem

sepelivisses

sepelivisset

sepelivissemus

sepelivissetis

sepelivissent

f aciam
facias
f aciat
f aciamus
faciatis
faciant

facerem
faceres
faceret
facer emus
f aceretis
facer en t

fecerim

feceris

fecerit

fecerimus

feceritis

fecerint

fecissem

fecisses

fecisset

fecissemus

fecissetis

fecissent

copuler

copuleris

copuletur

copulemur

copulemini

copulentur

docear

docearis

doceatur

doceamur

doceamini

doceantur

promittar

promittaris

promittatur

promittamur

promittamini

pr omi tt an tur

18. Imperfect Subjunctive Passive

copularer docerer promitterer

copulareris docereris promittereris

copularetur doceretur promitteretur

copularemur doceremur promitteremur

copularemini doceremini promitteremini

copularentur docerentur promitterentur

sepeliar
sepeliaris
sepel iatur
sepel iamur
sepeliamini
sepeliantur

sepel irer
sepelireris
sepel ire tur
sepeliremur
sepel iremini
sepelirentur

f aciar
f aciaris
facia tur
faciamur
faciamini
faciantur

facer er
f acereris
f aceretur
facer emur
faceremini
facerentur

349

19. Perfect Subjunctive Passive

doctus sim
doctus sis
doctus sit
docti simus
docti sitis
docti sint

promissus sim
promissus sis
promissus sit
promissi simus
promissi sitis
promissi sint

copulatus sim
copulatus sis
copulatus sit
copulati simus
copulati sitis
copulati sint

f actus sim
factus sis
f actus sit
facti simus
facti sitis
facti sint

20. Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive

copulatus essem doctus essem
copulatus esses doctus esses
copulatus esset doctus esset
copulati essemus docti essemus
copulati essetis docti essetis
copulati assent docti essent

factus essem
factus esses
factus esset
facti essemus
facti essetis
facti essent

sepultus sim
sepultus sis
sepultus sit
sepulti simus
sepulti sitis
sepulti sint

promissus essem
promissus esses
promissus esset
promissi essemus
promissi essetis
promissi essent

sepultus essem
sepultus esses
sepultus esset
sepulti essemus
sepulti essetis
sepulti essent

21. Present Imperative Active

copula doce promitte
copulate docete promittite

sepeli
sepelite

fac
f acite

22. Present Imperative Passive

copulare docere promittere
copulamini docemini promittimini

sepelire
sepelimini

facere
facimini

The imperative mood has not been considered in any detail in
this text, since it was rarely used in parish registers which
reported births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, and burials. The
present imperative, active and passive, is used to give commands
in the second person singular and plural, e.g., copula!: you
(singular) marry! copulate: you (all) marry!

The present imperative active , which is the most common form
of the imperative, is the present stem for the second person
singular (formed by omitting the -re or -ere of the present
infinitive). Since the present stem of third conjugation verbs
ends in a consonant, an -e is added to the majority of such verbs

350

in the second person singular (e.g., promitte! : you promise!).
The third conjugation io-verb facere drops the -e endings, as do
a few third conjugation verbs.

The second person plural present imperative active is formed
by adding -te to the present stem. Note, however, that third
conjugation and third conjugation io-verbs add an -i to the -te
rather than an -e (e.g., facite! : you [all] do!).

The present imperative passive is used primarily with depo-
nent verbs. The second person singular is identical to the
present infinitive (e.g., copulare! : [you] be married!), while
the second person plural is basically the same as the second
person plural present indicative passive (e.g., copulamini ! : [you
all] be married! )

There is also a future imperative active and passive for the
second and third person singular and plural. This was not fre-
quently utilized in classical Latin and will not be discussed
here. For additional information on this tense of the impera-
tive, consult some of the grammar books listed in the selected
bibliography at the back of this book.

22. Participles

First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation

Active

Present copulans docens promittens

Future copulaturus docturus promissurus

Passive

Perfect copulatus doctus promissus

Future copulandus docendus promittendus

Fourth Conjugation Third Conjugation lO-Verbs

Active

Present sepeliens faciens

Future sepulturus facturus

Passive

Perfect sepultus factus

Future sepeliendus faciendus

351

23. Infinitives
First Conjugation
Active

Second Conjugation Third Conjugation

Present copulare docere

Perfect copulavisse docuisse
Future copulatiirus esse docturus esse

Passive

Present
Perfect
Future

copulari
copulatus esse
copulatum iri

doceri
doctus esse
doctum iri

promittere
promississe
promissurus esse

promitti
promissus esse
promissum iri

Fourth Conjugation

Active

Present sepelire
Perfect sepelivisse
Future sepulturus esse

Passive

Present
Perfect
Future

sepeliri
sepultus esse
sepultum iri

Third Conjugation lO-Verbs

f acere
fecisse
facturus esse

faci

factus esse
sepultum iri

The Principal Parts of the Regular Verbs Conjugated Above

copulo, copulare, copulavi, copulatum
doceo, docere, docui, doctum
promitto, promittere, promissi, promissum
sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultum
facio, f acere, feci, factum

C. The Conjugation of Irregular Verbs: ferre (to bear, carry;
irregular third conjugation)

Present Indicative
Active

fero

fers

fert

ferimus

fertis

ferunt

2 . Future Indicative
Active

feram

feres

feret

feremus

feretis

ferent

352

Imperfect Indicative
Active

4 . Perfect Indicative
Active

ferebam

ferebas

ferebat

ferebamus

ferebatis

ferebant

5. Pluperfect Indicative
Active

tuli

tulisti

tulit

tulimus

tulistis

tulerunt ( tulere )

6. Future Perfect Indicative
Active

tuleram

tuleras

tulerat

tuleramus

tuleratis

tulerant

tulero

tuleris

tulerit

tulerimus

tuleritis

tulerint

7 . Present Indicative
Passive

Future Indicative
Passive

feror

ferris

fertur

ferimiir

ferimini

fenintur

ferar

fereris

feretur

feremxir

feremini

ferentur

Imperfect Indicative
Passive

10. Perfect Indicative
Passive

ferebar

ferebaris

ferebatur

ferebamur

ferebamini

ferebantur

latus Slim
latus es
latus est
lati sumus
lati estis
lati sunt

11. Pluperfect Indicative
Passive

Future Perfect Indicative
Passive

latus eram
latus eras
latus erat
lati eramus
lati eratis
lati erant

latus ero
latus eris
latus erit
lati erimus
lati eritis
lati erunt

353

13. Present Subjunctive
Active

14. Imperfect Subjunctive
Active

feram

feras

ferat

feramus

feratis

feretnt

ferrem

ferres

ferret

ferremus

ferretis

ferrent

15. Perfect Subjunctive
Active

16. Pluperfect Subjunctive
Active

tulerim

tuleris

tulerit

tulerimus

tuleritis

tulerint

tulissem

tulisses

tulisset

tulissemus

tulissetis

tulissent

17. Present Subjunctive
Passive

18. Imperfect Subjunctive
Passive

ferar

feraris

feratur

feramur

feramini

ferantur

ferrer

ferres

ferretur

ferremur

ferremini

ferrentur

19. Perfect Subjunctive
Passive

20. Pluperfect Subjunctive
Passive

latus sim
latus sis
latus sit
lati simus
lati sitis
lati sint

latus essem
latus esses
latus esset
lati essemus
lati essetis
lati essent

21. Present Imperative Active

far
ferte

22. Participles
Active

Passive

Present ferens
Future laturus

Perfect
Future

latus
ferendus

354

23. Infinitives

Active

Present
Perfect
Future

ferre
tulisse
laturus esse

Passive

ferri

latus esse
latum iri

The Principal Parts of ferre

fero, ferre, tuli, latum

D. The Conjugation of Irregular Verbs: esse (to be), posse
(to be able [to]), velle (to will, wish; irregular 3rd
conjugation), nolle (to wish ... not, be unwilling;
irregular third conjugation), malle (to wish rather,
prefer; irregular third conjugation), ire (to go;
irregular fourth conjugation)

1 . Present Indicative Active

posse

velle

nolle

malle

stun

possum

volo

nolo

malo

potes

vis

non vis

mavis

est

potest

vult

non vult

mavult

sumus

possumus

volumus

nolumus

malumus

imus

estis

potestis

vultis

non vultis

mavultis

itis

sunt

possunt

volunt

nolunt

malunt

eunt

2 . Future Indicative Active

ero

potero

volam

nolam

malam

ibo

eris

poteris

voles

noles

males

ibis

erit

poterit

volet

nolet

malet

ibit

erimus

poterimus

vol emus

no 1 emus

ma 1 emus

ibimus

eritis

poteritis

voletis

noletis

maletis

ibitis

erunt

poterunt

volent

nolent

malent

ibunt

Imperfect Indicative Act:

ive

eram

poteram

volebam

nolebam

malebam

ibcun

eras

poteras

volebas

nolebas

malebas

ibas

erat

poterat

volebat

nolebat

malebat

ibat

eramus

poteramus

volebamus

nolebamus

malebamus

ibamus

eratis

poterat is

volebatis

nolebatis

malebatis

ibatis

erant

poterant

volebcint

nolebant

malebant

ibant

355

4 . Perfect Indicative Active

fui

potui

volui

nolui

malui

fuisti

potuisti

voluisti

noluisti

maluisti

isti

fuit

potuit

voluit

noluit

maluit

lit

fuimus

potuimus

voluimus

noluimus

maluimus

iimus

fuistis

potuistis

voluistis

noluistis

maluistis

istis

fuerunt

potuerunt

voluerunt

noluerunt

maluenint

ierunt

( f uere )

( potuere )

( voluere )

(noluere)

( maluere )

( iere)

Pluperfect Indicative Act

ive

fueram

potueram

volueram

nolueram

malueram

ieram

fueras

potueras

volueras

nolueras

malueras

ieras

fuerat

potuerat

voluerat

noluerat

maluerat

ierat

fueramus

potueramus

volueramus

nolueramus

malueramus

ieramus

fueratis

potueratis

volueratis

nolueratis

malueratis

ieratis

fuerant

potuerant

voluerant

noluerant

maluerant

ierant

Future Perfect Indicative

Active

fuero potuero voluero noluero maluero iero

fueris potueris volueris nolueris malueris ieris

fuerit potuerit voluerit noluerit maluerit ierit

fuerimus potuerimus voluerimus noluerimus maluerimus ierimus

fueritis potueritis volueritis nolueritis malueritis ieritis

fuerint potuerint voluerint noluerint maluerint ierint

There are no passive forms for these verbs. However, the

compounds of eo, ire, ii, itum, such as

obire (to go away, die), may have passive forms.

7. Present Subjunctive Active

sim

possim

velim

nolim

malim

eam

sis

possis

velis

noils

mails

eas

sit

possit

velit

nolit

malit

eat

simus

possimus

ve Iimus

no Iimus

ma Iimus

eamus

sitis

possitis

velitis

nolitis

malitis

eatis

sint

possint

velint

no lint

ma lint

eeint

Imperfect Subjunctive Act

ive

essem

possem

vellem

no Hem

mallem

irem

esses

posses

velles

nolles

malles

ires

asset

posset

vellet

nollet

mallet

iret

essemus

possemus

vellemus

nollemus

mallemus

iremus

essetis

possetis

velletis

nolletis

malletis

iretis

essent

possent

vellent

no 1 lent

ma 1 lent

irent

356

9. Perfect Subjunctive Active

fuerim potuerim voluerim noluerim maluerim ierim

fueris potueris volueris nolueris malueris ieris

fuerit potuerit voluerit noluerit maluerit ierit

fuerimus potuerimus voluerimus noluerimus maluerimus ierimus

fueritis potueritis volueritis nolueritis malueritis ieritis

fuerint potuerint voluerint noluerint maluerint ierint

10. Pluperfect Subjunctive Active

fuissem

fuisses

fuisset

fuissemus

fuissetis

fuissent

potuissem

potuisses

potuisset

potuissemus

potuissetis

potuissent

voluissem

voluisses

voluisset

voluissemus

voluissetis

voluissent

noluissem

noluisses

noluisset

noluissemus

noluissetis

noluissent

maluissem issem
maluisses isses
maluisset isset
maluissemus issemus
maluissetis issetis
maluissent issent

11. Present Active Imperative

esse nolle ire

es noli i

este nolite ite

12. Participles

Active

Present potens volens nolens iens ( euntis , etc . )
Future futurus iturus

N.B. The verb ire has a gerund eundus, etc.

13. Infinitives
Active

Present esse posse velle nolle malle ire

Perfect fuisse potuisse voluisse noluisse maluisse isse

Future futurus esse iturus esse

( fore )

The Principal Parts of the Above Irregular Verbs

sum, esse, fui, futurus
possum, posse, potui
volo, velle, volui
nolo, nolle, nolui
malo, malle, malui
eo, ire, ii, itum (supine)

357

E. The Conjugation of the Irregular Verb fieri (to be made,
be done, become, used as the passive form of facere;
technically, it has no active forms)

Present 2 .

Future

Imperfect

4 . Perfect

Indicative

fio

f iam

f iebam

factus sum

fis

fies

f iebas

factus es

fit

fiet

fiebat

factus est

f imus

f iemus

f iebamus

facti sumus

fitis

fietis

f iebatis

facti estis

f iunt

f ient

f iebant

facti sunt

Pluperfect 6.

Future

Perfect

Present

8 . Imperfect

Indicative

Subjunctive

factus eram

factus

ero

f iam

f ierem

factus eras

factus

eris

f ias

f ieres

factus erat

factus

erit

fiat

f ieret

facti eramus

facti erimus

f iamus

f ieremus

facti eratis

facti eritis

f iatis

f ieretis

facti erant

facti enint

f iant

f ierent

9. Perfect

10.

, Pluperfect

Subjunctive

factus sim

factus

essem

factus sis

factus

esses

factus sit

factus

esset

facti simus

facti (

essemus

facti sitis

facti i

essetis

facti sint

facti (

essent

11. Imperative 12. Participles

fi
fite

Perfect factus
Future faciendus

13. Infinitives

Present fieri
Perfect factus esse
Future factum iri

The Principal Parts of fieri

fio, fieri, factus sum

F. The Conjugation of the Deponent Verbs conari (to try,
attempt; first conjugation), fateri (to confess; second
conjugation), nasci (to be born; third conjugation),
experiri (to try; fourth conjugation), mori (to die;
3rd conjugation lO-Verb)

358

1. Present Indicative
conari fateri nasci

Conor

conaris

conatur

conamur

conamini

conantur

f ateor
fateris
fatetur
f atemur
f atemini
f atentur

Future Indicative

nascor

nasceris

nascitur

nascimur

nascimini

nascuntur

experxrx

experior

experiris

experitur

experimur

experimini

experiuntur

morior

moreris

moritur

morimur

morimini

moriuntur

conabor fatebor nascar experiar

conaberis fateberis nasceris experieris

conabittir fatebitur nascetur experietur

conabimur fatebimur nascemur experiemur

conabimini fatebimini nascemini experiemini

conabuntur fatebuntur nascentur experientur

3 . Imperfect Indicative

conabar

conabaris

conabatur

conabamur

conabamini

conabantur

fatebar
f atebaris
fatebatur
fatebamur
f atebamini
f atebantur

4. Perfect Indicative

conatus sum
conatus es
conatus est
conati sumus
conati estis
conati sunt

fassus svun
fassus es
fassus est
fassi sumus
fassi estis
fassi sunt

nascebar

nascebaris

nascebatur

nascebamur

nascebamini

nascebantur

natus sum
natus es
natus est
nati siimus
nati estis
nati sunt

5. Pluperfect Indicative

conatus eram fassus eram natus eram
conatus eras fassus eras natus eras
conatus erat fassus erat natus erat
conati eramus fassi eramus nati eramus
conati eratis fassi eratis nati eratis
conati erant fassi erant nati erant

experiebar

experiebaris

experiebatur

experiebamur

experiebamini

experiebantur

expertus sum
expertus es
expertus est
experti sumus
experti estis
experti svint

expertus eram
expertus eras
expertus erat
experti ereimus
experti eratis
experti erant

moriar

morieris

morietur

moriemur

moriemini

morientur

moriebar

moriebaris

moriebatur

moriebamur

moriebamini

moriebantur

mortuus sum
mortuus es
mortuus est
mortui sumus
mortui estis
mortui sunt

mortuus eram
mortuus eras
mortuus erat
mortui eramus
mortui eratis
mortui erant

359

6 . Future Perfect

conatus ero fassus ero natus ero
conatus eris fassus eris natus eris
conatus erit fassus erit natus erit
conati erimus fassi erimus nati erimus
conati eritis fassi eritis nati eritis
conati erunt fassi erunt nati erunt

expertus ero
expertus eris
expertus erit
experti erimus
experti eritis
experti emnt

mortuus ero
mortuus eris
mortuus erit
mortui erimus
mortui eritis
mortui erunt

7. Present Subjunctive

coner

coneris

conetur

conemur

conemini

conentur

fatear nascar experiar moriar

fatearis nascaris experiaris moriaris

fateatur nascatur experiatur moriatur

fateamur nascamur experiamur moriamur

fateamini nascamini experiamini moriamini

fatecuitur nascantxir experiantxir moriantur

8. Imperfect Subjunctive

conarer

conareris

conaretur

conaremur

conaremini

conarentur

f aterer

fatereris

fateretur

fateremur

fateremini

faterentur

nascerer

nascereris

nasceretur

nasceremur

nasceremini

nascerentur

experirer

experireris

experiretur

experiremur

experiremini

experirentur

morerer

morereris

moreretur

moreremur

moreremini

morerentur

9. Perfect Subjunctive

conatus sim
conatus sis
conatus sit
conati simus
conati sitis
conati sint

fassus sim
fassus sis
fassus sit
fassi simus
fassi sitis
fassi sint

natus sim
natus sis
natus sit
nati simus
nati sitis
nati sint

expertus sim
expertus sis
expertus sit
experti simus
experti sitis
experti sint

mortuus sim
mortuus sis
mortuus sit
mortui simus
mortui sitis
mortui sint

10. Pluperfect Subjunctive

conatus essem
conatus esses
conatus esset
conati essemus
conati essetis
conati essent

fassus essem
fassus esses
fassus esset
fassi essemus
fassi essetis
fassi essent

natus essem
natus esses
natus esset
nati essemus
nati essetis
nati essent

expertus essem
expertus esses
expertus esset
experti essemus
experti essetis
experti essent

mortuus essem
mortuus esses
mortuus esset
mortui essemus
mortui essetis
mortui essent

360

11. Present Imperative

conare fatere nascere
conamlni fatemini nascimini

12. Participles
Active

experire
experimini

morere
morimini

Present conans fatens nascens experiens moriens

Future conaturus fassurus naturus experturus mortuurus

Passive

Perfect conatus fassus natus expertus mortuus

Future conandus fatendus nascendus experiendus moriendus

13. Infinitives

Present
Perfect
Future

conari

conatus esse
conaturus esse

fateri
fassus esse
fassurus esse

nasci

natus esse
naturus esse

Present experiri
Perfect expertus esse
Future experturus esse

morx

mortuus esse
mortuurus esse

The Principal Parts of the Above Deponent Verbs

Conor
f ateor
nascor
experior
morior

conari

fateri

nasci

experiri

mori

conatus sum
fassus sum
natus sum
expertus sum
mortuus sum

Semi -deponent verbs such as audeo, audere, aussus sum (dare)
will not be reviewed here. The conjugation of such verbs is
similar to the regular or deponent verbs whose paradigms are
provided above.

361

LATIN-ENGLISH WORD LIST

Note that this word list is structured in a manner similar
to a number of Latin dictionaries and word lists in that it
provides the following information: for nouns: the nominative
singular, the genitive singular (some dictionaries list only the
ending), the gender (abbreviated), and the English definition,
e.g., parochus, parochi , m. : priest, parish priest; for adjec-
tives: the full nominative singular of adjectives of all three
declension (together with the genitive singular of third declen-
sion adjectives having the same form for all three genders in the
nominative singular) and the English definition, e.g., sanctus ,
sancta, sanctum: holy, parochialis, parochiale: parish; felix,
felicis: happy; for verbs: the principal parts of Latin verbs of
all four conjugations, with the conjugation number included, and
the English definition, e.g., copulo, copulare, copulavi, copula-
tum (1): marry; deponent verbs are listed as follows: nascor,
nasci, natus sum (dep. 3): die.

This word list differs from standard dictionaries of classi-
cal Latin, however, in the following ways: nouns of the first
declension also have the medieval spelling of the genitive singu-
lar, without the -a of the -ae diphthong, in parenthesis next to
the classical genitive singular spelling, e.g., avia, aviae
(avie) , f.: grandmother. Although infrequent, it is possible, on
occasion, to find the medieval spelling (with the -a omitted) in
parish register entries. In addition, some medieval variations
in spelling are also noted in parentheses so that they can be
recognized if found in parish registers, e.g., caelum, caeli, n.:
heaven, sky (celum). A number of phrases such as sine prole
decessit: he/she died without issue are also included in this
word list.

prep

+ abl

(see, avunculus

a , ab , abs ,

from, by
abavunculus

maximus )
abavus , abavi , m. :

great-great-grandfather
abavia, abaviae (abavie), f.:

great-great-grandmother
abbas, abbatis , m.: abbot

(head of an abbey)
abbatia, abbatiae (abbatie),

f.: abbey (abbacia)
abdormio, abdormire, abdor-

mivi, abdormitum (4): sleep

away, die
abeo , abire, abii, abitum

(irregular 4): go away,

pass away, die, depart

abjicio, abjicere, abjeci,
abjectum (3): throw away,
throw down (abiicio)

abjectarius, abjectarii, m. :
carpenter, woodcarver

abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutum
(3): wash, baptize

ablutus, abluta, ablutum,
perf. pass. part, of abluo:
washed, baptized

abmatertera (see, matertera
maxima)

abortivus, abortiva, aborti-
vum: prematurely born

abortus, abortus, m. : miscar-
riage

abpatruus (see, patruus maxi-
mus)

362

absolutio, absolutionis , f.:
absolution, forgiveness,
remission

absolvo, absolvere, absolvi,
absolutum (3): absolve,
release

absque, prep. + abl.: without

abstinentia, abstinentiae
( abstinentie) , f.: absti-
nence; Also, the practice
of a penance which consists
of fasting, or not eating
certain types of food.

absum, abesse, afui: be away,
be absent

ac, atque, conj . : and
academia, academiae

(academie), f.: university,
academy

acatholicus, acatholica,
acatholicxim: non-Catholic

accido, accidere, accidi (3):
happen , occur

accidit, impersonal: it hap-
pens

acer, acris, acre, adj . :
sharp , keen

acicularius, acicularii, m. :
needle maker (acuarius)

acolitus, acoliti, m. : aco-
lyte, the lowest rank in
ecclesiastical office
(Greek)

acquiesco, acquiescere, ac-
quievi, acquietum (3):
repose, die, be content
with

acra , acrae ( acre ) , f . : acre

actionarius, actionarii, m. :
trader, peddler

activus, activa, activum:
active, current

actuarius, actuarii, m. ,
judicii: legal secretary

acutiator, acutiatoris, m. :
sharpener (e.g., scissors)

ad, prep. + ace: to toward,
for, near

adamantium sculptor, sculpto-
ris, m. : diamond cutter

adeo, adv.: therefore, at this
time

adhuc, adv.: thus, still, yet,
besides

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus
sum (dep. 3): get, gain,
obtain

adjuvo, adjuvare, adjuvavi,
adjuvatum (1): help, aid
( adiuvo )

admodum, adv. : fully, highest

adolescens, adolescentis ,
adj.: young (adulescens)

adolescens, adolescentis, m.
or f . : young man or young
woman, adolescent

adquiro, adquirere, adquisivi,
adquisitum (3): acquire,
get

adsum, adesse, adf ui : be
present

advunbrator , adumbratoris , m . :
artist

adventus , adventus, m.: ad-
vent, arrival. Advent, the
season just prior to
Christmas; a period of
preparation for the holiday
which begins on the fourth
Sunday before Christmas.

adversus, adversa, adversum:
towards , against

adverto , advertere , adverti ,
adversum (3): perceive,
attract, turn towards,
steer

advocatus , advocati, m.:
lawyer, legal representa-
tive

aedicula, aediculae

(aedicule) , f . : small
building, shrine, mortuary
(edicula)

aedifico, aedificare, aedifi-
cavi, adificatum (1): build
(edifice)

aedilis, aedilis, m. : archi-
tect (Also, a public
official in ancient Rome
who served as the superin-
tendent of buildings,
roads, markets, theaters,
and police, [edilis] )

aeger , aegra , aegrum: sick
(eger)

363

aeneus , aenea, aeneum: bronze
( eneus )

aequalis, aequale, adj.: equal
(equal is)

aeradius, aeradii, m.: bell
founder ( eradius )

aestimo , aestimare , aestimavi ,
aestimatum (1): think,
estimate, judge (estimo)

aestas , aestatis , f . : summer
( estas )

aestus , aestus, m. : heat
( estus )

aetas , aetatis , f . : age ( etas )

aetatis suae: short for anno
aetatis suae: in the year
of his/her age, age

aetatis circiter: of the
approximate age (of)

aeternitas , aeternitatis , f , :
eternity (etemitas)

aeternus , aeterna, aeternum:
eternal ( e temus )

affero, affere, attuli, alla-
tum (irregular 3): bear,
bring to, carry
affigo, affigere, affixi,
affixum (3): affix, fasten
to

affixus, affixa, affixum,
perf . pass. part, of affi-
go: affixed, fastened to

affinitas, affinitatis, f.:
relative by marriage; also,
affinity (as a diriment
impediment to marriage, see
impedimentum dirimentum) ;
relationship, generally
between a husband and the
relatives of his former
wife or a wife and those of
her former husband. No
marriage is permitted with
any relation in the direct
line. It is, however,
possible to obtain a dis-
pensation for marriage in
the first or second degrees
of the indirect line (e.g. ,
cousins). See also, con-
sanguinitas .

agnata , agnatae ( agnate ) , f . :

blood relative, female line
agnatus, agnati , m. : blood

relative, male line
agnosco , agnoscere , agnovi ,

agnotum (3): observe,

acknowledge , approve
agnus, agni, m. : lamb
agnus Dei: the Lamb of God

(Jesus Christ)
ago, agere , egi , actum (3):

do, make, drive, finish,

discuss
actus, acta, actum, perf.

pass. part, of ago: done,

completed, finished
agon, agonis, m. : agony,

contest (Greek)
agonizo, agonizare, agonizavi,

agonizatum (1): suffer

(Greek)
agricola, agricolae

(agricole), m. : farmer
aisamentum, aisamenti, n.:

easement (use of land owned

by someone else)
albus, alba, album: white
alias, adv.: also, or, other-
wise, at, another
alibi, adv.: elsewhere, at

another time
alienus, alieni, m. : foreigner
aliqui, aliquae, aliquod:

some , any
aliguis, aliquae, aliquid,

adj . : some , any
alius, alia, aliud: other,

another (gen. sing. : alius,

dat. sing. : ali)
allege, allegare, allegavi ,

allegatum (1): accuse,

allege
altare, altaris, n.: altar,

the altar upon which the

eucharist is placed
altare summum: the high or

highest altar in the church

(where special masses and

other services are cele-
brated)

364

alter, altera, alterum: one
(of two), the other (of
two) [gen. sing.: alterius,
dat. sing.: alteri] )

alumna, alumnae (alumne), f.:
foster child, female
( alumpna )

alumnus, alumni, m.: foster
child, male (alumpnus)

alutarius, alutarii, m.:
tanner

ambo, ambae, ambo, adj. pi.:
both, two together

ambo, adv. : both

amentarius , amentarii, m . :
harness maker, saddler

amerci amentum, amerciamenti ,
n.: amercement (a fine
whose amount is fixed by a
court), fine, punishment

amicus, amici, m. : friend

amicitia, amicitiae (amicite),
f.: friendship, relation-
ship

amita, amitae (amite), f.:
aunt (father's sister)

amita magna: great-aunt
(sister of the grandfather)

amita major: great-great-aunt
(sister of the great-
grandfather )

amita maxima: great-great-
great-aunt (sister of the
great-great-grandfather )

amplector , amplecti , amplexus
sum: embrace, grasp, clasp

amplius, adv.: longer, more,
further

ampullarius, ampullarii, m. :
tinsmith, plumber

amputator, amputatoris, m.
arborum: wood cutter

an, con.: or, whether

analogus , analoga, analogum:
having a similarity or
proportion , analogous

ancilla, ancillae (ancille),
f . : female servant

angelus, angeli, m. : angel,
messenger (Greek)

angustus, angusta, angustum:
narrow

anima, animae (anime), f.:
soul

Animam suam deo reddidit:
He/she returned his/her
soul to God (i.e., died).

Animam suam domino reddidit:
He/she returned his/her
soul to the Lord (i.e.,
died) .

animadversio, animadversionis ,
f.: observation, remark

annata , cinnatae ( annate ) , f . :
yield from the soil for one
year

annexum, annexi , n.: annex,
suburb, surrounding area

anniversarium, anniversarii ,
n.: anniversary, a special
day commemorating various
events such as the anniver-
sary of the consecration of
a bishop, the death of an
individual, etc. For the
latter, a special mass for
the dead would generally be
celebrated.

anno ab incarnatione , see
cinnus

anno domini, see annus

anno eiusdem incarnationis,
see annus

anno gratiae, see annus

annonarius, annonarii, m. :
grain merchant

annus, anni, m. : year; einno ab
incarnatione: in the year
from (since) the incarna-
tion (of the Lord Jesus
Christ); anno eiusdem
incarnationis: in the year
of (after) the incarnation
of the same (i.e. , the Lord
Jesus Christ); etnno domini:
in the year of the (our)
Lord; anno gratiae: in the
year of grace (i.e., anno
domini )

annus bissextilis: leap year
(annus bissextus)

annuus, cinnua, annuum: yearly,
annually

365

anonymus , anonyma, anonymum:

unknown, unnamed, anonymous

(Greek)
ante, prep. + ace: before
antea, adv.: formerly, before

( anthea )
in antea: for the future,

henceforth (in anthea)
antecedo, antecedere, ante-

cessi , antecessum ( 3 ) : go

before, precede
antequam, con j . : before (used

with the subjunctive in

medieval Latin)
antiquarius, antiquarii, m. :

seller and collector of old

books
antiquus , antiqua, antiquum:

old, ancient
anularius, anularii, m. : ring

maker ( emulator , annulatro )
aper, apri, m. : a boar
aperio, aperire, aperui ,

apertum (4): evident, open,

exposed
apiarius , apiarii, m. : bee

keeper
apostolus, apostoli, m.:

apostle (Greek)
apothecarius , apothecarii, m. :

pharmacist, apothecary

(Greek)
apparens , apparentis, adj.

certain, clear
apparentia, apparentiae

(apparentie) , f.: appear-
ance, appearance in court

( apparencia )
appello, appellare, appellavi,

appellatum ( 1 ) : call , name ,

appeal , accuse
appono, apponere, apposui,

appositum (3): add, affix
apprehendo , apprehendere ,

apprehendi , apprehensum

(3): take control of,

seize, grasp
approbo , approbare , approbavi ,

approbatum ( 1 ) : approve ( in

business contracts of the

later middle ages, to

approve or agree to a legal

transaction)

apricator, apricatoris, m.:

fuller, bleacher of cloth
apruator, apruatoris, m. :

someone who improves land

or receives a benefit from

it
apud, prep. + ace: near by,

at, with, among, at the

house of
aqua, aquae (aque), f.: water

( acqua )
aratrum, aratri , n. : plow

land, plow
arbiter, arbitri, m. : witness
arbitrium, arbitrii, n. :

j udgment
arbor , arbor is , f . : tree
arborator, arboratoris, m.:

tree farmer
archiator, archiatoris, m. :

physician (Greek)
circhiepiscopus , archiepiscopi ,

m. : archbishop (Greek)
archiepresbyter , archiepresby-

teris , m.: chief priest

(Greek)
architectus , architecti , m. :

architect (Greek)
arcibusarius , arcibusarii, m. :

sharp shooter
arcularius, arcularii, m.:

carpenter (cl. Latin:

casket maker)
arcus , arcus , m . : bow
area, areae (area), f.: plot

of land
argentarius, argentarii, m. :

money changer
argentius, argentia, argenti-

um: silver (argenteius)
eirgentum, argenti, n.: silver,

money
arma, armorum, n. pi.: weap-
ons , coats of arms
armamentarius , armamentarii ,

m. : weapon maker
armarius, armarii, m.: cow

herder
armentarius , armentarii, m. :

herdsman
armiductor, armiductoris , m. :

fencing master

366

armxger, armigerx, m. : squire,
esquire (as a title of
nobility)

aromatarius, aromatarii , m.:
druggist (Greek)

arpennus, arpenni, m. : a land
measure, ca. 120 feet
(compare the French arpent)
often used for vineyards
( arpennis , etc . )

arreragium, arreragii, n.:
arrears

ars , artis , f . : art , manner

artopaeus , artopaei , m . : baker
( arthopeus , artocopus )

artifex, artificis, m.: hand
worker, artisan, architect

artificium, artificii, n.:
skilled work done by a
craftsman, a craft guild

arvinarius, arvinarii, m. : pig
butcher

assectatio , assectationis , f . :
attendance

assensus, assensus, m. : agree-
ment

assero, assere, asserui,
assertum (3): claim, assert

assisa, assisae (assise), f.:
assize (ordinance, legal
claim, writ, tax, court,
etc. )

assume, assumere, assumpi,
assumptum (3): take, re-
ceive

astringo, astringere, as-
trinxi, astrictum (3):
obligate, bind, restrict

at, conj . : but, moreover
(ast)

atavia, ataviae (atavie), f.:
great-great-great-grand-
mother

atavus, atavi, m. : great-
great-great-grandfather

aucellator, aucellatoris, m. :
falconer

auctoritas, auctoritatis ,
f . :authority , ecclesiasti-
cal authority ( aucthoritas )

audeo , audere, ausus sum
(semi-dep. 2): dare

audio , audire , audivi , auditum

( 4 ) : hear

aufero, auferre, abstuli,
ablatum (irregular 3):
carry away, remove, rob

aureus, aurea, aureum: golden

auricalicifaber, auricalicif a-
bri, m. : brass worker

aurifaber, aurifabri, m.:
goldsmith (aurifex, aurifi-
cis)

aurifossor, aurif ossoris , m. :
gold miner

auriga, aurigae (aurige), m. :
driver (e.g., of carts)

aurigafex, aurigaficis, m.:
wagon maker

auris, auris, f.: ear

avirum, auri, n.: gold

aut, conj . : or

aut . . . aut: either ... or

autem, adv.: however, also,
moreover

autximnus, autumni, m. : autumn
( autumpnus ; cl. Latin:
auctumnus )

auxilium, auxilii, n.: aid,
help

avia, aviae (avie), f.: grand-
mother

avunculus, awinculi, m. : uncle
( mother ' s brother ) ;

avunculus magnus: great-uncle
( grandmother ' s brother )

avunculus major: great-great
uncle (great-grandmother's
brother [see also proavun-
culus] )

avunculus maximus: great-
great-great-uncle (great-
great-grandmother ' s
brother)

avus, avi, m. : grandfather

avi , avorum, pi. of avus:
ancestors , grandparents

ayssida, ayssidae (aysside),
f.: easement (use of the
land without ownership)
[assida, assita, etc.]

367

bajulus, bajuli, m. : messen-
ger, porter
ballistarius, ballistarii, m. :

gunmaker, crossbow maker,

crossbowman
ballivus, ballivi, m. : bail-
iff, official
balneator, balneatoris, m. :

keeper of a bath
bannum, banni, n.: bann,

marriage announcement
baptismalis, baptismale, adj.:

baptismal
baptismus , baptismi , m. :

baptism (Greek) (baptisma,

baptismae [baptisme] , f.;

baptismas , baptismatis , f . ;

baptismum, baptismi, n. )
baptize, baptizare, baptizavi,

baptizatum (1): baptize

( Greek )
baptizatus, baptizata, bapti-
zatum, perf. pass. part, of

baptize: baptized
barbitonsor, barbitonsoris ,

m. : barber
barco, barconis, m. : maker of

small boats
bare , baronis , m . : baron
basilica, basilicae

(basilica), f.: cathedral

(Greek)
beatus , beata, beatum:

blessed, fortunate
benignus, benigna, benignum:

benign, kindly
Bellona, Bellonae (Bellone),

f.: the Roman goddess of

war, sister of Mars
bellum, belli, n. : war
bellus, bella, bellum: pretty,

handsome , charming
bene, adv. : well
benedico, benedicere, bene-

dixi, benedictum (3):

bless , give benediction
Benedictinus , Benedictini , m . :

a Benedictine; a member of

the Benedictine order of

monks

benedictio , benedictionis , f . :
blessing, benediction,
invoking the favor or
blessing of deity upon a
person

beneficium, beneficii, n.:
benefice; originally, a
grant of land as a reward
for service. An ecclesias-
tical benefice was one
which generally involved a
land grant or revenues
given in theory for the
proper execution of the
religious duties of the
office to which the bene-
fice was attached (e.g.,
benefice of a bishop).

bibliopegus, bibliopegi, m. :
bookbinder (Greek) [biblio-
pega]

biduum, bidui, n.: two-year
period

biennium, biennii, n.: two-
year period

bini, binae, bina, adj. pi.:
two

binus, bina, biniim: two, two
apiece, twofold

bis, adv. : twice

bladum, bladi, n. : corn, corn
field

bombardarius , bombardarii, m. :
gunmaker

bombardicus, bombardici, m. :
rifleman

bombicinator, bombicinatoris ,
m. : silk weaver

bonus, bona, bonxim: good

boni, bonorum, m.pl.: goods

bractearius, bractearii, m. :
tinsmith, plumber

bracteator, bracteatoris , m. :
goldsmith

brasiator, brasiatoris, m. :
brewer (e.g., of beer)

brevis , breve , ad j . :

bubulcularius , bubulcularii,
m. : oxherd

bunarium, bunarii, n. : a land
measurement equal to about
one-quarter acre

368

burgensis, burgensis, m.:

burghess , citizen
bursarius, bursarii , m . :
pursemaker, treasurer

caballarius, caballarii, m.:

groom
caballus, caballi, m. : horse
cacubarius , cacubarii , m . :

tile maker
cado, cadere , cecidi, casum

(3): fall
caduceator, caduceatoris , m. :

bridge builder
caelebs, caelebis, adj . :

unmarried (celebs, coelebs)
caelebs, caelebis, m. : bache-
lor, single man
caelum, caeli, n.: heaven, sky

(see also coelum)
caementarius , caementarii , m. :

stonemason ( cementarius )
caesareus, caesarea,

caesareum: imperial (ce-

sareus )
calcarius, calcarii, m.

whipmaker
calciator, calciatoris, m.

shoemaker ( calceamentarius
calcifex, calcificis, m.

chalk burner
Calendae, Calendarum: Calends,

the first day of the Roman

month ( Kalendae )
calendarius, calendarii, m. :

book keeper, accountant
caligarius, caligarii, m.:

stocking maker
caligator, caligatoris, m. :

boot maker
calix, calicis, m. : chalice,

wine cup containing the

Eucharist (Greek)
calopedarius , calopedeirii, m. :

maker of wooden shoes

( calopidarius )
calopedifex, calopedif icis ,

m. : maker of slippers
calumnia, calumniae

(calumnie), f.: slander,

accusation (calumpnia)

cambasius, cambasii , m. :

innkeeper

camerarius, camerarii, m.:
valet, groom

caminarius, caminarii, m.:
chimney sweep

caminus , camini , m.: road,
highway (cl. Latin: fur-
nace, fireplace)

campanator, campanatoris , m. :
bell ringer

campus, campi, m. : field

cancellor, cancelloris, m. :
chancellor

cancellor regius: royal chan-
cellor

candidus, Candida, candidum:
white, shining, clear,
candid

canicida, canicidae

(canicide) , m. : dog catcher

caniparius, caniparii, m.:
waiter

canon, canonis, m.: canon
(Greek); some ecclesiasti-
cal definitions of this
term include: a list of
books of the Bible accepted
by the church; the canon of
the mass, i.e., that part
of the liturgy which re-
mains unchanged; monastic
rule; a statute or rule
issued by a council or
synod.

canonice, adv. : canonical ly

canonicus, canonici, m.:
canon, a cleric who is a
member of a cathedral
chapter; also one appointed
by a bishop to assist in
divine services.

canonicus, canonica, canoni-
cum: canonical, of a canon
(rule, decree, dogma, etc.,
ecclesiastical in nature)

Ccintafusor, cantaf usoris , m. :
tin founder

capella, capellae (capelle),
f.: chapel; a small church
with an altar for which a
chaplain is responsible.

369

capellanus, capellani, m . :
chaplain

capio , capere, cepi , captum
(3 ) : take, seize

capitalis, capitale, adj.:
chief, main, head

capitaneus, capitanei, m.:
captain

capitium, capitii , n.: hood,
cowl, collar (capicium)

capitulum, capituli, n.:
chapter, article of inquiry

caplim (see caplinxun)

caplinum, caplini , n.: wood
cutting service (part of a
peasant's obligations to
his lord; cf . , the French
corv6 d'abattage) [caplim]

Cappuccinus, Cappuccini, m. : a
Capuchin friar (a branch of
the Franciscan friars
founded in 1529 and active
in preaching and missionary
work)

Missionarius Cappucinus: A
Capuchin missionary

caprarius, caprarii , m.:
goatherd

captio, captionis, f.: rent-
ing, leasing, taking

caput, capitis, n.: head,
beginning

carbonarius, carbonarii, m. :
collier, charcoal burner

carcerarius, carcerarii, m. :
chief prison guard

cardinalis, cardinalis, m. : a
Cardinal; originally, any
priest connected with a
church. Subsequently, the
clergy of Rome — parish
priests, bishops, and the
seven district deacons.
Members of this clergy
eventually formed a college
and became councillors to
the popes. In 1179, the
right of electing a new
pope was conferred upon
them exclusively

carentia, carentiae

(carentie) , f . : penance
accompanied by fasting
Carmelita, Carmelitae (Carme-
lite) , m. or f.: a Carme-
lite; a member of the
Carmelite order of monks or
nuns founded in about 1154
A.D. and reorganized sever-
al times. The order of
nuns was first established
in 1452. (Carmelanus,
Carmelus , etc . )

carmen, carminis, n. : song

carnifex, carnificis, m. :
butcher (camarius)

Carnisprivium, Carnisprivii ,
n.: The time immediately
prior to the 40 day fast
period (Lent); also, the
first day of this period.

cciro, cctmis, n. : flesh

carpentarius , carpentarii, m. :
carpenter , cartwright

carropera (see ccirropus)

carropus , carroperis , n . :
cartage (cf., the French
charroi): a toll on carts;
sometimes; a service per-
formed as part of a servant
or peasant's duty to his
lord which involved the use
of carts; usually found in
the plural carropera

carruca, carrucae (carruce),
f.: plow team, plow

carrucarius, carrucarii, m. :
carter , drayman

carrus, carri, m. : cart

carta, cartae (carte), f.:
deed , charter

casarius, casarii, m. : peddler
(house to house)

caseus, easel, m. : cheese

castellanus, castellani, m. :
castellan, holder of a
castle or fortified keep

casus, casus, m.: case,
chance, accident, fall

casu: by chance

370

catalogus, catalog!, m.:
catalog, list

cathedra, cathedrae (cathe-
dra), f.: cathedral, bish-
op's throne, chair (Greek)

catholicus, catholica, catho-
licum: universal. Catholic

caupo, cauponis, m. : innkeeper

caupona, cauponae (caupone),
f . : inn

causa, causae (cause) , f . :
cause, case

ex causa + abl.: on account
of, for the sake of

causatio, causationis, f.:
legal plea

causidicus, causidici, m.:
lawyer, advocate

cause, causare, causavi,
causatum (1): cause, give
as a reason, accuse

cautela, cautelae (cautele),
f.: deceit, trick, fraud;
also, in legal contracts,
an additional guarantee to
insure that the terms of
the contract have been met.

cautio, cautionis, f.:

security, bond, caution
money

cede, cedere , cessi, cessum
(3): grant, yield, cede

celeber, Celebris, celebre,
adj • : famous

celebro , celebrare , celebravi ,
celebratum (1): celebrate;
nuptias celebrare: to
celebrate the nuptials,
i.e., to marry; missam
solemnem celebrare: to
celebrate a solemn mass;
missas solenmes celebrare:
to celebrate solemn masses

celer, celeris, celere, adj.:
swift, fast

cellarius, cellarii, m.:
servant in charge of the
cellar or kitchen

cenaculum, cenaculi, n.:
dining room, upper room

censeo, censere , censerui ,

censertum (2): assign,
allot, appoint (senceo)

censor, censoris, m. : village
judge (cl. Latin: Roman
censor, an official who
took the census , recorded
public moral offenses,
supervised public

buildings, and had other
public duties,)

cerdo , cerdonis, m. : day
laborer

cerno , cernere , crevi , cretum
(3): discern, perceive,
distinguish

ceroplasta, ceroplastae

(ceroplaste) , m. : wax
chandler (a maker or seller
of tallow or wax candles)

certamen, certaminis, n. :
contest

ceteri, ceterae, cetera, adj . ,
pi . : others

certifico, certificare, certi-
ficavi, certificatum (1):
attest, certify, determine

certus , carta, cartum: cer-
tain, fixed, sure

chartarius, chartarii, m.:
paper maker

chirographum , chirographi, n. :
chirograph (something
written by hand — Greek)

chirothecarius chirothecarii ,
m. : glove maker (Greek)

chirurgus, chirurgi , m. :
surgeon (Greek)

Christus, Christi, m. : a
Latinized form of the Greek
Christos = Christ (Messiah;
Anointed One)

chymicus, chymici, m. : chem-
ist, apothecary (Greek)

ciborium, ciborii, n.: a
canopy over a tomb or
altar; also, a vessel
shaped roughly like a
chalice in which the sacra-
mental bread is kept.

cibus, cibi, m. : food

371

cimeterium (see coemeterium)

cingara, cingarae (cingare),
f.: gypsy (female)

cingarus, cingari, m. : gypsy
(male)

cippus, cippi, m. : gravestone

circa, prep. + ace: about,
around , round about

circiter, adv. & prep. + ace:
about , approximately

circum, prep. + ace: around

Cisterciensis, Cisterciensis,
m. : a Cistercian; a member
of the Cistercian order of
monks founded in 1098.
(Sisterciensis, etc.)

cite, adv.: quickly

civicus, civica, civicum: of a
citizen; as a noun: citizen

civis, civis, m.: citizen
(gen. pi.: civiim)

civitas, civitatis, f.: city,
citizenship

clam, adv. : privately, secret-
ly

clamatium, cleimatii, n. : claim

(clcunacium)

clamo, clamare, clamavi,
clamatum ( 1 ) : claim

clarus, Clara, clanim: famous,
illustrious

clarissimus, clarissima,
clarissimum: most famous,
most illustrious (superla-
tive of clarus)

claudo, claudere, clausi,
clausum (3): close, enclose

clausterium, clausterii, n. :
cloister; an enclosed space
which usually constitutes
the central portion of a
monastery; also, a reli-
gious house or the life led
by members of a monastery
or encloistered convent.

claustrarius , claustrarii, m. :
locksmith

clericus, clerici, m.: a
cleric, clergyman

clericus parochialis: parish
clerk; an official who
assists the priest.

clericus regularis: a regular
clerk; one who lives in a
community under religious
rule but who involves
himself in the work of a
diocese or parish with the
clergy therein, such as
teaching, rather than
devoting himself exclusive-
ly to the life of a monk.

cocus, coci. m. : cook

coelum, coeli, n. : heaven, sky

coemeterium, coemeterii, n.:
cemetery (cimeterium,

cimiterium)

coena , coenae (coene), f.:
evening meal, supper (cena)

coenobium, coenobii, n.:
monastery , convent

coepio, coepere, coepi , coep-
tum ( 3 ) : begin ( cepio )

cogito, cogitare, cogitavi,
cogitatum ( 1 ) : think

cognatio, cognationis , f.:
blood relationship, blood
relative

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum
(3): compel, collect

cognomen, cognominis, n.:
family name, surname, name,
nickname

colligo, colligere, collegi,
collectum ( 3 ) : gather
together, collect (conligo)

colonus, coloni, m. : settler,
farmer, peasant; also: 1. a
hereditary landholder or
serf who is attached to the
land he farms; 2. some-
times, a manumitted or
freed serf who has been
placed under the protection
of the king or the church;
3 . in Germanic areas coloni
were equal to liti (a group
between freemen and serfs)
or land tenants owing labor
service and quit-rent; 4.
sometimes, a land holder
owing fixed obligations; 5.
inhabitant of a city

colorator, coloratoris , m. :
dyer

372

collegium, collegii, n. :

college, assembly, communi-
ty
colloquor, colloqui, collocu-

tus sum (dep. 3): speak,

talk
comes, comitis, m.: count,

earl (occasionally: county)
comitatus, comitatus , m.:

county
comitissa, comitissae (comi-

tisse) , f.: countess
commater, commatris, f.:

sponsor , godmother
commiseratio , commiserationis ,

f.: pity, commiseration
commoror , commorari , commora-

tus sum: (dep. 1): live in

dwell
commorcins , commorantis , part . :

living, residing
communicatio , communicationis ,

f.): communion, sacrament
communicativus , communicativa ,

communicativum: common
communio, communionis, f.:

community, fellowship,

communion, sacrament
compareo , comparere , comparui ,

compartum (2): appear, be

present
compater, compatris, m. :

sponsor, godfather
compello, compellere, compuli,

compulsum (3): force,

compel
compos, compotis, adj.: in

possession of
concede, concedere, concessi,

concessum (3): go away,

depart, yield, concede
concilium, concilii, n.:

council
Concilium Tridentinum: the

Council of Trent, which met

with interruptions between
1545-1563; the decrees of

the Council of Trent served
as an important basis for

the reform of the Roman
Catholic Church in the
sixteenth century (Concili-
um Tridentini)

concionator, concionatoris ,

m. : preacher, minister

concipio, concipere, concepi ,
conceptum (3): conceive,
comprehend , become pregnant

concresco, concrescere , con-
crevi , concretum ( 3 ) :
become stiff, thick, hard

concretus , concreta, concre-
tum, perf . pass. part, of
concresco: stiffened,

hardened

condam (see, quondam)

conditio, conditionis, f.:
condition, situation; sub
conditione: under condi-
tion, conditionally (e.g.,
an emergency baptism per-
formed at home might be
termed a baptism sub condi-
tione; in such a case, and
if possible, the child
might be re-baptized in a
church . )

conditor, conditoris, m.:
pastry baker

condo , condere, condidi ,
conditum ( 3 ) : honor , found ,
make

condo testamemtum: I make a
will

conditus , condita, conditum,
perf. pass. part, of condo:
honorable, founded

confero, conferre, contuli ,
collatum (irregular 3):
compare, bestow upon

confessio, conf essionis , f.:
confession; a part of the
sacrament of penance during
which sins are confessed.

confessor, confessoris, m.:
confessor; a priest who,
with the approval of a
bishop, hears confessions
and assigns penance; also a
martyr who testified for
the faith.

confido, confidere, confisus
sum (semi-dep. 3): confess,
acknowledge

373

confirmo, confirmare, confir-
mavi, confirmatum (l):
confirm

confiteor, confiteri, confes-
sus sum (dep. 2): confess,
acknowledge

conforto, confortare, confo-
rtavi , confortatum (1):
comfort (comforto)

conjungo, conjungere, con-
junxi, conjunctum (3): join
together , vinite

conjunx, conjugis, m. or f.:
husband or wife (conjux) ,
spouse

conjuges, conjugum, m. pi.:
married couple, spouses

Conor, conari , conatus sum
( dep . 1 ) : try

conquestus, conquestus , m. :
complaint

consanguinitas , consemguinita-
tis, f.: blood relation-
ship, consanguinity, con-
sanguinity as an impediment
to marriage; in the case of
the latter, such as rela-
tionship in a direct line
(e.g., parents to children
to grandchildren) was a
diriment impediment which
could not be set aside by a
dispensation. In an indi-
rect line, marriage in the
first degree (brother to
sister) would be prohibit-
ed, marriage in the second
(first cousins) and third
(second cousins) might be
permitted with a dispensa-
tion.

consensus, consensus, m.:
consent

consentio , consentire , consen-
si, consensum (4): agree,
consent

consilium, consilii, n.:
court, counsel

consobrina, consobrinae
( consobrine) , f.: female
cousin

consobrinus, consobrini , m.:
male cousin

consolator, consolatoris , m. :

a consoler, one who con-
soles

consors, consortis, m. or f.:
spouse, husband or wife

consortium, consortii, n.:
fellowship, society, commu-
nity, association

consto, constare, constiti ,
constaturus (irregular 1):
consist, stand still, stand
firm

constare de: to consist of

consuesco, consuescere , con-
suevi , consuetum ( 3 ) :
accustom

consuetudinarius , consuetudi-
nari , m.: a book which
contains the "customary,"
the customs of discipline
and rules of behavior of a
monastery, religious order,
or cathedral; also, a book
containing the ceremonies
and rites for services in
the same organizations.

consuetus, consueta, consue-
tum, perf . pass. part, of
consuesco: customary,
accustomed

consul, consulis, m. : mayor,
town councillor (Also, one
of two Roman consuls who
were chosen each year as
chief magistrates of the
Roman Republic. )

consultus , consulta, consul-
tum: experienced,

knowledgeable

consume, consumer e, consumpsi,
consumptum ( 3 ) : consume ,
destroy, waste

consumptus, consumpta, con-
sximpttim, perf. pass. part,
of consume: destroyed,
wasted

consuo, consuere, consui ,
consutum (3): sew, stitch
together ( suo )

contineo , continere , continui ,
contentum (2): contain,
connect

374

continens , continentis , part . :
containing

contingo , contingere , contigi ,
contactum ( 3 ) : happen ,
touch

continuo, continuare, conti-
nuavi , cont.inuat.uiii ( 1 ) :
continue

continuus , continua , continu-
um: continual, consecutive

contra, adv. & prep. + ace:
against, opposite

contractio , contractionis , f . :
contract, marriage contract

contraho , contrahere, con-
traxi , contractum ( 3 ) :
contract a marriage,
contract, draw together,
unite; Matrimonium contrax-
erunt: they contracted (a)
marriage.

contrarius, contraria,

contrarium: contrary,

opposite

in contrarium: on the con-
trary, on the other hand

conubium, conubii, n.: mar-
riage; in Roman law, the
legal capacity or capabili-
ty of a man to marry.
(connubium)

convenio , convenire , conveni ,
conventum ( 4 ) : come

together, assemble, meet,
agree

conventio, conventionis, f.:
covenant , agreement

conventus , conventus , m.:
convent (cl. Latin:

assembly, corporation,
company )

converto , convertere , conver-
si, conversum (3): turn,
convert, turn around

conversus, conversa, conver-
sum, perf. pass. part, of
converto : converted , turned

copulata, copulatae

(copulate), f.: married
woman

copulatio, copulationis , f.:

marriage
copulatus, copulati, m. :

married man
copulo , copulare, copulavi,

copulatum ( 1 ) : marry
copulatus, copulata, copula-
tum, perf. pass. part, of

copulo: married
coqua , coquae ( coque ) , f . :

cook (female)
coquus, coqui, m. : cook (male)

[cocus, coccius, etc.]
coram, prep. + abl . : in the

presence of
coriarius, coriarii, m. :

tanner
corpus , corporis , n . : body
corpus meum in coemeterio

sepelendium: (and I leave)

my body to be buried in the

cemetery
corporaliter, adv. : bodily, in

person
corrigarius, corrigarii, m. :

harness maker
eras, adv. : tomorrow
crastinus, crastina,

crastinum: tomorrow's, of

tomorrow
credo, credere, credidi ,

creditum (3): believe,

trust in (+ dat. )
creo, creare, creavi, creatum

( 1 ) : create , make , produce
crof tmannus , croftmanni, m. :

crofter (tenant farmer in

England)
crucigerus, crucigeri, m. : a

Kreutzer (a unit of money

in Central Europe)
cruciatus, cruciatus, m. :

torture, torment
crux, crucis, f.: cross, the

cross (of Jesus Christ as a

religious symbol)
cubiculum, cubiculi, n.:

monastic cell, cubicle,

small chamber
cultrarius, cultrarii, m,:

cutler (cultellifex, cul-

tellificis)
cum, prep. + abl.: with

375

cunctus , cuncta, cunctum:

whole, all

cuparius, cuparii, m. : cooper,
barrel maker (Greek)

cupio, cupire, cupivi, cupitum
(4) : desire, want

cuprifaber, cuprifabri, m.:
coppersmith (cuprarius, see
also faber)

cura, curae (cure), f.: care,
concern

curator, curatoris, m. : guard-
ian

curia, curiae (curie), court,
ecclesiatical court, office

curia romcina: the Roman curia,
the center of the adminis-
tration of the Roman Catho-
lic Church

curia regis: royal court,
court of the king

curriculum vitae: life sketch

currifex, currificis, m.:
cartwright

cursor, cursoris, m. : messen-
ger (cl. Latin: runner)

curtilagium, curtilagii, n.:
curtilage (a piece of
ground such as a yard or
courtyard which is within a
fence surrounding a house ) ,
yard, courtyard

custodia, custodiae, f.:
custody, guardianship

custodio, custodire, custo-
divi, custoditum (4):
guard, watch, keep

customarius, customarii, m. :
customary tenant

custos, custodis, m. : custodi-
an (cl. Latin: guard),
guardian

custos arrestatorum: prison
guard

damnum, damni, n.: damage,
loss, injury, condemnation
(dampnum)

datus, dati, m. : date (also,
datum , dati , n . )

de, prep. + abl . : from, by,

concerning, about

debeo , debere , debui , debitum
( 2 ) : owe , ought

decessus, decessus, m. : death

decet, impersonal verb: it
becomes, it befits

decipio, decipere, decepi,
deceptum (3): deceive,
cheat

declare, declare, declaravi,
declaratum (1): declare,
state

decosto , decostare, descos-
tavi , descostatum ( 1 ) : cost

decretum, decreti , n.: decre-
tal, a papal letter written
in answer to a specific
question.

decumbo , decumbere , decubui
(3 ) : lie down, die

deduco , deducere , deduxi ,
deductum (3): lead, bring
down

defensio, defensionis, f.:
dispute, argument, disa-
greement

defero, deferre, detuli,
delatum (irregular 3):
bear, carry, defer, post-
pone

deficio, deficere, defeci,
defectum (3): fail, cease

defungor, defungi, defunctus
sum (dep. 3) : die

defunctus, defuncta, defunc-
tum, perf . pass. part, of
defvmgor: deceased, dead

deinceps, adv.: finally, next

deinde, adv.: thereupon, then,
thereafter (dein)

dementatus , dementata , demen-
tatum: demented, mad,
insane

denarius, denarii, m. : a penny

denata , denatae ( denate ) , f . :
dead person (female)

denatus , denati , m.: dead
person (male)

dens, dentis, m. : tooth

376

denunciatio, denunciationis ,
f.: marriage bann, marriage
announcement (denuntiatio) ;
factis tribus denunciatio-
nibus: after the publica-
tion of three marriage
banns
deputalis, deputalis, m.:
deputy, assistant deputy,
town councillor
derivo, derivare, derivavi ,
derivatum (1): divert,
branch
desino, desinere, desii,

desitum (3): depart, die
despondeo , despondere , despon-

di , desponsum ( 2 ) : betroth
destruo , destruere , destruxi ,
destructum (3): destroy,
ruin, pull down, dismantle
desum, desse, defui: be away,

be absent
desuper, adv.: from above
detego, detegere , detexi ,
detectum (3): uncover,
reveal, detect (especially
in connection with hin-
drances to marriage);
nulloque impedimento detec-
to: and no hindrance (to
the marriage) having been
uncovered
Deus, Dei, m. : God
devotissime, adv.: most pious-
ly, most devoutly, most
devotedly
dexter, dextra, dextrum: right

(direction)
dice, dicere, dixi, dictum

(3): say, tell
dictito, dictitcire, dictitavi,
dictitatum (1): say often,
repeat, reiterate, assert
repeatedly
dictum, dicti, n.: word,

declaration, saying
dies, diei, m. or f.: day;
die: on the day; die cras-
tini: tomorrow; die sequen-
ti: on the following day

didymus , didymi , m.: a twin,

twin brother (Greek)
didymi, didymorum, m. pi . :

twins
difficile est, impersonal

verb: it is difficult
difficilis, difficile, adj.:

difficult
difficultas, dif f icultatis ,

f.: difficulty
digitus, digiti, m. : finger
dignus, digna, dignum: worthy,

deserving
diligo, diligere, dilexi,
dilectum (3): love, esteem,
prize
dilectus, dilecta, dilectum,
perf. pass. part, of dili-
go: esteemed, beloved
dilectio, dilectionis, f.:

love, esteem
dimidia, dimidiae (dimidie),

f . : one-half
dimidius, dimidia, dimidium:
one-half (adj.); note that
in classical Latin, pars,
partis, f.: part, piece,
portion was understood to
be linked to each of these
adjectives. Classical

Latin fractions were formed
by combining dimidia,
tertia, etc. with pars,
dimissorius, dimissoria,
dimissorium: When used in
connection with litterae in
the plural, a dimissory
letter, one which gives the
holder permission to do
something out of the ordi-
nary, as, for example, to
marry outside of one's own
parish. Also, a letter of
authorization and testimo-
nial which might be sent by
one bishop to another
regarding candidates for
ordination. In Roman law,
a litterae dimissoriae was
an appeal to a higher
court.

377

dimissorialis, dimissoriale,
adj.: as a noun, pi.:
dimissorial letters (but
with litterae, a dimissori-
al letter)

diocesis, diocesis, f.: dio-
cese (the jurisdiction of a
bishop; in the Roman Em-
pire, the jurisdiction of a
magistrate. )

discipulus, discipuli, m.:
pupil, disciple

discus, disci, m. : plate, dish

dispensatio, dispensationis,
f.: dispensation, permis-
sion, i.e., that which can
set aside a restriction of
church law, especially one
applying to marriage,
ecclesiastical vows, absti-
nence, or fasting. Dispen-
sations can be granted by
various ecclesiastical
officials including the
pope.

dispone , disponere , disposui ,
dispositum (3): dispose,
arrange, distribute

distribuo, distribuere, dis-
tribui , distributum ( 3 ) :
distribute, divide

diu, adv. : a long time

dives, divitis, adj.: rich

divinus, divina, divinum:
divine

divina, n.pl.: divine things,
divine services

divisa, divisae (divise) , f.:
boundary , court

do, dare, dedi, datum (irregu-
lar 1) : give

doceo , docere , docui , doctum
( 2 ) : teach

doctus, docta, doctum, perf .
pass. part. of doceo:
taught , learned

dogma, dogmatis, n. : dogma, a
teaching accepted as valid
or true, a decree (Greek)

doleator, doleatoris, m.:
cooper (doliarius)

dolor, doloris, m.: grief,
sorrow, pain, anguish

dolus, doli, m. : trick, deceit

domanicum, domanici, n. :
demesne land (manorial land
owned by the lord and not
possessed by tenants )

domestica, domesticae, f.:
domestic servant (female)

domesticus , domestici, m.:
domestic servant (male)

domicilium, domicilii, n.:
house, domicile

domicellus, domicelli, m.:
nobleman, lord of a manor

Dominiccinus , Dominicani , m . : a
Dominican, a member of the
order of Dominican friars
founded in 1220 and 1221.

domina , dominae ( domine ) , f . :
lady

dominium, dominii, n.: rule,
power

dominus, domini, m. : lord, the
Lord (Jesus Christ), master
(as a title)

domus, domus, f. (irregular):
house, family, home

in domo: at home

domi ( locative case ) : at home

donatio, donationis, f.: gift,
deed

donatio causa mortis: a dona-
tion which cannot be re-
ceived until after the
death of the donor

donatio inter vivos: a dona-
tion made while the donor
is still living

dono, donare, donavi, donatum
(1): dower, endow, confer a
dowry

donum, doni, n. : gift

dos , dotis , f . : dowry

doto, dotare, dotavi, dotatum
(1): endow, provide with a
dowry

ducatus , ducatus , m . : duchy

duco, ducere, duxi, ductum

( 3 ) : lead
dulcis, dulce, adj.: sweet,

pleasant
dum , adv. & conj . : while,
still, yet, when, insofar
as

378

dumtaxat, adv.: at least, to

this extent, only
dum vivens: while living
duplex, duplicis, adj.: double
duplus, dupla, duplum: double
dure , durare , duravi , duratum

(1): last, endure, make

hard
durus , dura, durum, perf .

pass. part, of duro: hard,

difficult
dux, duels, m. : duke, leader,

military or naval commander
dynastes, dynastis, m. : noble-
man, ruler (Greek)

e, ex, prep. + ab. : from, from
out of

ecclampsia, ecclampsiae
(ecclampsie) , f.: convul-
sions

ecclampsia infantis: convul-
sions during pregnancy

ecclesia, ecclesiae

(ecclesie), f.: church
( Greek )

ecclesia filialis: daughter
church

ecclesia parochialis: a parish
church

edo , edere , edidi , editum ( 3 ) :
give out, show, give birth
to

effectus, effectus, m. : ef-
fect, purpose, result

efflo, efflare, efflavi,
eff latum (1): breathe out,
blow out

ego, personal pronoun: I

egredio, egredi, egressus sum
(dep. 3): go out, step out

electrus, electra, electrum:
pewter ( electrius )

eleemosyna, eleemosynae

(eleemosyne) , f . : aim
(Greek) [elemosyna, hele-
mosyna ]

elevatlo, elevationis, f.:
elevation; the elevation of
the sacred elements of the
eucharist during the mass.

eligo, eligere, elegi, electum

(3): choose, elect (heligo)
emendo , emendare , emendavi ,

emendatum (1): compensate,

make amends , repair
emereo, emerere, emerui ,

emeritum (2): retire
emineo, eminere, eminui (2):

be eminent, conspicuous,

appear
emo , emere , emi , emptum ( 3 ) :

buy
emptor, emptoris, : buyer
enim, adv.: for, namely, truly
eo, ire, ii (or ivi) , itum: go
ephippiarius , ephippiarii, m. :

saddle maker (Greek)
episcopus, episcopi, m. :

bishop (Greek)
epistula, epistulae

(epistule), f.: letter,

epistle
eques, equitis, m.: cavalry

soldier, knight
equus, equi, m. : horse
equus, equa, equum: equal
erga, prep. + ace: towards,

in relation to
ergo, adv. & prep. + ace. :

therefore, because of, on

account of
erro , errare , erravi , erratum

(1): wander, stray, travel
eruditus, erudita, eruditum:

learned
escambium, escambii, n.:

exchange (excambium)
essendum: being (gerund of

esse, a post-classical

usage); essendus, essenda,

essendum: being (gerund

used as a present partici-
ple; also a post-classical

usage)
esurio, esurire, esuri, esuri-

tum (4): be hungry, be

hungry for
et, conj . : and
etiam, adv.: and also, and

even
eucharistia, eucharistiae

(eucharistie) , f.: eucha-
rist, communion, sacrament

(Greek)

379

euangelium, euangelii, n.:
gospel, good news (evange-
lixim, euvangelium, Greek)

eveho evehere , evecti , evectum
(3): carry, bear out

evello, evellere, evelli,
evulsum (3): tear out,
pluck out

evenio , evenire , eveni , even-
turn (4): occur, happen,
turn out

evictio, evictionis, f.:
entitlement (evixio)

evolo, evolare, evolavi,
evolatum (1): fly, fly away

evolve, evolvere, evolvi ,
evolutum (3): roll out,
roll forth, spread, study,
think

evomo, evomere, evomui, evomi-
tum ( 3 ) : vomit

exactio, exactionis, f.: tax,
accusation

exaltatio, exaltationis, f.:
exaltation, raising of
(e.g., of the cross)

examen, examinis, n.: examina-
tion, testing

examino , examinare , examinavi ,
examinatum (1): examine,
look at

exanimis, exanime, adj.: dead,
lifeless

excelsus, excelsa, excelsum:
high, highest

excidium, excidii, n.: de-
struction, overthrow

exconnnuiiicatio , exconununicati-
onis, f.: excommunication;
removal from the fellowship
and sacraments of the
church

excommunico , excommunicare ,
excommunicavi , excommunica-
tvaa ( 1 ) : excommunicate

exemplum exempli, n.: copy,
transcript, exact copy

exec, exire, exii , exitum
(irregular 4): go out,
issue from, be derived from

excommunico, excommunicare,
excommunicavi , excommunica-
tum ( 1 ) : excommunicate

exemplum exempli, n.: copy,

transcript, exact copy
exeo, exire, exii, exitum

(irregular 4): go out,

issue from, be derived from
exhalo, exhalare, exhalavi ,

exhalatum ( 1 ) : breathe out ,

exhale, expire, die
exhaustus , exhausta, exhaus-

tum: emptied out, deprived,

taken away, exhausted
exhibeo, exhibere, exhibui ,

exhibitum (2): show, dis-
play, exhibit
exitus, exitus, m. : exit,

profits, issue, revenue
exordium, exordii, n. : begin-
ning
expectatio , expectationis , f . :

expectation
expeditio, expeditionis , f.:

campaign, expedition
experior, experiri , expertus

sum (dep. 4): experience,

test, try
explico, explicare, explicavi,

explicatum (1): unfold,

explain
exprimo, exprimere, expressi,

expressum (3): express,

articulate
exsequia, exseguiae

(exsequie) , f . : funeral

ceremony (exsequium)
exspiro , exspirare , exspiravi ,

exspiratum (1): die,

breathe out, expire
extra, prep. + ace: beyond,

outside of
extraho, extrahere, extraxi,

extractum (3): extract,

draw out
extranea, extraneae

(extranee) , f.: foreigner,

non-resident (female)
extraneus , extranea , extrane-

um: foreign
extraneus, extranei , m. :

foreigner, non-resident

(male)
extremus , extrema, extremum:

last, final

380

faber, f abri , m.: maker,

worker, smith, blacksmith
fciber armaturae: drill maker
faber auri: goldsmith
faber clavorum: locksmith,

nailsmith
faber cultrorum: knifesmith
faber cupri: coppersmith
faber ensiiun: armorer, weapon

maker
faber ferrarius: farrier

(horseshoe maker)
faber lignarius: carpenter
faber nodorum metallicorum:

maker of metal buttons
faber serrarius: sawmaker
faber solarius: cobbler
faber veteramentarius : tinker
fades, faciei, f.: face,
appearance, front; coram
facie ecclesiae: in front
of the face of the church
(where marriage banns
traditionally were read)
facile est, impersonal verb:

it is easy
facilis, facile, adj.: easy
facio, facere, feci, factum

( 3 ) : make , do
fames , f amis , f . : hunger
familia, familiae (familie),

f . : family
familiaris, familiaris, m. or

f . : relative
famula, famulae (famule), f.:

servant (female)
famulus, famuli, m. : servant

(male), apprentice
fateor, fateri, fassus sum

(dep. 2): admit, confess
fatum, fati, n.: fate
febris, febris, f.: fever
felix, felicis, adj.: happy,

fortunate
femina, feminae (femine), f.:

woman
femineus, feminea, femineum:

female, feminine
fenile, fenilis, n.: haystack
fenum, feni, n. : hay
feodum, feodi, n. : fief

feria, feriae (ferie), f.: A

day of the week in the
Christian calendar during
which no feast day was
observed; also, a day of
the week .
fero, ferre, tuli, latum

(irregular 3): bear, carry
festum, festi, n.: feast day,
feast, festival; feast
days were of three types:
1) Sunday, a commemoration
each week of the Resurrec-
tion of Christ which.
Christians believe, oc-
curred on the first day of
the week; 2) fixed or
immovable feasts, which
were celebrated on the same
day each year and came to
include, among others,
Christmas, Epiphany, and
the commemoration of var-
ious events in the lives of
Jesus Christ, Mary, and
many saints. 3) moveable
feasts, which did not occur
on the same day each year
and were generally cele-
brated according to their
proximity to important
religious holidays such as
Easter, Christmas, Epipha-
ny, and Trinity Sunday.

Festum Ovorum: the Feast of
the Eggs; the Saturday
immediately prior to Lent
(the forty day fasting
period before Easter).

fidelis, fidele, adj.: faith-
ful, loyal

fideliter, adv.: faithfully

fides, fidei, f.: faith,
belief

fide, fidere, fisus sum (semi-
dep. 3): trust

figulus, figuli, m. : potter

filia, filiae (filie), f.:
daughter

filialis, filiale, adj.: of or
relating to a daughter,
daughter (as an adjective)

381

filiaster, filiastri, m . :
stepson, son-in-law

filiastra, filiastrae (filias-
tre), f,: stepdaughter,
daughter-in-law

filiola, filiolae (filiole),
f.: little daughter, god-
daughter

filiolus, filioli, m. : little
son , godson

filius, filii, m. : son

finis, finis, m. or f.: fine,
end, boundary, limit

fio, fieri, f actus sum (irreg-
ular 3): be done, be made,
become

firmitas, firmitatis, f . :
safeguard, support, agree-
ment, validity, deed

flamen, flaminis, m. : priest,
a priest in ancient Rome

fletus, fletus, m. : weeping,
wailing

florenus, floreni, m.: a
Florin (a gold coin minted
in Florence)

fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum
(3): flow

focus, foci, m.: hearth,
fireplace, home

foderator, foderatoris, m. :
fuller

folium, folii, n.: sheet (of
paper) , leaf

fens, fontis, font, spring,
source , baptismal font

fore = futirrus esse

forefacta, forefactae ( f ore-
facte) , f.: penalty, for-
feiture

forensis, forense, adj.: not
belonging to a parish,
foreign

f orestrarius , forestrarii, m. :
forester

fortis, forte, adj.: strong,
brave , powerful , bold

forum, fori, n. : Originally, a
market place or court where
justice was dispensed. In
ecclesiastical Latin this
refers to the exercise of
judicial power by the
church. Two types of forum

were distinguished: internal
forum, which referred to a
judgement made concerning
the spiritual welfare of an
individual (as, for

example, in the sacrament
of penance), and external
form, which referred to
ecclesiastical courts which
decide matters relating to
the public welfare of the
church. Also, a market
place.

fossor, fossoris, m. : grave-
digger, miner

francus, franca, francum: free

f rater, fratris, m. : brother

f rater germanus : twin brother ,
brother

f rater consanguineus : step-
brother (same father)

f rater uterinus: stepbrother
( same mother )

fratres minores: Franciscan
friars; friars (from
fratres) or monks belonging
to the order of St.
Francis, founded by St.
Francis of Assisi, ca. 1209
A.D.

fraternitas, f raternitatis ,
f.: brotherhood, fraterni-
ty, brotherhood of monks

fraus, fraudis, f.: fraud,
penalty

frigus, frigoris, n.: cold

f rumentarius , frumentarii, m. :
vegetable seller

frvunentum, frumenti, n. : grain

fructus, fructus, m. : fruit,
harvest

fruor, frui, fructus sum (dep.
3): enjoy, have the benefit
of (+ abl. )

fucatus, f ucati , m. : simula-
tion

f ugio , f ugere , f ugi , f ugitum
(3): flee (from), run away

funarius, funarii, m. : rope
maker

382

f undo , f undare , f undavi ,

fundatum (1): found, estab-
lish (in ecclesiastical
Latin, as in the founding
of an anniversariuBi)

fundatio, fundationis, f.: a
foundation mass, a mass
celebrated as part of a
bequest given to a parish
church, diocese or reli-
gious order

fvtnerarius, fiineraria, funer-
ariirm: of, or relating to,
a funeral

fungor, fungi, functus sum
(dep. 3): perforin, execute
(+ abl)

f uturus , futura, futurum:
future

furo, furare, f uravi , furatum
(1): steal

galeator, galeatoris, m.:

helmet maker
gallus, galli, m. : a French-
man, a Gaul
gaudeo , gaudere , gavisus sum

(semi-dep. 2): rejoice, be

happy
gaudium, gaudii, n.: joy,

rejoicing
gemella, gemellae (gemelle) ,

f.: a twin (female)
gemellae (gemelle), gemella-

rum, f. pi.: twins (female)
gemellus, gemelli, m. : a twin

(male) , twin
gemelli, gemellorum, m. pi.:

twins , male twins
geminus, gemini, m. : a twin
gemini, geminorum, m. pi.:

twins
gener, generi, m. : son-in-law,

cousin
generosus , generosa , genero-

sxom: of noble birth
genitor, genitoris, m. : father
genitores, genitorvun, m. pi.:

parents
gens, gentis, f.: clan, tribe,

male line

genu, genus, n. : knee

genus, generis, n. : type,
kind, birth, descent,
origin

geometres , geometrae ( geome-
tre) , m. : surveyor (Greek)

germana, germanae (germane),
f . : sister

germanus , germani , m . : brother

gigno , gignere , genui , genitum
(3): beget, bear, produce,
be born

gloria, gloriae (gloria), f.:
glory

gloria in excelsis Deo: glory
to God in the highest, a
part of the mass based upon
the Gospel of Luke

gradale, gradalis, n.: a
"gradual," a group of
antiphons (chants sung
originally by two choirs)
generally taken from the
Psalms and sung after the
first prayer in the mass.
( graduale )

gradus , gradus , m . : degree ( as
in the degree of

consanguinity which

prohibits a marriage with-
out a dispensation)

granarius, granarii, m.:
warehouse keeper (especial-
ly of grain)

grassarius, grassarii, m.:
oiler, seller of oil

gratia, gratiae (gratie), f.:
grace, the Grace of Christ
(through which many Chris-
tians believe that mankind
may be saved from sin and
death); also, a gift,
gratitude for a gift
(gracia)

gravamen, gravaminis, n. :
grievance , in j ury

graviditas, graviditatis, f.:
pregnancy

gravis, grave, adj.: heavy,
severe

graviter, adv.: severely,
heavily

383

gubernator, gubernatoris , m. :

governor (cl. Latin:
steersman, helmsman)
gubemo , gubernare , gubemavi ,
gubernatum (1): govern,
direct, control (cl. Latin:
steer a ship)

habeo, habere, habui , habituin
(2): have, hold; se habere
male: to be badly off, be
sick

habitans, habitantis, m. or
f.: resident, inhabitant

habitator, habitatoris, m. :
inhabitant, resident,

tenant

habito, habitare, habitavi ,
habitatum (1): dwell,
reside, live in

haeretica, haereticae (haere-
tice) , f.: heretic (female)
[heretica]

haereticus, haeretici, m.:
heretic (male) [hereticus]

hastis, hastis, f.: spear
( hasta )

hebdomada, hebdomadae (hebdo-
made) , f.: a week (Greek);
the week in the Christian
calendar came to consist of
Sunday, the day of rest
transferred from the Jewish
Sabbath to the first day of
the week to commemorate the
Resurrection; the Jewish
fasts of Tuesday and Thurs-
day were transferred to
Wednesday (the day of the
betrayal of Christ) and
Friday (the day of the
Crucifixion). Thursday
celebrated the Ascension
and the institution of the
Eucharist, and Saturday was
eventually dedicated to the
Blessed Virgin Mary.

helvetia, helvetiae

(helvetie), f.: a Swiss
(female)

helvetius, helvetii, m. : a

Swiss (male)
hereditatio, hereditationis ,

f.: inheritance
heres, heredis, m. or f.: heir
heri, adv.: yesterday
heroice, adv.: heroically, as

a hero
heu, interjection: alas! woe!,

oh ! whew !
hie, haec, hoc (gen. sing:

huius, dat. sing.: huic) ,

pronoun or pronominal adj . :

this , the latter
hiems, hiemis, f.: winter

( hiemps )
hinc, adv. : hence
hodie, adv. : today
homo, hominis, m. : man, human

being
honestus , honesta, honestum:

honorable, honest, upright
hora , horae ( here ) , f . : hour
hordeum, hordei, n.: barley

(ordeum)
horologarius, horolagarii, m. :

clockmaker
hortulanus, hortulani, m. :

gardener ( hortularius )
hortus , hortus , m . : garden
hospes, hospitis, m. : host,

innkeeper
hospitium, hospitii, n.:

residence, hospice, hospi-
tal, household (hospicium)
hostis, hostis, m. : enemy (cl.

Latin: an enemy of the

Roman city-state rather

than a personal enemy; see

also inimicus)
hujas, hujatis, adj.: of this

place, local, native,

indigenous (huias)
humo, humare, humavi, humatum

( 1 ) : bury
humatus , humata, humatum,

perf. pass. part, of humo:

buried
hundredum, hundred! , n.:

hundred (a county division

in medieval England)
humilis, humile, adj.: low,

humble

384

hydrops, hydropsis, m. : dropsy

ictm (jam) , adv. : already, now
ibi, adv. : there, in that

place
ibidem, adv. : in the same

place
idem, eadem, idem, adj . &
pronoun: the same; eodem
anno: in the same year;
eodem die; on the same day;
eodem mense: in the same
month
ideo, adv.: there, on that

account
idoneus, idonea, idoneum:
pleasing, suitable, fit,
proper ( ydoneus )
idus, iduixm, f.: the Ides, in
the Roman calendar, the
fifteenth day of the months
of March, May, July,
October; the thirteenth day
of all other months
igitur, adv.: therefore, then,

accordingly
ignis, ignis, m. : fire
ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi ,
ignotum ( 3 ) : grant pardon
to, forgive (+ dat.)
ignotus, ignota, ignotum,
perf. pass. part, of ignos-
co : unknown
ille, ilia, illud (gen. sing:
illius, dat. sing.: illi) ,
adj. & pronoun: that, the
former
illegitimus, illegitima,

illegitimxim: illegitimate
immediatus, immediata, imme-

diatum: immediate
imminens, imminentis, adj.:
imminent, impending,

threatening
immobilia, immobilium, n. pi.:

real estate, property
impatientia, impatientiae
( impatiente) , f.: impa-
tience
impatienter, adv.: impatiently

impedimentum, impediment i, n.:

hindrance, impediment

(e.g., to a marriage) [cl.
Latin pi.: baggage]; nul-
logue detecto impedimento
matrimonio: and no hin-
drance to the marriage
having been revealed
impedimentum consanguinitatis :
hindrance to a marriage
caused by a blood relation-
ship
impedimentum consanguinitatis
in secundo (tertio, etc.)
gradu: hindrance to a
marriage caused by a blood
relationship in the second
(third, etc.) degree, e.g.,
second cousins

impedimentum dirimentum: a
diriment hindrance or
impediment; an external
fact or circumstance which
might invalidate or forbid
a marriage. Such might
include, for example,
marriage partner or part-
ners under legal age,
previous marriage, marriage
between Catholic and non-
Catholic, affinity (see
under affinitas) , consan-
guinity (see under consan-
guinitas) , spiritual ties
(e.g. , between the sponsor
or godparent and a baptized
child), and legal ties.
Some diriment impediments
could be set aside by a
dispensation in canon law.

imperator, imperatoris, m. :
emperor

imperatrix, imperatricis , f.:
empress

imperium, imperii, n. : empire,
power of command

impero, imperare, imperavi,
imperatum (1): give order
to, command (+ dat.)

imperitus, imperita, imperi-
tum: unskilled

imperium, imperii, n. : empire

385

impono , imponere, imposux ,
impositum ( 3 ) : impose , put
upon, place upon

impositus, imposita, imposi-
tum, perf . pass. part, of
impono: imposed, placed
upon , given

cui nomen impositum: upon whom
the name was placed (to
whom the name was given)

impraegno , impraegnare, im-
praegnavi, impraegnatum
(1): impregnate, make
pregnant ( impregno )

in, prep. + abl . or ace: in,
inside, on, at, into

incamatio , incamationis , f . :
the Incarnation, the as-
sumption by Jesus Christ of
a human nature; His appear-
ance in human (bodily)
form.

inchoatus , inchoata , inchoa-
tum: begun

incipio, incipere, incepi,
inceptum ( 3 ) : begin

inceptus, incepta, inceptum,
perf. pass. part, of inci-
pio: begun

incola, incolae (incole), f.:
inhabitant, resident

inconcussus, inconcussa,
inconcuss\im: unshaken, firm

incrementium, incrementii, n.:
Land which has been recent-
ly cultivated or on which
cultivation has recently
begun.

inde, adv.: thence, thereafter

indictio , indictionis , f . : the
indiction: A fifteen-year
tax cycle in the Roman
Empire, used also for
dating medieval documents.

indulgentia, indulgentiae
( indulgentie ) , f.: an
indulgence; the remission
of punishments for sins.
Such a remission can apply
either to a living individ-
ual or to a soul living in
purgatory. Indulgences
have been granted under
special conditions, and

were originally rewards for

meritorious service (such

as, for example, going on a

crusade) .
ineo , inire, inii, initum

(irregular 4): enter, go

into
infans, inf antis , m. (or f.):

child, infant
infantia, infantiae

(infantie), f.: infancy,

childhood
inf antulus , infantuli, m.:

infant, little child
infero, inferre, intuli,

illatum (irregular 3):

bring into, introduce,

inflict
infidelis, infidele, adj.:

unfaithful , untrue
infirmarius, infirmarii, m. :

hospital orderly
infra, adv. & prep. + ace:

adv.: below, underneath;

prep.: below, under, later
inf rascriptus, inf rascripta,

infrascriptum: undersigned,

written below
ingenium, ingenii, n.: trick,

plot, malice, reason
ingenuilis, ingenuile, adj.:

characteristic of a free-
man, free; also, a land

holding, a free or mostly

free holding.
ingenuus, ingenui, m. : freeman
ingravesco, ingravescare ,

ingravescavi , ingravescatum

(1): become heavy, be

oppressed, be burdened
ingredior, ingredi, ingressus

sum (dep. 3): go in, enter
ingressus, ingressus, m.:

entrance, entry, right of

property entry, dues paid

to entry property
inhumatus, inhumata, inhuma-

tum: unburied
inimicus, inimici, m. : enemy

(cl. Latin: personal enemy)
initium, initii, n. : beginning
ab initio: from the beginning

386

iniuria, iniuriae (iniurie),

f.: injury, wrong, offense
inquiete, adv. : restlessly
inscribo , inscribere , inscrip-

si, inscriptum (3): write

in, inscribe
installarius, installarii, m. :

miner
institor, institoris, m. :

grocer (cl. Latin: peddler)
instituo, instituere, insti-

tui , institutum ( 3 ) :

establish, setup
ins tnimen turn, instrumenti, n. :

instrument, document,

finished draft of a notari-
al contract
instrvunentum publicum: a draft

made by a public official

such as a notary
instruo , instruere , instruxi ,

instructum (3): instruct,

arrange , prepare
insuper, adv.: moreover, in

addition , above , over
integer, Integra, integrum:

whole, entire, fresh
inter, prep. + ace: between,

among
interest, impersonal verb: it

concerns, it is of impor-
tance
interpello, interpellare,

interpellavi , interpellatum

(1): complain, interrupt,

call, call upon in
interpositum, interposita,

interpositum: interposed,

placed between
interrogo , interrogare , inter-

rogavi , interrogatum ( 1 ) :

question, interrogate
intersum , interesse , inter fui :

be present at, take part in
intestatus, intestata, intes-

tatum: intestate (died

without making a valid

will)
intra, prep. + ace: within,

during
intro, intrare, intravi,

intratum (1): enter, go

into, register

introductio, introductionis ,

f.: introduction
introitus, introitus, m.:

entry, appearance in court,

first prayer in the mass

book
intronizo, intronizare, intro-

nizavi, intronizatum (1):

marry, wed
intumesco , intumescere , intu-

mui ( 3 ) : swell up
invenio, invenire, inveni,

inventum (4): find, discov-
er
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, adj. &

pronoun: he, she, it;

himself, herself, itself
ira, irae, f.: anger, wrath
is, ea, id, adj. & pronoun:

he, she, it; this, that
iste, ista, istud, adj. &

pronoun : this
ita, adv.: so, thus
item, adv. : likewise
iter, itineris, n.: journey,

trip
iter facere: to take a trip
itertun, adv.: again

jaceo, jacere, jacui, jacitu-

rus (2): lie, recline, lie
down ( iaceo )

jacio, jacere, jeci, j actum
( 3 ) : hurl , throw ( iacio )

janitor, janitoris, m. : door-
keeper, porter, janitor,
the lowest of the minor
ecclesiastical orders

jejuno, jejunare, jejunavi,
jejunatum (1): fast ( ieiu-
no)

jejunium, jejunii, n.: a fast
( ieiunium)

Caput Jejunii: Ash Wednesday
(first day of the observ-
ance of the 40 days of Lent
during which ashes [gener-
ally of palms] are marked
on the forehead in the form
of a cross; a moveable
feast day)

387

Jesus, Jesus, m. : a Latinized
form of the Greek lesous :
Jesus ( in Hebrew and Arama-
ic, Joshua [English spell-
ing]); irregular declen-
sion--gen.: Jesu, dat.:
Jesu, ace.: Jesum, abl.:
Jesu)

jubeo, jubere, jussi, jussum
( 2 ) : order , command ( iubeo )

jubilaeus, jubilaei, m. : fifty
years, jubilee

judex, judicis, m. : judge

judicium, judicii, n.:
judgment, trial, court,
lawsuit, tribunal

jungo, jungere, junxi, junctum
(3): join, unite, marry
( iungo )

junior, comparative of juve-
nis: younger, junior

juramentum, juramenti, n.:
oath ( iur amen turn)

juratus, jurata, juratum:
legal , lawful

jure, adv. : legally, lawfully

jure, jurare, juravi, juratum
(1): swear, take an oath

jus, juris, n.: law, right,
legal statute

jus civile: civil law

jusjurandum, jusjurandi, n.:
oath

justiciarius, justiciarii, m. :
judge, justice

justifico, justificare, justi-
ficavi, justificatum (1):
execute, acknowledge a bill
as correct, justify

justitia, justitiae
( justitie) , f.: justice

Justus, justa, Justus: just,
legal, lawful

juvat, impersonal verb: it
pleases (iuvat)

juvenis, juvenis, m. or f.:
young man or young woman,
young person ( iuvenis )

juvo, juvare, juvavi, juvatvim
( 1) : help, assist

juxta, adv. & prep. + ace:
close to, next to (iuxta)

Kalendae , see Calendae
I.

Icibor, labi, lapsus sum (dep.

3): glide, slip, slide,

fall down
labor, laboris, m.: work,

labor
laborator, laboratoris, m.:

worker, day laborer
laboriosa, laboriosae, f.:

worker (female)
laborius, laborii, m. : worker,

laborer, manual laborer
laboro, laborare, laboravi,

laboratum (1): work, labor,

toil
labrum, labri, n. : lip
lacrima, lacrlmae (lacrime),

f . : a tear
lactarius, lactarii, m.:

seller of milk
lacuna, lacunae (lacune), f.:

gap, hole, cavity
laetitia, laetitiae

(laetitie), f.: joy, de-
light ( letitia )
laginarius, laginarii, m. :

potter, bottle maker
lagena, lagenae (lagene), f.:

a gallon
laminarius, laminarii, m.:

lead smith
lana, lanae (lane), f.: wool
laniator, laniatoris, m.:

butcher
lanifex, lanificis, m. : armor-
er, weapon maker
lanius, lanii, m. : butcher
lapidarius, lapidarii, m.:

stone mason
lapis, lapidis, m. : a stone
lapsus, lapsus, m.: slip,

fall, error
largior, largiri, largitus sum

(dep. 4): give freely,

bestow abundantly
latus, lata, latum: wide
laus, laudis, f.: praise

388

lavo, lavare, lavavi, lautum
(1): wash, baptize

lautus, lauta, lautum, perf .
pass. part. of lavo:
washed, baptized

lavacrum, lavacri, n.: laver,
ewer, wash basin, font,
baptism (lavacrium)

lectulum, lectuli, n.: bed,
sickbed

lectus, lecti, in.: bed

lectus funerarius: funeral
bed, coffin

legalis, legale, adj.: legal,
lawful

legatum, legati , n.: legacy,
inheritance

lego, legare, legavi, legatum
(1): bequeath, donate,
leave
lego, legere, lexi, lectum
( 3 ) : read

levo, levare, levavi, levatum
(1): raise, lift up, raise
up from the baptismal font,
i.e., act as a godparent

levans, levantis, m. or f.:
godparent (the one raising
the child from the baptis-
mal font)

levcintes, m. pi.: godparents

levis, leve, adj.: light

lex, legis, f.: law, statute

libellus, libelli, m. : accusa-
tion (usually written)

liber, libri, m. : book, regis-
ter

liber baptizatorum: baptismal
register

liber defunctonim: register of
the deceased

liber matrimoniorum (copulato-
rum) : marriage register

liber sepultorum: burial
register

liber baro , liberi baronis,

m. : baron, free baron
liber rusticus, liberi rusti-

ci, m. : free peasant
liberi, liberorum, m. pi.:

children, freemen
liber, libera, liberum: free

libet, impersonal verb: it is

pleasing
Libitina, Libitinae

(Libitine), f.: the Roman

goddess of the dead
libitinarius , libitinaria,

libitinarium: dead; as a

noun: a dead person
libra, librae (libre), f.:

pound (money and weight)
licentia, licentiae

(licentie), f.: approval,

permission, ecclesiastical

permission
licet, impersonal verb: it is

permitted, it is allowed
licite, adv. : lawfully
lictor, lictoris, m.: town

official (cl. Latin: a

lictor, one who attended a

Roman magistrate)
ligata, ligatae (ligate), f.:

wife
ligatus, ligati, m. : husband
lignarius, lignarii, m.:

carpenter, joiner, cabinet

maker
lignarius, lignaria, lignari-

um: relating to wood,

forest
ligniam, ligni, n.: wood
ligo, ligare, ligavi, ligatum

( 1 ) : bind , tie , join,

unite , marry
linifex, linificis, m. : linen

weaver
lis, litis, f.: law suit
litania, litaniae (litanie),

f.: litany (Greek), a type

of prayer sung or recited

by a deacon, priest, or

cantor.
linteo, linteonis, m. : weaver

(especially of linen)
litterae (littere), littera-

rum, f. pi.: letter,

epistle
liturgia, liturgiae

(liturgie), f.: liturgy,

divine service, public

worship
loculifex, loculificis, m.:
casket maker

389

loculus, loculi, m. : a little

box, coffin
locus, loci, m. : place
loci, locorum, m. pi.: related

spaces , neighbors
longaevus, longaeva, longae-

vum: aged, old, long (as in

long-lived)
longe, adv. : far off
longo tempore: for a long time
longus, longa, longvun: long
loquor, loqui, locutus sum

(dep. 3): speak
lorarius, lorarii, m. : saddler
ludimagister , ludimagistri ,

m. : schoolmaster, teacher
lumen, luminis, n.: light,

candle
lustrvun, lustri, n.: period of

five years
lux, lucis, f-: light; prima

luce: at first light

madef acio , madef acere , madef e-

ci, madef actum (3): make

wet, moisten, soak
madef actus , madef acta , made-

f actum, perf. pass. part.

of madef acio: soaked, made

wet
magis, adv. : more
magister, magistri, m.:

teacher, master (as a

title)
magistratus, magistratus, m. :

magistrate
magnopere, adv. : greatly
magnus, magna, magnum: large,

great
major, majoris, m.: mayor

( maior )
major, majoris, adj.: greater

(comparative of magnus)

[maior]
male, adv. : badly, excessively
maleator, maleatoris, m.:

blacksmith
malignus, maligna, malignum:

evil, bad
malo, malle, malui (irregular

3): prefer, wish rather

malus, mala, malum: bad, evil

mandatum, mandati , n.: order,
mandate , commandment

manduco , manducare , manducavi ,
manducatixm ( 1 ) : eat , gorge ,
swallow rapidly

mane, adv. : in the morning

maneo , manere, mansi, mansum
(2): remain, dwell

mcinuop>era (see meinuopus )

manuopus , manuoperis, n. :
manual labor (manus opus)
required as part of the
service a peasant might owe
to his lord; usually found
in the plural manuopera.

mansio, mansionis, f.: dwell-
ing place, room, mansion

mansus, mansus, m. : piece of
land, manor, manse,

dwelling, house, homestead,
homestead plus land,
independent estate, manori-
al holding, a manor (i.e.,
manor house, dependent
holdings, land, etc.)
(mansus, mansi; mansum,
mansi)

manus , mcinus , f . : hand , band

manus mortuus : mortmain
(possession of property by
a religious or other corpo-
ration; property left to
such a corporation for use
in perpetuity. )

manu propria: (signed) by
one's own hand

marca, marcae (marce), f.:
coin, silver money, mark

marchio, marchionis, m.:
district count

mare, maris, n. : sea

marita, maritae (marite) , f.:
wife, married woman

marito, maritare, maritavi ,
mciritatum ( 1 ) : marry

maritus, mariti, m. : husband,
married man

mariti, maritorum, m. pi.:
married couple

masculinus, masculina, mascu-
linum: male, masculine

390

masculus, mascula, masculum:
male, masculine

mater , matris , f . : mother

mater meretrix: mother of an
illegitimate child

maternus , materna, maternum:
maternal, mother's side of
a family

matertera , materterae ( mater-
tere) , f.: aunt (mother's
sister)

matertera magna: great-aunt
(grandmother's sister)

matertera maior: great-great-
aunt (great-grandmother's
sister)

matertera maxima: great-great-
great-aunt (great-great-
grandmother's sister)

matricula, matriculae (matri-
cule) , f.: parish register

matrimonium, matrimonii, n.:
marriage, matrimony

matrina, matrinae (matrine) ,
f . : godmother

mature , adv . : soon , too soon ,
prematurely

matutinus , matutina , matuti-
num: morning (as an
adjective), of, or pertain-
ing to, the morning, early
in the morning

maximus, maxima, maximum:
greatest (superlative of
magnus )

medicus, medici, m. : physician

medius, media, medium: middle

melio, melius, adj.: better
(comparative of bonus)

mendicus, mendica, mendicum:
poor, indigent

mendicus , mendici , m . : beggar

mensa, mensae (mense), f.:
table

mens , mentis , f . : mind

mense: in the month (of)

mensis, mensis, m. : month; ab
hoc mense: from this month
(on)

mercator, mercatorxs, m.:
merchant, trader

mercenarius, mercenarii, m. :
day laborer

meretrix, meretricis, f.:
prostitute, harlot

meridianus, meridiana, merid-
ianum: noon, midday (as an
adjective), of, or relating
to, midday

meridies, meridiei, m. or f.:
noon; ante meridiem: before
noon (a.m.); post meridiem:
after noon (p.m. )

metallarius, metallarii, m.:
miner

meus , mea meum: mine (posses-
sive adj . )

miles, militis, m.: soldier,
knight

miles gregarius: private
soldier, mercenary

minime, adv. : least

minimus, minima, minimum:
least, little, small
(superlative of parvus)

ministeriales , ministerialixim,
m. pi.: vassals, ministers,
officials

mirabilis, mirabile, adj.:
wonderful , marvelous

mirus, mira, mirum: wonderful,
astonishing

miser, misera, miserum: miser-
able, wretched, unfortunate

miserabilis, miserabile, adj . :
miserable, wretched, de-
plorable

miseratio, miserationis , f.:
pity, compassion

miseret, impersonal verb: it
is a pity to (me, etc.), I,
etc., pity (me miseret)

misericordia, misericordiae
(misercordie) , f.: mercy,
amercement (punishment by a
fine in an amount fixed by
the court)

miserrime, .adv.: miserably,
poorly, very miserably,
verby poorly

missa, missae (misse), f.:

mass
missa cotidiana: daily mass

391

missa sollemnis: a solemn
mass, also called a high
mass, characterized by the
appearance of a deacon and
sub-deacon to assist the
priest or other official
celebrating the mass.

missae sollemnes: solemn
masses

missa de requie (requiem): a
requiem mass, a mass for
the dead, which takes its
name from the opening words
of the introit.

mitto, mittere, missi, missum
( 3 ) : put, place

mixtus, mixta, mixtum: mixed
(e.g., a marriage between
Catholic and Protestant)

modius, modii, m. : a measure,
sometimes, a bushel; a
measure of land, the amount
of land sown with a modius
of grain

mode, adv.: now, only, lately

mola, molae (mole), f.: mill
stone, mill

molitor, molitoris, m. : miller

monacha, monachae (monache) ,
f . : nun

monachus , monachi , m . : monk

moneo , monere , monui , monitum
(2): warn, advise, summon

monetarius , monetarii, m. :
money, coins, a minter of
coins

monetarius, monetaria, mone-
tarium: of, or relating to,
money or coins

monialis, monialis, f.: nun

mens, mentis, m. : mountain

monumentum, monumenta , n.:
tomb , monument

morbus, morbi, m. : disease

moribundus, moribunda, mori-
bundum: dead

morior, mori , mortuus sum
(dep. 3): die

mortuus, mortua , mortuum,
perf . pass. part, of mori-
or: dead, deceased

mors , mortis , f . : death

mortalis, mortale, adj . :
mortal

mos , moris, m. : custom, man-
ner; more novo: by the new
style (of dating, i.e., the
Gregorian calendar); more
vetere: by the old style
(of dating, i.e., the
Julian calendar) ; pro more:
according to custom

mox, adv.: soon, then, there-
upon

mulier, mulieris, f.: woman,
wife

multus, multa, multum: many,
much

multum, adv. : many

mundus, mundi, m. : world

munio, munire, munivi, munitum
(4): fortify, strengthen,
fortify with the last
rites ; omnibus sacramentis
defunctorum (morienbundo-
rum) rite munitus/a: having
been properly fortified
(i.e., provided with) all
of the sacraments of the
dead (for the dead)

mureirius, murarii, m. : mason

murus, muri, m. : wall

mutuus, mutua, mutuum: mutual,
common; muto consenu: by
mutual (common) consent

narro, narrare, narravi,

narratum (1): relate, tell
nascor, nasci, natus sum (dep.

3 ) : be born
natus, nata, natum, perf.

pass. part, of nascor: born
natales, natalium, m. pi.:

birth
natalis, natale, adj.: of, or

relating to, birth, natal
nativitas, nativitatis, f.:

birth, especially the birth

of Christ, the Nativity
nauclerus, naucleri, m.:

ferryman, pilot (ship)
naufragium, naufragii, n.:

shipwreck

392

nauta, nautae (naute), in.:
sailor

navis, navis, f.: ship

ne, conj . : lest, so that . . .
not

nee (neque), conj.: neither,
and not

nee . . . nee: neither . . .
nor

neeesse est, impersonal verb:
it is necessary

necessitas, necessitatis, f.:
necessity; necessitate
baptismo: (baptized by
means of) an emergency
baptism

neenon, adv.: and also, and
indeed

neeto, neetere, nexi, neetum
(3): bind, connect

negligentia, negligentiae
(negligentie) , f.: negli-
gence , neglect

negotiator, negotiatoris , m. :
merchant ( commerce )

negotium, negotii, n.: busi-
ness

nemo, neminis , m. or f.: no
one

neophyta, neophytae

(neophyte), f.: newly
baptized female (Greek)

neophytus , neophyti , m . : newly
baptized male (Greek)

neosponsa, neosponsae (neos-
ponse), f.: newlywed
(female, Greek and Latin)

neosponsus, neosponsi, m.:
newlywed (male, Greek and
Latin)

nepos, nepotis, m. : grandson
nephew

nepos ex filia: daughter's son
(grandson from the daugh-
ter's side)

nepos ex filio: son's son
(grandson from the son's
side)

nepos ex fratre: nephew (from
the brother's side)

nepos ex sorore: nephew (from
the sister's side)

neptis, neptis, f.: grand-
daughter, niece

neptis ex filia: daughter's
daughter (granddaughter
from the daughter's side)

neptis ex filio: son's daugh-
ter (granddaughter from the
son's side)

neptis ex fratre: niece (from
the brother's side)

neptis ex sorore: niece (from
the sister's side)

nescio, nescire, nescivi,
nescitum (4): not to know,
be ignorant (of); se nes-
cire: with the reflexive
se: he himself, she herself
does not know, they them-
selves do not know

netrix, netrieis, f.: seam-
stress

neuter, neutra, neutrum:
neither (gen. sing.: neu-
trius, dat. sing. : neutri)

nisi, conj.: unless, except,
if not

noceo, noeere, nocui , noeitum
(2): do harm to, harm (+
dat. )

nodarius, nodarii, m. : button
maker

nolo, nolle, nolui (irregular
3): be unwilling, not wish

nomen, nominis, n. : name

nomen nescio: name unknown
(literally: I do not know
the name. )

non, adv.: not, no

nondum, adv. : not yet

norma, normae (norme), f.:
standard, rule, norm; juxta
normam: according to the
rule, norm

nos, personal pronoun: we, us

nosco, noscere, novi, notum
(3): know (be acguainted
with)

notus , nota, notum, perf .
pass. part, of nosco: known

noster, nostra, nostrum,
possessive adj . : our

notarius, notarii, m. : notary

393

noto , notare , notavi , notatvun
( 1 ) : note , make , denote

notus, noti, m. : illegitimate
ma 1 e ( gno thus )

novena , novenae ( novene ) , f . :
a cycle of prayers covering
a nine-day period

noverca , novercae ( noverce ) ,
f • : stepmother

novercus, noverci, m. : stepfa-
ther

novicus, novici, m. : novice,
beginner, monastic novice,
i.e., a member of a monas-
tery or religious order
with a probationary status
who follows the rules of
the order but is not yet
admitted to full member-
ship.

novicus, novica, novicum:
harmful

nevus, nova, novum: new; de
novo: anew, from the begin-
ning

nox, noctis, f.: night; nocte:
at night

nubo, nubare, nubavi, nubatum
( 1 ) : marry

nudius tertius: three days
earlier (nunc dies tertius)

nullus, nulla, nullum: no,
none (gen. sing. : nullius;
dat. sing.: nulli)

nunc , adv • : now

nuncupo , nuncupare , nuncupavi ,
nuncupatum (1): name, call
by name, announce orally

nundinator, nundinatoris , m. :
seller at a market or fair

nunguam, adv. : never

nuntius, nuntii, m.:

messenger, papal legate
(usually accredited to a
civil government [nuncius] )

nuper, adv.: lately, newly
dead (may also be used to
indicate a former resident
of a town or village)

nuptialis, nuptiale, adj.: of,
or relating to, marriage

nurus, nurus, f.: daughter-in-
law

ob, prep. + ace: on account
of, for, according to

obdormio, obdormire, obdor-
mivi, obdonnitum (4): fall
asleep, die

obeo, obire, obii, obitum
(irregular 4): die, depart,
go away

obitus, obitus, m. : death

oblata, oblatae (oblate), f.:
a female oblate (see obla-
tus)

oblatio, oblationis, f: offer-
ing, oblation

oblatus, oblati, m. : an
oblate, a child dedicated
to a monastery by its
parents; also, a lay person
living in a monastery
without taking the full
religious vows.

obligatio, obligationis, f.:
obligation, debt

oblitum, obliti, n. : oblation,
offering (may also refer to
an offering made for masses
for the dead [oblatum] )

obstetrix, obstetricis, f.:
midwife

obtineo, obtinere, obtenui ,
obtentum (2): obtain,
possess (optineo)

obventio, obventionis, f.:
revenue , income ( obvencio )

occasus, occasus, m. : sunset,
setting, downfall

occasus soils: sunset

occido, occidere, occidi,
occisum (3): kill, slay

occurro, occurrere, occurri,
occursxim ( 3 ) : occur , happen

oculus, oculi, m. : eye

odiiim, odii, n. : hate

oeconomus , oeconomi , m.:
farmer, estate owner, lord
of a manor, innkeeper,
economist (Greek; also,
economus )

offero, offerre, obtuli,
oblatum (irregular 3):
offer, bring, bestow

394

officium, officii, n.: office,

duty, position
officium divinum altaris: a

worship service (divine

service) at the church

altar
of f ertorium, offertorii: an

offering of money placed

upon the church altar;

also, the offertory, a part

of the mass.
oleum, olei, n. : oil
oleum sanctum: holy oil used

for anointing the sick as

part of the last sacraments

or rites.
olim, adv.: once, formerly,

deceased
olla, ollae (olle), f.: jar,

pot
omitto, omittere, omissi,

omissum (3): omit, leave

out
oBinino, adv. : entirely, wholly
omnipotens , gen . omnipotentis :

almighty, all powerful
oninis, omne, adj.: all, every
onero, onerare, oneravi ,

oneratum (1): load, burden,

oppress
operarius, operarii, m. : day

laborer, hand worker
operatio, operationis, f.:

operation
opilio, opilionis, m. : sheep-
herder
opticus, optici, m. : optician,

maker of glasses
optima, adv. : best, most well
optimus, optima, optimum:

highest, best (superlative

of bonus)
opto, optare, optavi, optatum

(1): wish for, desire, hope

for, choose, elect
oportet, impersonal verb: it

is necessary
opus, operis, n. : labor, work,

deed
oratorium, oratorii, n.:

oratory, chapel, chapel

next to a church, parish

church

orba, orbae (orbe), f.: orphan

( female )
orbus, orbi , m. : orphan (male)
ordinarius, ordinaria, ordi-

narivun: ordinary, regular
ordinatio, ordinationis , f.:

decree, regulation, ordina-
tion, ordinance
ordino, ordinare, ordinavi ,

ordinatum (1): ordain,

arrange, appoint
ordo, ordinis, m. : rank, rule,

order, an order of monks or

nuns, a religious order
organista, organistae (orga-

niste), m.: organ builder,

organist
origo, originis, f.: origin,

birth
orior, ori , ortus sum ( dep .

4): rise, arise, be born
oriundus, oriunda, oriundum:

originating from, born
oro , orare , oravi , oratum ( 1 ) :

ask, pray, beg
ortus, ortus, m. : birth,

origin, dawn
OS , oris , n . : mouth
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi ,

ostentum (3): show, exhib-
it, display
ovis , ovis , f . : sheep
ovis matrix (gen.: matricis) :

a female sheep, ewe
ovo , ovare , ovavi , ovatum ( 1 ) :

celebrate, exult
ovum, ovi, n.: egg

pacto , pactare, pactavi ,

pactatum ( 1 ) : make a

contract, contract, join

together, bargain
pactum, pacti , n.: contract

( pacta , pactae , f . )
paedagogus , paedagogi , m.:

teacher, tutor (Greek)

[ pedagogus ]
paenitentia, paenitentiae

(paenitentie) , f.: penance

(penitentia)

395

paenitet, impersonal verb: I,
etc., regret (me paenitet)

pagina , paginae ( pagine ) , f . :
page (of a book, register,
etc. )

pagus , pagi, m . : village,
district

palam, adv.: openly, publicly

palatium, palatii, n.: palace
(palacium)

panis, panis, m. : bread

pannifex, pannificis, in.:
cloth worker

pannitonsor, pannitonsoris ,
m. : cloth cutter

pannus, panni, m. : cloth

papa, papae ( pape ) , m.: the
pope

par, paris, adj.: equal

paratorium, paratorii, n.:
drapes, tapestry (paratto-
rium, preatorium, paratu-
ria)

parens, parentis, m. or f.:
parent

parentes , parentium, m. pi.:
parents

peirentes spirituales: spiritu-
al parents, godparents,
sponsors

pareo, parere, parui, paritum
(2): be obedient to, obey
(+ dat. )

pariochialis, parochiale,
adj.: parish (as an adjec-
tive), parochial

pariter, adv. : equally, also

paro, parare, paravi, paratum
(1): prepare, furnish,
provide

parochia, parochiae

(parochie) , f.: parish

parochialis, parochiale, adj.:
parish, parochial

parochiana, parochianae
(parochiane) , f.: parish-
ioner (female)

parochianus, parochiani, m. :
parishioner (male)

parochiani, m. pi.: parishion-
ers

parochus, parochi, m. : priest,
parish priest

pars , partis , f . : part
parsona , parsonae , f . : parson
partus, partus, f.: birth,

childbirth
parum, adv. : a little, a

little past (of time)
parvulus, parvula, parvulum:

very small, little
parvus, parva, parvum: small,

little
Pascha, Paschae (Pasche), f.:

Easter Sunday
pastio , pastionis , f . : pannage
(land or grain set aside for

feeding animals [usually

pigs]); sometimes, a wooded

area set aside so that pigs

could feed on acorns from

the oak trees . )
pascua, pascuae (pascue), f.:

pasture (pascuum)
passim, adv.: here and there,

continuously
pastor, pastoris, m.:

shepherd, pastor, parish

priest
pastor anserum: gooseherd
pastor ovium: sheepherder
pastor pecorum: cattle herder
pastor porcorum: pig herder
patella, patellae, f.: pan
pateo, patera, patui (2): be

open , evident
pater, patris, m. : father
patres, patrum, m. pi.: fore-
fathers , ancestors
paternus, paterna, paternum:

paternal
patet, impersonal verb: it is

known, evident, open, plain
patientia, patientiae, f.:

patience
patior, pati, passus sum (dep.

3): suffer, undergo
patria, patriae (patrie), f.:

fatherland, native land
patrimonium, patrimonii, n.:

patrimony, inheritance
patrina, patrinae (patrine) ,

f . : godmother
patrinus, patrini , m. : godfa-
ther
patrini, m. pi.: godparents

396

patronus, patroni, m. : protec-
tor, patron

patuerlis, patuerlis, m . :
cousin (from father's
brother)

patruus , patrui , m.: uncle
(father's brother)

patruus magnus : great-uncle
(grandfather's brother)

patruus maior: great-great-
uncle (great-grandfather's
brother)

patruus maximus: great-great-
great-uncle (great-great-
grandfather's brother)

paulatim, adv.: gradually,
little by little

pauper, pauperis, adj . : poor

pauperitas , pauperitatis , f . :
poverty

pax, pacis, f.: peace

peccamen, peccaminis, n. (see
peccatum)

peccatum, peccati, n.: sin

pecia, peciae (pecie), f.:
portion, piece

pectenarius, pectenarii, m. :
comb maker

pellifex, pellificis, m.:
tanner, furrier

pellis, pellis, f.: skin, hide

penes, prep. + ace: in the
possession of

penulatus, penulata,

penulatum: lined with fur,
furred

penultimus , penultima , penul-
timvun: next to last

per, prep. + ace: through, by
means of, by, for

perapsis, perapsidis, f.:
platter, dish (parapsis,
paropsis)

percutio, percutere, percussi,
percussum ( 3 ) : strike , hit ,
beat, pierce

perdo, perdere, perdidi,
perditum (3): lose, be
destroyed

perditus, perdita, perditum,
perf. pass, part of perdo:
lost, ruined, destroyed

perendie, adv.: the day after

tomorrow
pereo, perire, perii, peritum

(irregular 4): perish, die
perfecte, adv.: completely,

perfectly
perfero, perferre, pertuli,

perlatum (irregular 3):

bear, suffer, endure
perficio, perficere, perf eci ,

perf ectum ( 3 ) : complete , do

thoroughly
pergamentar ius , pergamentar i i ,

m. : parchment maker
periculum, periculi, n. :

danger
peripneumonia, peripneumoniae

(peripneumonie) , f.: pneu-
monia, pleurisy (Greek)
peritus, perita, peritum:

skilled
pennuto , permutare , jjermutavi ,

permutatum ( 1 ) : exchange ,

change
perpetuus , perpetua , perpetu-

um: perpetual; in perpetuo:

forever, perpetually (in

perpetutim)
persolvo, persolvere, per-

solvi, persolutum (3): pay
persuadeo , persuadere , persua-

si, persuasum (2): make

sweet to, persuade (+ dat. )
pertica, perticae (pertice),

f.: perch (a measure of

land in England)
pes, pedis, m. : foot
pestis, pestis, f.: plague,

pestilence
peto, peter e, petii (petivi),

petitum (3): inquire, seek,

ask, request, demand
pharmacopolius, pharmacopolii,

m. : pharmacy (Greek origin)
pictor, pictoris, m. : painter
pie, adv.: piously
pie in domino obiit: he/she

died piously in the Lord
pietas, pietatis, f.: piety,

devotion, charity, alms,

mercy

397

piget, impersonal verb: it

repents (me, etc. ) , it

displeases (me, etc.)/ I#

etc., repent, I, etc., am

displeased
pileator, pileatoris, m. : hat

maker
piscator, piscatoris, m.:

fisherman
pistor, pistoris, m. : baker
pitantia, pitantiae, f.: an

extra allowance for monks

(pittantia, pittancia)
plus, pia, plum: devout, pious
pius (locus): a holy place
plango, plangere, planxi,

planctum (3): mourn, wail,

weep, beat, strike
planto, plantare, plantavi,

plantatim ( 1 ) : plant
planus, plana, planum: wide,

open , level
platea, plateae (platee), f.:

street (Greek)
plenus, plena, plenum: full,

full of
plerusque, pleraque, pler-

umgue: very many, a large

part
plurimus, plurima, plurimum:

most
plus, pluris, adj.: more

(comparative of multus)
pluvia, pluviae (pluvie) , f.:

rain
pocillator, pocillatoris, m. :

bartender
poena, poenae (poene), f.:

penalty, punishment, pain

( pena )
poeta, poetae (poete), m.:

poet
polentarius, polentarii, m. :

maker of malt
pollex, pollicis, m. : an inch,

thumb, big toe
pono, ponere, posui , positum

(3) : put, place
pontifex maximus: a chief

priest in ancient Rome; a

title of the pope (ponti-
fex, pontificis, m. )

pontif icatus , pontif icatus ,

m. : pontificate

porcus, porci, m. : pig

porta, portae ( porte ) , f.:
gate; extra portam: beyond
the gate (of the church or
the city, where the poor
were often buried)

portarius, portarii, m. : door
keeper

posamentarius , posamentarii ,
m. : maker or seller of gold
lace, haberdasher

possideo, possidere, possedi,
possessum (2): possess,
have, hold, inherit

possum, posse, potui: can, be
able (to)

post, prep. + ace. : after

postea, adv.: thereafter,
afterwards

postguam, adv. : after

postridie, adv.: on the day
after, a day later

potens, potentis, adj.: power-
ful

potentia, potentiae

( potentie ) , f . : power

potestas , potestatis , f.:
power

potior, potiri , potitus sum
(dep. 4): obtain, get
possession of (+ abl.)

potus , potus , m . : drink

prae, adv. and prep. + abl.:
before

praebendarius , praebendarii,
m. : a prebend, a canon or
cathedral chapter member
who lives from a prebend (a
donation for the sustenance
of cathedral members [pre-
bendarius] )

praeceptor, praeceptoris , m. :
teacher (preceptor)

praeceptor humanorum studio-
rum: school director

praecipio , praecipere , praece-
pi, praeceptum (3):
instruct, teach (precipio)

praeclarus, praeclara, prae-
clarum: famous, illustrious
( preclarus )

398

praecontractus , praecontrac-
tus , m. : precontact (e.g.,
a pre-nuptial agreement
[ precontractus ] )

praedictus , praedicta, prae-
dictum: aforesaid

( predictus )

praedilectus , praedilecta,
praedilectum: favorably
disposed (toward), well-
1 o ved , ( predi lectus )

praef actus, praef ecti , m.:
magistrate (pref actus)

praefactus axcubiarum: ser-
geant major, policeman

praefactus in dome castigator-
iaa: prison warden

praefactus laborum: foreman

praefactus postamtae: postman

praefactus tribunalium sau
staurae: tax administrator

praefactus urbis: mayor

praefactus vigiliarum civi-
camm: overseer of the city
watch

praafor, praafari, praef atus
sum (dep. 1): say before-
hand, tell in advance
( prefer )

praef atus, praef ata, praafa-
tum, perf. pass. part, of
praefor: aforesaid

( pref atus )

praef arc, praaferre, praetuli,
praalatum (irregular 3):
prefer, bear before (prafa-
ro)

praehabito, praehabitare ,
praahabitavi , praahabitatum
(1): supply, furnish, offer
( prahabito )

praahabitus, praehabita,
praahabitum, perf. pass,
part, of praahabito: pre-
sented, offered, shown
( prahcibitus )

praalatus, praalati, m.:
prelate, an ecclesiastical
official

praemitto, praemittere, prae-
missi, praemissum (3): send
before, publish previously
(marriage banns) [pramitto]

praenobilis, praenobila, adj.:
right honorable, noble
(prenobilis)

praenominatus , praanominata,
praenominatum: aforenamed
( prenominatus )

praescriptum, praescripti , n.:
task, rule (prescriptum)

praescriptus , praescripta,
praescriptum: outlined,
prescribed (prescriptus)

praesens , praesentis, adj.:
present (presens)

praesentibus : in the presence
of (witnesses), the (wit-
nesses) being present, by
these presents (documents)

praesto , praestara , praastavi ,
praestatum (1): show,
profess, pledge, lend
(presto); praestara jura-
mentum: to take an oath

praeter, adv. and prep. +
ace: past, beyond, besides
( preter )

praeterea, adv.: moreover,
besides (pratara)

praetor, praetoris, m. : mayor,
magistrate (cl. Latin: one
of several Roman magis-
trates who administered
justice)

praetorium, praetorii, n.:
courthouse (pretorium)

praavius, praavia, praevium:
preceding, going before
( previus )

pratum, prati, n.: meadow,
meadow land

precarium, precarii, n.: plea,
boon, precarial grant

premo, premere, pressi, pras-
sum (3): press, suppress,
oppress

399

presbyter, presbytri , m . :
elder (Greek); in the early
Christina church, an office
virtually synonymous with
bishop. Subsequently,
however, the bishop assumed
a greater authority.

presto, prestare , prestavi ,
prestatum (1): profess,
pledge, show, lend

pretium, pretii , n.: price
(precivun)

prex , precis , f . : prayer

pridie, adv. : the day before
yesterday

primum, adv. : first, firstly,
at first

primus, prima, primum: first,

prior, prioris, m. : prior, the
assistant to the abbot in a
monastery

priorissa, priorissae (prio-
risse) , f.: prioress

prius, adv.: before, previous-
ly

privigna, privignae

(privigne) , f.: stepdaugh-
ter

privignus, privigni, m.:
stepson (of a father)

pro, prep. + abl . : for,
before, as far as, in
behalf of

proamita, proamitae

(proamite), f.: great-aunt
(sister of grandmother)

proavia, proaviae (proavie) ,
f . : great-grandmother

proavunculus , proavunculi, m. :
great-uncle (brother of
grandmother )

proavus, proavi , m.: great-
grandfather

probo, probare, probavi,
probatum ( 1 ) : approve

proclamatio, proclamationis,
f . : marriage bann

procurator, procurator is , m. :
proxy, governor, proxy
lawyer

professio, prof essionis , f.:

profession, declaration,

confession
progener , progeneri , m. :

grandson-in-law (grand-
daughter's husband)
progenitus , progenita ,

progenitum: first born
prohibeo , prohibere , prohibui ,

prohibitum (2): prohibit,

hold back
proles, prolis, f.: child,

offspring (sex unspecified)
proles spuria: illegitimate

child
promatertera (see, matertera

maior)
promitto, promittere, pro-

missi, promissum (3):

promise
pronepos , pronepotis , m.:

great-grandson
proneptis, proneptis , f.:

great-granddaughter
pronirrus , pronurus , f . : grand-
daughter-in-law (grandson's

wife)
propatruus (see, patruus

maior)
prope, prep. + ace. : near
propinator, propinatoris , m. :

tenant farmer
propinquus , propinqua , propin-

guum: neighboring, near
proprius , propria, proprium:

private, one's own
propter, prep. + ace.: on

account of , because of
propter aetatem: on account of

age
prosocer ( see , socer magnus )
prosocrus (see, socrus magna)
protomartyr, protomartyr, m. :

the first martyr, St.

Stephen (Greek)
prout, adv.: just as, as
proventus , proventus , m.:

income , revenue
provideo , providere , provisi ,

provisum (2): provide,

foresee

400

provincia, provinciae, f.:

province; a number of

dioceses in close geograph-
ic proximity; a province in

the Roman Empire.
proximitas, proximitatis, f.:

next of kin, neighbor,

nearness, vicinity
pubes , pubis , f . : youth , young

adult
pudeo , pudere , pudui , puditum

( 2 ) : to be ashamed
pudet, impersonal verb: it

shames (me, etc.), I, etc.,

am ashamed
pudicus , pudica, pudicum:

chaste
puella, puellae (puelle) , f.:

girl
puellula, puellulae

(puellule), f.: little girl
puer, pueri, m. : boy, child
puera, puerae (puere), f.:

girl
puerperium, puerperii, n.:

childbirth
pulvinarium, pulvinarii, n. :

pillow, cushion
punio, punire, punivi (punii),

punitum ( 4 ) : punish
pupilla, papillae (pupille),

f.: orphan (female)
pupillus, pupillis, m. : orphan

(male)
purgatus, purgata, purgatum:

baptized, purged
putredo, putredinis, m.:

rottenness, foulness,

putrefaction (putridiis)

quadraplex, quadraplicis,

adj . : quadruple
quadriduum, quadridui , n.:

period of four days

quadrupliciter, adv. : quadru-
ple, four-fold

quam, adv.: how, than (in
comparisons)

quamdiu, adv.: so long as, as
long as, until

qucunvis , adv . & con j . : as much
as possible, very much,
however much, although
quando, adv. & conj . : when?
quantumcumque , adv.: as much

as
quantus , quanta, quantum: as

long as
quapropter, adv.: wherefore,

on account of
quare, adv.: why?
quarteriumium, quarterii, n.:
a quarter, one-fourth
(quartarium)
quasi, adv.: almost, as if
quatenus, adv. & conj.: as far
as, sure, since, that
(often used in place of
quod plus the subjunctive
in medieval Latin)
--que, enclitic conj.: and
(added at the end of a
word )
queo, quire, quii, quitum

(irregular 4): be able
queror, queri , questus sum

(dep. 3): complain, lament
qui, quae, quod, adj. & pro-
noun : who , which , what
quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque: whatsoever,

whichsoever
quidam, quaedam, quoddam: a

certain person or thing
quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet
(quidlibet): anyone

(anything) you please,
anyone anything
quindena, quindenae

(quindene), f.: a fifteen-
day period
quis, quid, interrogative

pronoun: who? which? what?
quisquam, quaequam, quidquaro:

anyone , anything
quisque, quaeque , quodque
(quidque) : every, everyone,
everything
quo, adv.: whereby, so that
quoad, adv.: with regard to,

concerning
quod, conj.: because, on the
ground that, that

401

quomodo , adv. : how, in what

way
quondam, adv.: formerly, the

former, the late
quoniam, adv.: whereas, since
quoque, adv. : also
quotidie, adv.: daily, every

day
quousque, adv. : how long, how

far, until

ratio , rationis , f . : reason

ratione, by reason (of)

recipio, recipere, recepi ,
receptum (3): receive,
accept

rector, rectoris, m. : rector,
school director, pastor or
parish priest; also, the
head of a church which is
not a parish or one used
for divine services (such
as a church for pilgrims).
A cleric who is in charge
of a seminary or college is
also a rector.

regina, reginae (regine), f.:
queen

regio, regionis, f.: region,
district, area

registrum, registri, n.:
register

regius, regia, regium: royal

regnum, regni, n.: kingdom,
reign

rego, regare, regavi, regatum
(1): guide, regulate,
direct

regressus, regressus, m.:
compensation

relicta, relictae (relicte),
f.: widow, survivor (fe-
male)

relictus, relicti, m. : widow-
er, survivor (male)

relinquo, relinquere, reliqui,
relictum (3): abandon,
leave behind

relictus, relicta, relictum,

perf. pass. part, of relin-
quo: left behind,

abandoned, surviving
remaneo , remanere , remansi,

remansum (2): remain, be

left
remitto , remittere, remissi,

remissum (3): give back,

remit, let go, forgive
removeo , removere , removi ,

remotum ( 2 ) : remove , take

out
renatus , renata , renatum:

baptized
renovo , renovare , renovavi ,

renovatum (1): renew,

renovate, beautify
reparator, reparatoris, m.:

repairer
reparator platearum: street

repairer
reparator tegularum in tectis:

roofer, repairer of roof

tiles
requiesco, requiescere,

requievi, requietum (3):

rest, repose; requiescat in

pace: rest in peace!

(requiescat in pacem)
res, rei, f.: thing, matter
resignatus, resignata, resig-

natum: resigned
respectus, respectus, m.:

adjournment, postponement
respondeo , respondere , respon-

si, responsum (2): answer,

respond
respublica, respublicae, f.

Christiana: the Christian

commonwealth (i.e., the

body of Christianity)
restiarius, restiarii, m.:

rope maker
retiarius, retiarii, m. : maker

of nets
reticulator , reticulatoris , m .

tibialium: stocking maker
retineo, retinere, retinui ,

retentum (2): hold, retain
retro, adv. & prep. + ace:

backwards , behind

402

reus, rei, m. : defendant

reverendus , reverend! , m.:
reverend

reverendus admodum: right
reverend (as a title)

revoco , revocare, revocavi ,
revocatum (1): call back,
revoke

rex, regis, m. : king

rite, adv.: properly, duly,
according to the proper
ritual

ritualis, rituale, adj.: of or
relating to ritual; as a
noun: ritual

ritus, ritus, m. : rite, cere-
mony; de ritu sanctae
matris ecclesiae: according
to the rite of the holy
mother church

roboro, roborare , roboravi,
roboratiiin ( 1 ) : strengthen ,
make firm

robur, roboris, m. : authority,
force, power (cl. Latin:
oak tree [robor] )

robustus, robusta, robustum:
powerful, hard, firm, solid
(like an oak tree)

roda, rodae (rode), f.: rood
(a land measure in England)

rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum
(1) : ask, request

rota, rotae (rote), f.: wheel

rotarius, rotarii, m. : cart-
wright, wheelwright

rotula, rolutae, f.: fringe,
border, roll, record

rotulus, rotuli, m.: roll,
record

ruber, rubra, rubrum: red

rubius, rubia, rubium: red

rusticus, rustici, m. : peas-
ant, farmer

sacramentaliter , adv. : accord-
ing to the sacrament (i.e.,
the proper ecclesiastical
ritual)

sacellanus, sacellani, m.:
chaplain

sacellum, sacelli, n.: sanctu-
ary, chapel

sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred

sacerdos, sacerdotis, m. :
priest, bishop

sacramentum, sacramenti , n.:
sacrament

sacrificium, sacrificii, n.:
sacrifice

sacrosancta, sacrosanctorum,
n. pi.: holy objects (as,
for example, a copy of the
gospels) used to touch when
taking an oath

saeculum, saeculi, n.: age,
eternity, world, a genera-
tion (seculum); in saecula
saeculorum: forever and
ever

saepius, adv.: rather fre-
quently

salarius, salarii, m.: salt
merchant

salcerium, salcerii, n.: salt
cellar, salt holder

salto, saltare, saltavi,
saltatum ( 1 ) : dance

saltuarius, saltuarii, m.:
forest keeper, hunter

salutatio, salutationis , f.:
greeting, salutation

saluto, salutare, salutavi,
salutatum (1): greet, save,
protect

salvatio, salvationis, f.:
salvation

salvator, salvatoris, m.:
savior

sanctif icatio, sanctif icatio-
nis, f.: sanctif ication ,
the process of becoming
holy

sancta, sanctae (sancte), f.:
saint (female)

sanctus, sancta, sanctum:
holy, sacred

sanctus, sancti , m.: saint
(male)

sane, adv.: sensibly, really,
surely, certainly, exceed-
ingly
sanguis, scuiguinis, m. : blood

403

sanies, saniei , f.: blood,

diseased blood, bloody

matter
sanitas, sanitatis, f.:

health, good sense, sanity
sano, sanare, sanavi, sanatum

( 1 ) : heal , cure , restore to

health
sanus, sana, sanum: healthy,

sane
sartor, sartoris, m. : tailor
satis, adv. : enough
sator, satoris, in.: gardener
saucerium, saucerii, n.:

saucer for holding salt
scabinus, scabini, in. : notary,

juror
schola, scholae (schole), f.:

school
scientia, scientiae

(scientie), f.: knowledge
scilicet, adv. : namely, to be

sure
scindo, scindere, scidi ,

scissum (3): cut, rend,

tear asunder, split
scio, scire, scivi, scitum

(4): know, understand, know

how to
scorifex, scorificis, m.:

tanner
scorta , scortae ( scorte ) , f . :

unmarried mother, whore
scriba, scribae (scribe), m. :

scribe, secretary, notary
scribo, scribere, scripsi ,

scriptum ( 3 ) : write
scriniarius, scriniarii, m. :

carpenter
scriptum, scripti, n.: writ-
ing, document
se, sese, reflexive pronoun:

himself, herself, itself
secundum , adv . & prep . + ace . :

according to, afterwards,

after
sed, conj . : but
sedes, sedis, f.: seat, resi-
dence, place
sellator, sellatoris, m.:

saddler, saddle maker
semel, adv.: once
semper, adv. : always

senator, senatoris , m. : sena-
tor, town councillor

senex, senis, m. : old man

senex, senis, adj.: old

senicula, seniculae

(senicule), f.: a little
old lady, an old lady

seniculus, seniculi, m.: a
little old man, an old man

senior, senioris, adj.: older,
senior

sententia , sententiae ( senten-
tie) , f.: sentence, opinion

sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum
(4): feel, perceive, sense

sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi
(sepelii), sepultum (4):
bury

sepultus, sepulta, sepultum,
perf . pass. part, of sepe-
lio: buried

septimana, septimanae ( septi-
mane ) , f . : a week

sepultor, sepultoris, m.
mortuorum: grave digger

sepultvira, sepulturae (sepul-
ture), f.: burial

seguens , sequentis, adj.:
following

sequor, sequi, secutus sum
(dep. 3 ) : follow

seriatim, adv. : in order, one
after another

serrarius, serrarii, m.:
locksmith

sertor, sertoris, m. : basket
maker

servilis, servile, adj.: 1.
relating to a class of
holdings originally granted
to serfs; 2. a measure of
land; 3. land held by a
serf rather than a free
man; 4. servile

servo, servare, servavi,
servatum (1): preserve,
protect

servus , servi , m.: serf,
servant, slave

sesquipedalis , sesquipedale,
adj . : a foot and one-half
long

seu, conj

or, or if

404

seu . . . seu: whether . . .

or
sexus, sexus, m. : sex
si, conj . : if
sic, adv.: thus, so, yes
sicut, adv.: as, just as
sigillum, sigilli, n.: seal
signum, signi, m. : sign, mark,

the sign of the cross
silva, silvae (silve), f.:

wood, forest
silvarius, silvarii, m . :

forester
similis, simile, adj.: like
simplex, simplicis, adj.:

single
simplus, simpla, simplum:

single
simul, adv.: together, at the

same time
simul ac (atque): as soon as
sine, prep. + abl.: without
singularis, singulare, adj . :

one at a time, single,

alone
singuli, singulae, singula,

pi.: single, a single

person or thing, each one
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum:

left (direction)
sisto, sistere, sistiti,

sistitum ( 3 ) : represent
sitis, sitis, f.: thirst
situs, sita, situm: situated,

located
sive, conj . : or, or if
smigmator, smigmatoris, m. :

soap boiler, soap maker

(Greek origin)
sobrina, sobrinae (sobrine),

f.: cousin (on the mother's

side — female)
sobrinus, sobrini, m. : cousin

(on the mother's

side — male)
socer, soceri, m. : father-in-
law
socer magnus: grandf ather-in-

law
socer maior: great-grandf a-

ther-in-law
socer maximus: great-great-
grandfather- in- law

socius, socii, m. : apprentice,
comrade, associate

socrinus, socrini, m. : broth-
er-in-law (female side)

socrus, socrus, f.: mother-in-
law

socrus magna: grandmother-in-
law

socrus maior: great-

grandmother-in- law

socrus maxima: great-great-
grandmother- in- law

sol, solis, m. : sun

solemnia, solemnium, n. pi.:
rites, performance (sollem-
nia, sollempnia)

solemnicatio, solemnicationis,
f.: marriage (sollemnica-
tio, sollempnicatio)

solemnitas, solemnitatis, f.:
solemnity, celebration
(sollemnitas, sollempnitas )

solemnitates , f. pi.: solemni-
ties, the most important
feast days in the church
calendar, such as Christmas
and Easter, (sollempni-
tates )

solemniter, adv.: solemnly,
duly (solempniter)

soleo, solere, solitus sum
(semi-dep. 2): be accus-
tomed

solidus, solidi, m. : shilling,
gold coin, ducat

soldus turonensium: a shilling
of Tours (a French royal
currency)

solus, sola, solum: alone,
single (gen. sing.: solius;
dat. sing. : soli)

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum
(3): pay

soror, sororis, f.: sister

soror consanguinea : stepsister
(same father)

soror uterina: stepsister
(same mother)

sororius, sororii, m. : broth-
er-in-law (sister's hus-
band)

spargo, spargere, sparsi,
sparsum ( 3 ) : scatter

405

spatium, spatii, n.: space,
place (spacium)

spes , spei , f . : hope

spiritus, spiritus, m. : spir-
it, breath

Spiritus Sanctus: the Holy
Spirit

sponsa, sponsae (sponse), f.:
bride, betrothed

sponsus , sponsi, m. : groom,
betrothed

stannarius, stannarii, m. : tin
founder

statim, adv. : immediately

static, stationis, f.: sta-
tion, place of abode

statue, statuere, statui ,
statutum (3): appoint,
ordain, decide

status, status, m.: state,
condition, status, invento-
ry, legal property rights

status animarum: An annual
report submitted to the
ordinary of a diocese, or
another ecclesiastical
unit, by the parish priest
on the size of the parish,
number of members , etc . In
certain parishes, this
report included the names
of family heads, their
wives, children, and,
sometimes, their parents
and grandparents.

stipendium, stipendii, n.:
wages , stipend

stipulans, stipulantis, m. :
legal stipulant (i.e., one
of the parties involved in
a legal contract)

stipulatio, stipulationis , f.:
oral (legal) agreement in
Roman law

stirps, stirpis, f.: clan,
tribe , group

sto, stare, steti , staturus
(irregular 1): stand,
standby, assist

stomachus , stomachi , m. :
stomach

strenuus , strenua, strenuum:

honorable (for nobility),

active, vigorous, strenuous
studeo, studere , studui (2):

be eager for, desire, study

(+ dat. )
studiosus, studiosi, m.:

student
studium, studii, n. :

eagerness, interest, zeal,

study
stupratus , stuprata , stupra-

tum: pregnant out of wed-
lock
stupratus, stuprati , m.:

father of an illegitimate

child
suada , suadae ( suade ) , f.:

persuasion
sub, prep. + abl. or ace.:

under, beneath, below
subito, adv. : suddenly
subscribe, sxibscribere , sub-

scripsi, subscriptvun (3):

write below, undersign
subscriptus, subscripta,

subscriptum, perf. pass.

part, of subscribe: under-
signed, written below
subsigne, subsignare, sxibsig-

navi , subsignatum ( 1 ) : mark

or sign below
siibulcus, subulci, m. : swine-
herd
successer, successeris, m.:

successor
suffragium, suffragii, n.:

prayer
sum, esse, fui, futurus: be
summa, summae ( summe ) , f.:

sum, highest point
summus, summa, siimmum: highest
(superlative of superus:

upper, higher, high)
sume, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum
(3): take down, chose,

obtain
super, prep. + abl + ace:

above , over
superius , adv . : above
superstes , superstitis , adj . :

surviving, still living

406

suppleo, supplere, supplevi ,
suppletum (2): complete,
finish, fill up, make good

supra, adv. & prep. + ace:
above, beyond, before

supradictus, supradicta,
supradictum: above said

supranominatus , supranominata ,
supranominatum: above named

suprascriptus , suprascripta,
suprascriptum: above writ-
ten

suscipio, suscipere, suscepi,
susceptum (3): undertake,
take up, raise, raise up,
lift up, raise from the
baptismal font (i.e., act
as a godparent)

susceptor, susceptoris, m.:
godparent (male)

susceptores, m. pi.: godpar-
ents

susceptrix, susceptricis , f.:
godparent (female)

sustineo , sustinere , sustinui ,
sustentum (2): support,
sustain

sutor, sutoris, m. : cobbler,
shoemaker

suus , sua, suum, reflexive
adj. & pronoun: his, her,
its own, their own

synax, synacis, f.: communion,
the eucharist, the sacra-
ment (Greek)

synodus , synodi , m.: synod
(Greek); a periodic meeting
of officials principally to
deal with administrative
affairs.

tabellarius, tabellarii, m. :

messenger
tabellio, tabellionis, m.:

notary, scribe
taberna, tabernae (taberne),

f . : tavern , inn
tabemaculum, tabernaculi, n.:

tent, dwelling place, place
where the sacrament is kept

taceo, tacere, tacui , taciturn

(2): be silent, say noth-
ing, be still, be quiet

taedet, impersonal verb: it
disgusts (me, etc.), I,
etc. , am disgusted

talis, tale, adj.: such, of
such a kind

tarn, adv.: so, thus

tarn . . . quam: so . . .as,
as . . . as , both . . . and

tamen, adv. : nevertheless

tcuidem, adv. : at last, finally

tantum, adv. : only

tantus , tanta , tantum: so
much, so great, as much as

tector, tectoris, m. : roofer

tectum, tecti , n.: roof

tegularius, tegularii, m.:
brick maker

telatextor, telatextoris , m. :
linen weaver

teleonarius, teleonarii, m. :
tax collector

tellus, telluris, f.: earth

tempus, temporis, n. : time; eo
tempore: at this time; illo
tempore: at that time; pro
tempore: for (during) the
time, temporary; nunc
temporis: of the present
time; tunc temporis: of the
former time;

tempus clausum: literally: a
closed time; a certain time
or times of the year during
which marriages were not
performed. These were
generally periods of pen-
ance or solemn worship.

tenementum, tenementi , n.:
holding, territory, juris-
diction, feudal territory,
land tenure

teneo , tenere , tenui , tentum
( 2) : have, hold

ter, adv.: three times, thrice

terminus, termini, m.: end,
boundary, limit

terni , ternae, terna , pi.:
three each

terra, terrae ( terre ) , f.:
land, earth

407

testamentum, testament!, n.:

will, testament (in England

often listing only personal

property, not land)
testator, testatoris, m . :

testator, one who is making

a will
testatrix, testatricis, f.: a

female testator
testis, testis, m. or f . :

witness
testor, testari, testatus sum

(dep. 1): witness (verb)
textor, textoris, m. : weaver
textus , textus , m.: text,

document, charter
thesaurus, thesauri, m.:

treasury, store house,

treasure house (Greek)
timeo, timere, timui (2): fear
tinctor, tinctoris, m. : dyer
tinctus, tincta, tinctum:

dipped, baptized
toga, togae, f.: cloak, gown,

outer garment, dressing

gown
tensor , tonsoris , m . : barber
tot, indeclinable adj . : so

many, as many
totiens, adv.: so often
totus , tota, totum: whole,

entire (gen. sing: totius;

dat. sing. : toti)
trado, tradere, tradidi ,

traditum ( 3 ) : give up , hand

over, deliver
trans, prep. + ace: across
transeo, transire, transii,

transitum ( irregular 4 ) : go

over, cross, pass over
transfero, transferre, trans-

tuli, translatum (irregular

3): bring across, transfer
tremendus , tremenda , tremen-

dum: fearful, dreadful,

terrible, tremendous
tribulatio , tribulationis , f . :

suffering, tribulation,

affliction
triduum, tridui, n.: three day

period

trigemini , trigeminorum, m.

pi . : triplets

trinitas, trinitatis, f.: the
Holy Trinity

triplex, triplicis, adj . :
triple

tripulus, tripula, tripulum:
triple

tritavia, tritaviae

( tr itavie ) , f . :

great-great-great-great
grandmother

tritavus , tritavi, m. : great-
great-great-great-
grandfather

tritor, tritoris, m. : thresher

turn, adv. : then

tumulo, tumulare, tumulavi,
tumulatum ( 1 ) : bury

tumulus, tumuli, m.: tomb,
burial mound

tunc, adv. : then

tutela, tutelae (tutele), f.:
guardianship; sub tutela:
under guardianship

tutor, tutoris, m. : guardian

tuus , tua, tuum, possessive
adj. & pronoun: your (sing.
& familiar)

ubi , adv . : where , when
libique, adv. : everywhere
ullus, ulla, ullum: any (gen.
sing.: ullius; dat. sing.:
ullius)
ultimus, ultima, ultimum: last
ultra, prep. + ace: beyond
ultra, adv.: more than, beyond
umquam, adv.: ever
una, adv. : together
una cum: together with
una mecum: together with me
unctio, unctionis, f.: anoint-
ing, unction
unctio extrema: extreme unc-
tion (The anointing of the
sick with holy oil as part
of the last sacraments or
rites for the dying. )
unda , undae ( vinde ) , f . : wave
unda baptismata: baptism

408

unde, adv.: wherefore, where-
upon
unicus unica, unicum: unique,

one of a kind
unigena, unigenae (unigene),

f.: only born (daughter)
unigenitus , unigenita ,

unigenitum: only born

(adj.)
unigenitus, unigeniti, m.:

only born (son); when

applied to Jesus Christ in

Christian theology, the

only begotten of God
universalis, universale:

universal, all
universus , universa, univer-

sum: all, whole, entire
unus , una, unum: one, a, an

(gen. sing.: unius; dat.

sing. : uni)
usque , adv . & prep . + ace . : as

far as, all the way (up)

to, until
usus, usus, in.: use
usufructus, usufructus, m. :

usufruct (use of the land

but not ownership; also,

the right to the products

of the land. )
ut, adv. & conj . : as, that,

therewith
ut infra: as below
ut supra: as above
utencilium, utencilii, n.:

utensil, appurtenance

(utens ilium)
uter, utra, utrum: which (of

two; gen. sing.: utrius;

dat. sing.: utri)
uterque , utraque , utrumque :

each of two, both
uterus, uteri, m. : womb, belly
utilis, utile, adj.: useful
utilitas, utilitatis, f.:

benefit, utility, advantage
utinam, conj.: if only, would

that
utor, uti, usus sum; (dep. 3):

use, enjoy, experience (+

abl. )
utpote, adv.: as if, inasmuch

as, seeing that
uxor, uxoris, f.: wife

uxoratus , uxorata , uxoratum:

married

vacca, vaccae (vacce) , f.: cow
vacuus, vacuae, vacuum: empty
vade mecum: handbook

(literally: go with me)
vagabundus , vagabundi , m.:

vagabond, tramp, wanderer
vago , vagare , vagavi , vagatum

( 1 ) : wander
valeo, valere, valui (2): be

well, farewell
vallatum, vallati, n.: sur-
rounding wall
validus, valida, validum:

valid, effective
variolae, variolarum, f. pi.:

smallpox, pox
vasa, vasorum, n. pi.:

equipment, utensils,

receptacles, war materials
vassus, vassi, m.: servant,

vassal
vastus, vasta, vastum: empty,

deserted, vast
vector, vectoris, m. : carter,

driver, wagoner
veho, vehere, vexi , vectum

( 3 ) : carry
vel, conj . : or

vel . . . vel: either ... or
velut, adv.: just as, even as
venator, venatoris, m. : hunter
venditio, venditionis, f.:

sale (vendicio)
vendo, vendere, vendidi,

venditum (3): sell
venio, venire, veni, ventum

( 4 ) : come
venter, ventris, m.: womb,

belly
ver, veris, n.: spring
verbum, verbi, n.: word
vere, adv.: truly, rightly, in

truth
Veritas , veritatis , f . : truth
vernus, vema, vernum: spring-
like, vernal

409

vero, truly

verto, vertere, versi, versum
(3): turn, direct

verus, vera, verum: true

versus, adv. & prep. + ace:
toward, in the direction
of, facing

vespere, adv. : in the evening

vespertinus, vespertina,
vespertinum: evening (as an
adjective) of, or relating
to, the evening

vespillo, vespillonis, m . :
grave digger

vaster, vestra, vestrum,
possessive adj. & pronoun:
your (plural & polite)

vestis, vestis, f.: vestment,
clothing

vestigium, vestigii, n.:
footstep, footprint

vestura, vesturae (vesture),
f . : crop

vetula, vetulae (vetule) , f.:
old woman

vetus, veteris, adj . : old

via, viae (vie), f.: road, way

viaticum, viatici, n.: commun-
ion given to someone in
imminent danger of death or
to soldiers prior to bat-
tle; this can be given
prior to extreme unction as
part of the last sacraments
or rites.

vicaritus, vicaritus, m.:
vicarate or vicariate, the
office and jurisdiction of
a vicar

vicarius, vicarii, m.: a
representative, one takes
another's place;

vice, vicem, vices, adv.: for
the sake of, in place of

vicinia, viciniae (vicine),
f . : neighborhood

vicinus, vicini, m. : neighbor

vicis (gen. sing.; nom. is
omitted in cl. Latin;
vicem: ace. sing, vice:
abl. sing.): change, time,
in turn, alternately

vicus, vici, m. : village

videlicet, adv. : namely

video, videre, vidi , visum
(2) : see

videor, videri, visus sum
(dep. 2 ) : seem

videtur, impersonal verb: it
seems

vidua, viduae (vidue) , f . :
widow

viduus, vidui, m. : widower

vietor, vietoris, m. : cooper

vigilia vigiliae: The day
before a feast day, during
which acts such a fasting
or penance are undertaken
in preparation for the
feast.

vilis, vile, adj.: cheap,
worthless, vile

vilissimus, vilissima, vilis-
simum: most vile, most
worthless

villa, villae (ville), f.:
village, villa, town

villanus, villani, m. : villag-
er, villein

vinarium, vinarii, n. :
vineyard

vinarius, vinarii, m.: wine
merchant

vinco, vincere, vici, victum
( 3 ) : conquer

vinculum, vinculi, n.: bond,
chain

vinea, vineae (vinee), f.:
vineyard

vinum, vini, n. : wine

vir, viri, m. : man

virgo, virginis, f.: virgin

viridis, viride, adj. green

virtuosus, virtuosa, virtuo-
sum, adj.: upright, honora-
ble

virtus, virtutis, f.:
strength, virtue

vis, vis, f.: power; pi.
vires, etc.: strength

vita, vitae (vite) , f.: life

vitriarius, vitriarii, m.:
glass maker

vitricus, vitrici, m. : stepfa-
ther

410

vitulus, vituli, m . : calf

(vitulius)
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum

(3): live, be alive

vix, adv. : scarcely

voco , vocare , vocavi , vocatum
(1): call

volo, velle, volui (irregular
3 ) : wish, want

voluntas, voluntatis, f.: will
(individual will); in
England, a will involving
real estate as opposed to
chattel or personalty only.

vos, pronoun: you (pi.)

votum, voti, n. : vow

vox, vocis, f.: voice

vulgo, adv. : commonly, gener-
ally

vulgus , vulgi , m. : common
people, public

vulnus, vulneris, n.: a wound
vultus, vultus, m. : face,
countenance

warecta, warectae (warecte),

f.: land lying fallow

xenodochium, xenodochii, n.:

hospital, senior citizens
center, hostel (Greek)

zona, zonae (zone), f.

die, belt (Greek)

gir-

411

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation

aet.

an.

A.C.

ace.

A.D.

h.m.

hebdom.

her.

hon.

ibid,
i.e.

Latin

aetas ( aetatis )
annus ( anno )
Anno Christi
acatholicus/a
Anno Domini

a.q.i.C.

anima guiescat in

Christo

arm.

armiger

B.A.

Bacc a 1 aureus

Artium

B.M.V.

Beatae Mariae

Virginis

centum

ca.

circa

Chro. (Xro)

Christo

cf .

confer

com.

comitatus ( comitatu )

D. (d.)

Dominus ( Domino )

D. ph.

Doctor philosophiae

dat.

datvim

dno.

domino

d.s.p.

decessit sine prole

dr.

doctor

dux.

duxit ( duxit

matrimonium)

ecce.

ecclesia (ecclesiae)

e.g.

exempli gratia

ex cath.

ex cathedra

fam.

familia

fil.

filius, filia

glor . mem .

gloriosae memoriae

G. & P.

Gratiam et Pacem

hora

h.a.

hoc anno, huius anni

hoc mense, huius mensis

hebdomada ( hebdomas )

heres

honestus , honesta ,

honoris , honorem

ibidem
id est

English

age ( of age )

year (in the year)

in the year of Christ

non-Catholic

in the year of the

( our ) Lord
may his/her soul rest

in Christ
squire, esquire
Bachelor of Arts

of the Blessed Virgin

Mary
one hundred
about, approximately
in Christ
compare

county (in the county)
The Lord; by, from,

with, etc., the Lord
Doctor of Philosophy
given
by, from, with, etc.,

the Lord
died without issue
doctor
he led (into marriage,

i.e., he married)
the church, of /from

the church
for example
from the throne
family

son , daughter
of glorious memory
Grace & Peace

(ace. case)
hour
in this year, of

this year
in this month,

of this month
week
heir

upright, honest, of
honor , honor

(ace. case)
in the same place
that is

412

Abbreviation

Latin

i.f.

in fidem, in fine,

ipso facto

I.N.D.

In Nomine Dei /Domini

I. N.D.N.

In Nomine Domini Nostri

I.N.S.T.

In Nomine Sanctae

Trinitatis

it.

item

jun.

junior

juv.

j uvenis

Iv.

levantes , levatores

magister

M.A.

Magister Artium

mat..

mater , matema , matrina

max.

maximus

M.D.

Medicinae Doctor

mor.

moralis, morbus, morbo

mort.

mortuus , mortua

mut. mut.

mutatis mutcindis

non

N.B.

nota bene

nc.

nunc

n.n.

nomen nescio

nome.

nomine

not.

notandum , notatum

Ob.

obiit

o.m.s.

omnibus moribundorum

sacramentis

ob.s.p.

obiit sine prole

par.

parentes , parochus

p.m.

pontifex maximus

p.m.

post meridiem

pomer .

pomeridiana

( postmer idicina )

pomerid.

see above

P.S.

Post Scriptum

que

q.e.d.

(id) quod erat
demonstreindum

English

in faith, at the end,
by the fact itself
in the name of God/

of the Lord
in the name of our

Lord
in the name of the

Holy Trinity
likewise, again, item
junior

young man, bachelor
godparents
teacher, master
Master of Arts
mother, maternal,

godmother
largest

Doctor of Medicine
moral, disease, by,

from, with, etc.
disease

dead (male or female)
the things to be

changed having

been changed
not, no
note well
now
name unknown

( I do not know
the name )
in the name (of)
a thing to be noted,

a thing noted
died
with all of the

sacraments of the

dead (provided)
died without issue
parents, pirest
chief priest (a title of

of the pope )
after noon
afternoon

postscript

and (enclitic attached

to another word)
(that) which was to be

demonstrated

413

Abbreviation

.d.

,d.

.1.

,r.

• d.

,n.

s.p.

s.p.
s.p. 1.

stupr .

suscept .

ut sup.

ux.

V. (vid. )

verb . sap .

viz.

X (Xtus)

Latin

reverendus dominus,
reverendo domino

reverendus dominus

pater
requiescat in pace

(in pacem)
reverendissimus

sanctissimus dominus

noster
scuictissimus pater

sine prole

sine prole legitima

stuprata

susceptores

ut supra

uxor

vide

verbxam sapientibus

videlicet

Christus

English

reverend lord, by,
with, from, etc. the

reverend lord
the reverend lord

father
may he/she rest in

peace!
the most reverend

(right reverend)
our most holy lord

most holy father
(i.e. , the pope )

without issue

without legitimate
issue

ravished, defiled

godparents

as above

wife

see

a word to the wise

namely

Christ

414

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Grammars

Allen, Joseph and Greenough, James B. New Ijatin Granmar for

Schools and Colleges. Reprint ed. New Rochelle, New York:
Caratzas Bros., 1975; from the 1903 ed. (classical Latin
grammar )

Betts, Gavin. Latin. Teach Yourself Books. Suffolk: Hodder
& Stoughton, 1986. (a good introduction to classical
Latin grammar)

Blaise, Albert. Manuel de Latin Chretien. Turnhout: Brepols,
1986; reprint of the 1955 ed.
(a handbook of ecclesiastical Latin grammar and vocabulary)

Chase, Alston Kurd. A New Introduction to Latin. Wellesly
Hills, Mass.: Independent School Press, 1969.
(a good review of classical Latin grammar)

Colby, John K. Review Latin Grammar. New York and London:
Longman, 1971.
(a useful review of the basics of classical Latin grammar)

Collins, John F. A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin. Catholic
University of America Press, 1985.

(An extensive grammar based upon the Christian fathers and
the Vulgate; designed for Roman Catholic seminary students,
but a useful supplement to classical Latin grammar.)

Gildersleeve, Basil L. and Lodge, Gonzales. Gildersleeves Latin
Grammar. Reprint ed. New York: St. Martins, 1971; from
the 1894 ed. (a standard reference grammar for classical
Latin)

Goldman, Norma and Nyenhuis, Jacob. Latin via Ovid: A First
Coiirse. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982.
(a very good classical Latin grammar based upon the writings
of Ovid [Publius Ovidius Naso, 43 B.C. -17 A.D., a famous
Roman poet] )

Goldman, Norma and Szymanski, Ladislas. English Grammar for
Students of Latin. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Olivia and
Hill Press, Inc., 1983. (reviews English grammar and
provides a 'Latin example of each point)

Gooder Eileen A. Latin for Local History. 2nd ed. London

&'New York: Longmans, 1978. (based upon sources pertaining
to English local history, medieval period; brief paleographic
note in the second edition.)

415

Jensen, C. Russell. A Later Medieval Latin Grammar: Based upon
Wills, Land and Court Records, and other Documents of
Interest to Family and Local Historians. Salt Lake City:
Vita Nova Books, P.O. Box 520546, Salt Lake City, Utah 84152
( forthcoming )

. Latin for Family Historians and Genealogists. Brigham

Young University. Department of Independent Study. 206
Harman Continuing Education Building. Provo, Utah 84602
(correspondence study course)

. Parish Register Latin: An Introduction. Salt Lake City:

Vita Nova Books, P.O. Box 520546, Salt Lake City, Utah 84152,
1988. Revised ed. 1991.

Lowe, J. E. Church Latin for Beginners. London: Barnes, Oates
& Washburne, 19 30.

McLaughlin, Eve. Simple Latin for Family Historians. Birmingham:
Federation of Family History Societies, 1979.

Nunn, H. P. V. An Introduction to Ecclesiastical Latin. Cambridge:
At the University Press, 1927.

Plater, William. A Grammar of the Vulgate. Oxford: At the
Clarendon Press, 1926.

(as the title suggests, based upon the Vulgate, but very
useful for ecclesiastical Latin grammar and vocabulary;
apparently out of print)

Temple, Robin Edgel. Latin for Genealogical Research: A Primer

for Record Latin. Masters Thesis, Brigham Young University,
1977.

Ullman, B. L. et al. Latin for Americans: First Book. New York:
The Macmillan Co., 1962. (a high school Latin text which
introduces the student to Latin grammar and vocabulary slowly,
carefully, and enjoyably)

. Latin for Americans: Second Book. New York: The Macmillan

Co., 1962. (a continuation of the first volume; reviews

and completes basic Latin grammar then proceeds to a condensed

version of Caesar's De Bello Gallico [the Gallic Wars] . )

Wheelock, Frederic M. Latin: An Introductory Course Based on

Ancient Authors. New York: Barnes & Noble, many editions,
(perhaps the standard introduction to classical Latin grammar)

B. Dictionaries, Glossaries, and Lexica

Andre, Jacques. Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue latxne:

Histoire des mots. 4th ed. Paris: Editions Klincksieck, 1985.
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416

Baxter, J.H. Medieval Latin Word-List from British and Irish Sources.

London: Oxford University Press, n.d.

Blaise, Albert. Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi praesertim ad
res ecclesiasticas investigandas pertinens. Turnhout:
Brepols, 1975.

(a dictionary of medieval Latin with an ecclesiastical
emphasis; Latin-French)

Bumpus , John S . A Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Terms . London :

T. Werner Laurie, 1910; reprint ed. Gale Research Co., 1969.

Chevin, M. Dictionnaire Latin-Fran^ais des noms propres de lieux.

Paris, 1887. (Latin-French dictionary of place names;
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Corradini, Francisco, ed. Lexicon Totius Latinitatis. 4 Vols.
Padua: Typis Seminarii, 1864-1887.

(mainly classical Latin usages; entry explanations also in
Latin)

Dahmus , Joseph. Dictionary of Medieval Civilization. New York:
Macmillan, 1984.

DuCange, Charles du Fresne. Glossarium Mediae et Infinae
Latinitatis. 6 Vols. Paris, 1844.

(a medieval Latin glossary covering largely French usages,
entry explanations in Latin and, occasionaly French)

Egger, Carl. Lexicon Nominum Locorum. Civitas Vaticana:

Officia Libraria Vaticana, 1977. (a lexicon of place names,
rather brief)

Lexicon Nominum Virorum et Mulierum. 2nd ed. Rome:
Societas Libraria "Studium," 1963.

(a lexicon of Latinized given names with Italian, Spanish,
French, German, and English equivalents)

Ellis, William, ed. Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary. Reprinted
from the Folio Edition of 1752. With Numerous Additions,
Emendations, and Improvements by Rev. B.W. Beatson. London:
Frederick Westley and A.H. Davis, 1886.
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Graesse, Benedict, Plechel. Orbis Latinus: Lexikon lateinischer
geographischer Namen. 3 vols. Braunschweig: Klinkhardt &
Bierman, 1971.
(an extensive lexicon of Latin geographic names; Latin-German)

Habel, E. and Groebel, F. Mittellateinisches Glossar. Paderborn:
Gerdinand Schoeningh, n.d.
(a glossary of medieval Latin; Latin-German)

417

Lachat, P. "Lateinische Bezeichnungen in alten Kirchenbuechern. "
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(a survey of Latin terms found in Swiss parish registers;
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Lampe, Karl, et al. Latein I fuer den Sippenforscher. 2nd ed.

Limburg/Lahn : C. A. Starke, 1965.

(Latin with emphasis upon parish register and genealogical
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. Latein II fuer den Sippenforscher. 2nd ed. Limburg/Lahn:

C. A. Starke, 1965.

(occupations, geographical and place names; Latin-German)

Latham, R. E. , ed. Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British
Soiirces. Fasicule I, A-B, Fasicule II, C, Fasicule III,
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. Revised Medieval Latin Word List from British and Irish

Sources. London: Oxford University Press, 1965; reprinted 1973

Lewis, Charleton T. An Elementary Latin Dictionairy. London:
Oxford University Press (many editions)
(classical Latin)

Mittellateinisches Woerterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13, i.e.,
dreizehnten Jahrhundert . Munich: Beck, 1967.
(medieval Latin dictionary covering usages through the
thirteenth century; Latin-German)

Morris, Janet. A Latin Glossary for Family and Local Historians.

Birmingham: Federation of Family History Societies, 1989.

Niermeyer, Jan Frederick. Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus.
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976.

(medieval Latin, principally from French and Belgian areas;
Latin-French-English)

The Oxford Latin Dictionary. 4 Vols. London: Oxford University
Press, 1968-1982.
(classical Latin)

Purvis, J. S. Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Terms. London:
Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1962.

Richards, George C. A Concise Dictionary to the Vulgate New
Testament. London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1934.
(useful background for ecclesiastical Latin; apparently
out of print)

Simpson, D. P. Cassell's New Latin Dictionary. New York:
Funk & Wagnalls, many editions,
(classical Latin)

418

Sleumer, Albert. Kirchenlateinisches Woerterburch . Limburg/Lahn :
Gebrueder Steffen, 1926. (a dictionary of ecclesiastical
Latin; Latin-German; possibly out of print)

Souter, Alexander, comp. A Glossary of Later Latin to 600 A.D.

Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1964.

Simpson, Elizabeth. Latin Word-List for Family Historiems.

(no publisher or publishing date provided)

Traupman, John C. The New College Latin and English Dictionary.

New York: Bantam Books, 1966.

(a good, inexpensive paperback dictionary of classical Latin)

Treixler, Gustav. "Latein in Kirchenmatriken. " Sudetendeutsche
Familienforschung, I-III, V (1928-1932): I, 25-29, 60-61,
127-129, 175; II, 12-13, III, 15-16; V, 30, 105.
(A list of Latin terms freguently encountered in the parish

registers of the Sudetenland — now part of Czechoslovakia.

Text in German . )

C. Paleography and Abbreviations

Bischoff , Bernard. Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle
Ages. Trans. Dahibhi 6 Croinin & David Ganz . Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1990.
(a very good introduction to the subject)

Boyle, Leonard P. Medieval Latin Paleography: A Bibliographic
Introduction. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984.

Capelli, A. Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane. Milan:
Ulrico Hoepli, 1967.

(Perhaps the standard work on Latin abbreviations; introduction
in Italian. There is, however, an English translation of
Capelli 's introduction available under the following title:
The Elements of Abbreviation in Medieval Latin Paleography.
University of Kansas Libraries, 1982.)

Chassant, L. A. Dictionnaire des abreviations latxnes et
francaises. New York, Georg 01m, 1970.

Paleographie des chartes et des manuscrits de Xle au
XVIIe siecle. Geneva: Slatkin Reprints, 197 2.

Grun, Paul A. Schuessel zu Alten und Neuen Abkuerzungen . Vol. 6:
Grundriss der Genealogie. Limburg/Lahn: C. A. Starke, 1966.
(abbreviations, Latin and German; introductory text in German;
very useful for one letter abbreviations such as d.s.p
[decessit sine prole: died without issue])

Hector, L. C. The Handwriting of English Documents. London:
Edward Arnold, 1958.

419

Jenkinson, Hilary. Later Court Hands in England from the
Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Century. London: Oxford
University Press, 1960.

Jensen, C. Russell. Latin Paleography: An Introduction. Vita Nova
Books, P.O. Box 510546, Salt Lake City, Utah 84152.
(forthcoming)

Johnson, A. F. "The Classification of Gothic Types." The Libreiry,
Vol. IX, Series 4 (1929): 357-380.

Kopp, Ulrich Friedrich. Lexicon Tironianum. Osnabrueck: Otto Zelle:
1965. (a lexicon of the Tironian notes, a system of shorthand
abbreviations first attributed to Cicero's freeman scribe Tiro)

Martin, Charles Trice. The Record Interpreter: A Collection of

Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names used in English Historical
Manuscripts and Records. 2nd ed. London: Stevens & Sons, 1910

Morison, Stanley. Politics and Script. The Lyell Lectures, 1957.
Ed. and compiled by Nicolas Barker. Oxford: At the Clarendon
Press, 1972.

Parkes, M. B. English Cxirsive Book Hands, 1250-1500. Oxford:
At the Clarendon Press, 1969.

/ / /

Pelzer, Auguste. Abreviatxons Latines Medievales: Supplement

au Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane de Adriano

Capelli. 2nd ed. Louvain: Publications Universitaires ,

1966.

(a supplement to Capelli 's book of medieval Latin

abbreviations , based largely upon documents in the Vatican

archives; text in French)

' . - .

Stiennon, Jacques. Paleographie du moyen age. Paris: Armand

Colin, 1973. (medieval Latin paleography; text in French)

Sturm, Heribert. Unsere Schrift: Einfuehrung in die Entwicklung
ihrer Stilformen. Neustadt: Degener & Co., 1961.
(An introduction to German paleography which includes many
examples of later medieval Latin scripts. Text in German.)

Thompson , Edward Maunde . An Introduction to Greek and Latin
Paleography. New York: Burt Franklin, 1965; reprint ed.

Thompson, S. Harrison. Latin Bookhands of the Later Middles Ages
1000-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.

Traube, Ludwig. Nomina Sacra. Darmstadt: Wissenschaf tliche
Buchgesellschaft, 1967. (a reprint of Traube 's famous
collection of early Christian abbreviations; from the 190 3
edition)

420

Wright, Andrew. Court-Hand Restored, or the Student's Assistcint
in Reading old Deeds, Charters, Records, etc. London:
Reeves & Turner, 1879.

D. Other Useful Works

Amelotti , Mario and Costamanga , Giorgio. Alle Origini del notariato
Italiano. Studi storici sul notariato Italiano. Vol. II.
Rome: Consiglio nazionale de notariator, 1975.
(a study of the origins of Italian notaries; text in Italian)

Auffroy, H. Evolution du Testament en France des origins au
Xllle siecle. Paris, 1899.

(on the origins of the will in France from the beginning to
the thirteenth century; text in French)

Beeson, Charles H. A Primer of Medieval Latin: An Anthology of
Prose and Poetry. Chicago: Scott, Foresman & Co., 19 25.

Berger, Adolf. Encyclopedic Dictionairy of Roman Law. Philadelphia:
The American Philosophical Society, reprinted 1980.
(useful reference for legal terms encountered in medieval
documents such as notarial records)

Brezzi, Paolo and Lee, Egmont, eds. Sources of Social History:
Private Acts of the Late Middle Ages. Toronto: Pontifical
Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984.

(contains a number of useful articles on notarial records and
marriage contracts; text in English, Italian or French)

Brinkmann, Hermann. Alte und Neue Zeitrechnung. Goerlitz: C. A.
Starke, 1939.

(ancient and modern methods for determining dates, feast days,
etc . ; text in German )

Brittain, F. Latin in Church: The History of its Development.

Alcuin Club Tracts XXVIII, London: A. R. Mowbray & Co., 1933,
1955.

Broc, J. et al. Testaments provenc^aux du moyen age: Documents

pale'ographiques . Marseilles: Institut historique de Provence,
n.d. (photocopies of actual wills from the 14th and 15th
centuries, from the former region of Provence; includes a
Latin transliteration and a French translation of each will)

Browne, R. A. British Latin: Selections A.D. 500-1400. Oxford:
Basil Blackwell, 1954.

Bukke, Inger M. and Thomsen, Finn, comp. Feast Day Calendar for
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Protestant Germany. Bountiful,
Utah: Thomsen 's Genealogical Center, 1980.

Cheney, C. R. Handbook of Dates for Students of English History.

London: Royal Historical Society, 1978.

421

Dewindt, Edwin B. Land and People in Holywell-cmn-Needingworth:
Structures of Teniire and Patterns of Social Organization in
cin East Midlands Village 1252-1457. Toronto: Pontifical
Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1971.
(Chapter III contains some very interesting information on

the reconstitution and linkage of non-noble families using

a variety of later medieval sources.)

Gibson, J. S. W. Wills and Where to Find Them. Sussex: Phillimore
& Co., 1974. (contains a brief glossary of important legal
terms )

Giry, A. Manuel de Diplomatique. Reprint ed. New York: Burt
Franklin, 1966; from the 1896 ed.
(very useful for Julian and Gregorian calendars)

Grotefend, H. Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des Deutschen

Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. Hannover: Verlag Hahn'sche
Buchhandlung, 1971.

(a handbook of dates, calendars, feast and saints' days;
text in German)

Hammond, Mason. Latin: A Historical and Linguistic Handbook.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.

Jensen, C. Russell. The Role of the Notary in European Family
Life. World Conference on Records. Salt Lake City, 1980.

Lynch, H. Joseph. Godparents and Kinship in Early Medieval
Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
(good background on the origin and development of godparents
and their functions)

Norberg, Dag. Manuel pratxqiie de latin medieval. Paris; Editions
A. & J. Picard, 1968.
(a manual or handbook of medieval Latin, rather general)

Pryor, John H. Business Contracts of Medieval Provence: Selected

Notulae from the Cartulary of Giraud Amalric of Marseilles 1248

Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1981.
(contains a glossary of many terms found in notarial contracts

from Provence, as well as a number of transliterated notarial

contracts redacted by Giraud Amalric)

Sheehan, Michael M. The Will in Medieval England: from the

Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the End of the Thirteenth
Centviry. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,
1963.

Strecker, Karl. An Introduction to Medieval Latin. Dublin:
Weidman, 1968.

422

INDEX

Abbreviation of numbers, 24 3
Abbreviation, types of
Contraction, 240

Examples of, 240-241
Stenographic characters,
240

Examples of, 242-243
Suspension, 240

Examples of, 240-241
Abbreviations

Key to those used in this
book , XX

One or more letters with
a period, 416-418
Ablative, see Case
Accents , xi
Accusative, see Case
Adjectives

Agreement with nouns, 16
Attributive, 16
Comparison of, 164-166,
338

Declension of the
comparative, 3 39
Defined, xiv, 16
Demonstrative, 158
First and second declension
adjectives: declension of,
17, 336

Irregular first and second
declension adjectives

Declension of, 18, 336
Listed in dictionaries, 17
Possessive, 157
Predicate adjectives, 16
Third declension adjec-
tives, 47-49, 337-338
Listed in dictionaries,
49
Used in place of a noun, 16
Adverbs

Defined, xiv, 162
Comparison of, 166-167,
339

Formation of, 162-164, 339
Ae diphthong ,4,9

Abbreviation of, 4, 243-244
Alphabet

Classical, vii-x
Ecclesiastical, x-xi

Apposition, xiv
Articles

Defined, xiv
Lack of in Classical
Latin, 4
Case, 1, 2

Ablative, 2
Ablative, uses of

Ablative absolute, 147,

194

Uses of in parish
registers, 194-198

Accompaniment with cum,

148

Agency with the passive

voice, 146

Cause with a preposi-
tion, 147

Comparison, 147

Locative (place in

which), 148

Manner with or without

cum , 147

Means , with or without a

preposition, 147

Place from which with a

preposition, 146

Separation with or

without a preposition,

147

Time when or within

which, 101, 146

With deponent verbs such

as utor, 147

With prepositions, 146
Accusative, 2
Accusative, uses of

Direct object, 226

Duration and extent of

time, 101, 226

Indirect statement, 226

With prepositions, 226
Dative, 2
Dative, uses of

Agent, 225

Indirect object, 225

Possession, 225

Reference, 225

Reference and purpose,
225

423

with adjectives, 225
With verbs, 222-223, 225
Defined, xv
Genitive, 2
Genitive, uses of
Description, 224
Genitive of the whole
with milia, 97
Objective genitive, 224
Partitive genitive, 224
Possession, 224
Predicative genitive, 224
With adjectives, 224
With causa, 2 24
With verbs, 225
Locative, 3, 148
Nominative, 2
Vocative, 3, 5
Classical and Medieval Latin
Difference between, 244-
246
Clause

Defined, xv
Cognate

Defined, xv
Conditional sentences, xv
Conjugation
Defined, xv
See also. Verbs
Conjunctions

Defined, xv
Dates in Latin documents ,

102-106
Dative, see Case
Days of the week, 99-100
Declension

Defined, xv
See also Nouns
Discourse, xv
Duration of time, with or
without a preposition,
102
Eg, ire, ii, itum
Compounds of, 222
Conjugation of, 220-222,
357-358

Principal parts of, 359
Feast Days, 269-275
fero, ferre, tuli, latum
Conjugation of 216-219,
359-360
fio, fieri, f actus sum

Conjugation of, 212-213,
360-361

Gender , xvi
Genitive, see Case
Gerund, 26

Declension of, 209
Defined, xvi, 26, 209
Verbal noun, 209
Gerundive

Defined, xvi
Gregorian calendar

Dates of adoption, 106-107
Handwriting, 236
Caroline, 236
Gothic, 237-238
Italic, 236

Reading parish registers,
suggestions for, 238-239
Impersonal verbs, 223-224
Indirect statement, xv
Tense sequence of
infinitives in, 199-200
With infinitive, 199
With quod plus the
subjunctive, 181, 199
Infinitives

Defined, xvi, 26, 189
Tenses and voices of, 198-
199
Inflection

Defined, xvi, 1
Of Latin verbs, 24
Julian and Gregorian calen-
dars, 106
Key, grammar and translation
exercises
Chapter I

Grammar, 288
Translation, 288-290
Chapter II
Grammar, 290
Translation, 290-291
Chapter III

Grammar, 291-292
Translation, 292-294
Chapter IV

Grammar, 294-295
Translation, 295-296
Chapter V

Grammar, 296-297
Translation, 297-299
Chapter VI

Grammar, 299-300
Translation, 300-304

424

Chapter VII

Grammar, 305

Translation, 305-307
Chapter VIII

Grammar, 307-308

Translation, 308-310
Chapter IX

Grammar, 310-311

Translation, 311-314
Chapter X

Grammar, 315

Translation, 315-316
Chapter XI

Grammar, 316-318

Translation, 318-320
Chapter XII

Grammar, 320-321

Translation, 321-324
Chapter XIII

Grammar, 324-325

Translation, 326-331
Chapter XIV

Grammar, 3 31

Translation, 331-334
Latinized given names
Female, 260-268
First and second declen-
sion, 7

First declension female
given names , 7
First declension male
given names , 8
Male, 247-260
Second declension male
given names , 8
Third declension, 46
Third declension male
given names, 46
Third declension female
given names, 46-47
Latinized place names, 149
Locative, see Case
Male, malle, malui

Conjugation of, 357-359
Principal parts of, 359
Medieval spelling

Genitive singular, dative
singular, & nominative
plural of first declension
nouns , 9

Classical & medieval
spelling, 245-246
Months of the year, 100-101

Mood

Defined, xvi , 25

Indicative, 25

Infinitive, 26

Imperative, 25

Subjunctive, 25, 173-177
Defined, 173
Uses of 178-182
Tenses of, 173
Nolo, nolle, nolui

Conjugation of, 357-359

Principal parts of, 359
Nominative, see Case
Nouns

Declension, 1

Defined, xvii, 1

Fifth declension, 145, 336

First and second declen-
sion, 1, 3

First declension, 3-4, 335

Fourth declension, 143-145,

336

Gender, 1

Defined, xvi, 1

Number, 1-2

Defined, xvii,l

Second Declension, 5-7, 335

Stems ,1,3

Substituted for personal

pronouns, 29

Third declension, 42-46,

335

I-Stem nouns of the third

declension, 44-46, 336
Number, xvii, 24
Numbers, 98

Cardinal & ordinal:

definition of, 96

Declension of cardinal

numbers, 96-97

Declension of ordinal

numbers, 97-98

1-1000, cardinal & ordi-
nal, 98-99

1-1000, cardinal & ordinal,
98-99

Object, xvii
Parish register entries

Examples of ,

Birth, 276-279
Marriage, 280-283
Death, 284-287
Parish register Latin

Blend of classical, medie-

425

val, and ecclesiastical

Latin, iii
Participles, 27, 189-193

Declension of, 192-193,

343

Defined, xvii, 27, 189

Tenses and voices of,

190-193

Tenses of relative to main

verb, 194

Translation of, 193
Periphrastic

Active, 193

Passive, 193
Person, xvii, 24
Phrase

Defined, xviii
Place, determination of in

Latin, 148
Possum, posse, potui, 3 3

Combination of sum and

potis, 3 3

Conjugation of, 33-34, 82-

83, 175, 177, 357-359

Principal parts of, 359

With complementary infini-
tive, 3 3
Predicate

Defined, xviii
Prepositions, 65

Ablative prepositions, 65

Accusative prepositions, 66

Defined, xviii

Prepositions taking both

ablative and accusative, 66
Pronouns, 27-28

Defined, xviii, 155

Demonstrative, 158-160,

341-342

Indefinite, 343

Interrogative, 162-163,

343

Intensive, 161

Personal, 155-157, 339-340

Possessive, 157, 340-341

Reflexive, 160-161, 342

Reflexive possessive, 161,

342

Relative, 162, 343
Roman Numerals, 99
Root

Defined, xix
Sentence

Defined, xix

Stem

Defined, xix
Subject

Defined, xix
Suffix

Defined, xx
Sum, esse, fui, futurus, 31

Conjugation of, 32-33, 81,

175, 177, 356-359

Perfect indicative active
used to form the perfect
indicative passive, 129

Present indicative active
used to form the perfect
indicative passive, 124

Principal parts of, 359
Supine

Defined, 26
Syntax

Defined, xx, 35

Latin, 35-36
Tense

Defined, xx, 25

Future, 25

Future perfect, 25

Imperfect, 25, 30

Present, 25

Perfect, 25

Pluperfect, 25
Tense sign

Future indicative active
First conjugation, 29
Fourth conjugation, 61
lO-Verbs, 6 3
Second conjugation, 29
Third conjugation, 59

Imperfect indicative active
First conjugation, 30
Fourth conjugation, 61-62
lO-Verbs, 64
Second conjugation, 30
Third conjugation, 59
Verbs

Compound verbs formed

with prepositions, 67

Conjugated for person,

number, tense, mood, and

voice, 24

Conjugation

Defined xv, 1, 24

Deponents

Active forms of, 131
Conjugation, examples of,
131, 361-363

426

Defined, 130

Principal parts of, 130,

364

With ablative, 13 3

First Conjugation, 27-30
Conjugation of, 27-30,
76-77, 115-116, 125,
127-128, 173-177, 190,
198, 210, 343, 345, 347,
349, 351-356

First two principal parts

of, 36

Four principal parts of,

133, 356

Listed in dictionaries,
133-134

Fourth conjugation, 58, 60-

Conjugation of, 60-61,

79-80, 117-118, 126-127,

129, 173-177, 191, 198,

210, 344, 346, 348, 350-

356

Thematic vowel with, 6 2

lO-Third conjugation, 62-
65

Conjugation of 63-65,
80, 117-119, 127-129,
173-177, 192, 198, 210,
344, 346, 348, 350-356

No emphatic or progres-
sive Latin forms, 25

Perfect passive participle
Declension of, 124, 125
Verbal adjective, 124,
125, 129

Fourth principal part of
the Latin verb, 124

Perfect system active,

69-70

Perfect system passive, 124

Second conjugation, 27-30
Conjugation of, 27-30,
78, 116, 126-128, 173-
177, 191, 198, 210, 344-
345, 347, 349, 351-356

Semi-Deponent Verbs, 132

Stem

present, 2 3
perfect, 76

Third conjugation, 58-60
Conjugation of, 58-60,
78-79, 117-118, 126-128,
173-177, 191, 198, 210,
344-356

Present stem of, 58
Tense sign, future, 59
Thematic vowel with, 59-
60

Third principal part, 82

Time sequence of perfect

system active, 80-81
Vocative, see Case
Voice

Defined, xx, 26
Active, 26
Passive, 115

Baptismal, marriage, and

burial entries generally

in, 115
Vole, velle, volui

Conjugation of, 214-215,

356-358

427

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